scholarly journals Cities and Ideologies in 19th Century Cyprus: A Traditional Capital and a Modern Port City

Chronos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Michalis N Michael
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Port City ◽  
The Third ◽  
The 19Th Century

The 19th century could be described as the bourgeoisie century since it is generally acknowledged that the European bourgeoisie, which reached its apex during the third quarter of the century (Hobsbawm 2000:346), was both financially strong and having a political say, and was successful in leading societies and their political states to radical changes. The rivalry of the bourgeoisie against other social groups, and mainly those attached to power or in many cases in power, led to ideological conflicts resulting in power changing hands or in some cases led the traditional aristocratic power being controlled by elements of the bourgeoisie.

scholarly journals Un paisaje sacralizado por grabados rupestres protohistóricos e históricos en las hoces del río Mesa (Calmarza, Zaragoza) = A Sacralized Landscape by Protohistoric and Historical Rock Engravings in the Gorges of the River Mesa (Calmarza, Zaragoza)

2020 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Royo Guillén ◽  
Francisco José Navarro Cabeza ◽  
Serafín Benedí Monge
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Iconography ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
The 19Th Century

Los estudios sobre grabados rupestres al aire libre de cronología postpaleolítica, adolecen de importantes carencias que, en el valle medio del Ebro, se han visto superadas con la llegada del tercer milenio. Con la presentación de este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer un nuevo núcleo de grabados rupestres, localizado en el extremo suroeste de la provincia de Zaragoza, en las gargantas calcáreas del río Mesa. Entre los nuevos enclaves rupestres, destacan los abrigos con grabados protohistóricos, pero muy especialmente los de cronología medieval andalusí y los de iconografía cristiana entre los siglos XIV y XVIII, con perduraciones hasta mediados del siglo XIX y algunas escenas relacionadas con la primera Guerra Carlista en Aragón. La distribución de los hallazgos, su tipología e iconografía y los restos arqueológicos asociados, permiten documentar una importante ocupación del territorio desde la Iª Edad del Hierro y la sacralización del paisaje a través del arte rupestre, con pervivencias que se perpetúan a lo largo de la Edad Media y Moderna, destacando como novedad la presencia de un importante conjunto de inscripciones epigráficas islámicas que deben situarse entre los siglos XI y XII. AbstractThe studies on open-air rock engravings in post-Paleolithic chronology suffer from important deficiencies, which in the middle valley of the Ebro, have been overcome with the arrival of the third millennium.With the presentation of this work, the aim is to make known a new nucleus of rock engravings, located in the extreme southwest of the province of Zaragoza, in the limestone gorges of the River Mesa. Among the new rock engravings, the shelters with protohistoric engravings stand out, but especially those with a medieval Andalusian chronology and those with Christian iconography between the 14th and 18th centuries, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century and some scenes related to the first Carlist War in Aragon. The distribution of the findings, their typology and iconography and the associated archaeological remains, allow us to document an important occupation of the territory since the First Iron Age and the sacralization of the landscape through rock art, with survivals that are perpetuated throughout the Middle and Modern Ages, highlighting as a novelty the presence of an important set of Islamic epigraphic inscriptions that must be located between the 11th and 12th centuries.

Ashantis in Warsaw: Notions of “Blackness” in Polish Society at the Turn of the 20th Century – A Preparatory Contribution to Polish Colonial History

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Łuksza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author recognizes Włodzimierz Perzyński’s comedy Aszantka as a meaningful remnant of „blackness” in the history of Polish theatre, and therefore she uses it as a point of entrance into a broader inquiry about the entanglement of Polish society into European colonial project, and the ideas, values, and cultural practices it entailed. That is why in the article the author attempts to reconstruct possible concepts and images of “blackness” which Warsaw dwellers might have shared at the end of the 19th century by analysing the reception of the performances of alleged representatives of Ashanti people in the Warsaw circus in 1888. From “Ashanti” performances on, the popularity of this type of entertainment – so called ethnographic shows or human zoos – grew in the colonized capital of the Kingdom of Poland. The author points to “savageness” and “nakedness” as constitutive traits of “blackness” which she understands as a specific human condition, experienced both by overseas colonized societies as well as subaltern social groups (to which “Aszantka” from Perzyński’s comedy belonged) in European societies.

Mapping Transformation of Nineteenth-Century Chinese Cities within China’s Incorporation Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 822-848
Author(s):  
Sung Hee Ru
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Port City ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Capitalist World Economy ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Historical Capitalism ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract During the 19th century, China’s socioeconomic geography experienced unprecedented spatial changes. Through these spatial transformations, which were caused by the penetration of western capitalism, Chinese cities morphed into epicenters of international trade between Western powers and China. By examining the major transformations having taken place in 19th century Chinese cities, the author investigates unexplained or neglected transformations in three areas: (1) the decline of interdependent inland cities connected by waterways; (2) the simultaneous rise of independent port cities under the influence of the capitalist world-economy; and (3) the forging of port city–hinterland relationships in connection with the capitalist world-economy. It helps to understand the role that port cities have played in the development of China’s historical capitalism.

The Ottomans in Northeast Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Northeast Africa ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sea Coast

In the mid-16th century, the Ottoman empire expanded to encompass parts of the modern Sudan, Eritrea, and the Ethiopian borderlands, forming the Ottoman province of Habeş. The Ottomans also provided aid to their ally Ahmad Grañ in his jihad against Ethiopia and fought with the Funj sultanate of Sinnar for control of the Nile valley, where Ottoman territories briefly extended south as far as the Third Cataract. After 1579, Ottoman control was limited to the Red Sea coast, in particular the ports of Massawa and Suakin, which remained loosely under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when they were transferred to Egypt, nominally an Ottoman vassal but effectively independent. Politically, Ottoman influence was felt much more broadly in northeast Africa in places as distant as Mogadishu, at least nominally recognized Ottoman suzerainty.

Europe in the making of Japanese values

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Morris-Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

With the Meiji Restoration the first steps were taken in the third quarter of the 19th century to set up a national system of education in Japan. European educational theories were influential. Samuel Smiles became a reference for moral principles and Western heroes from Socrates to Florence Nightingale were exemplars. The articles explores the complex relationship of Western ideas with indigenous Japanese culture.

scholarly journals SURABAYA KOTA PELABUHAN (‘SURABAYA PORT CITY’) Studi tentang perkembangan ‘bentuk dan struktur’ sebuah kota pelabuhan ditinjau dari perkembangan transportasi akibat situasi politik dan ekonomi dari abad 13 sampai awal abad 21

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Samuel Hartono ◽  
Handinoto Handinoto
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Port City ◽  
Farm Produce ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

From an obscure area by the banks of an estuary, which is later named Kalimas (Golden River), Surabaya, located in the coastal area of northern Java, developed into an important port in the Mojopahit era in the 14th century. Its geographically strategic position would then encouraged the Dutch colonial government in the 19th century to make it one of the primary ports in the long chain of gathering the farm produce from the whole area in the eastern Java and exporting them to Europe. This decision had resulted in transforming the 'shape and structure' of this town to become like a ribbon spreading from the northern area (the port) to the south (the plantation and farming areas). In the 20th century, besides being a traditional port by the banks of Kalimas River for the local people, Surabaya was also built into a trading port and the second largest navy port after Batavia. Its role as a port city has become very essential in supporting the trades specifically in the eastern part of Indonesia and generally in the whole Indonesia. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Dari sebuah tempat yang tidak berarti, di tepi muara sungai kecil, yang kelak bernama Kalimas, Surabaya yang terletak di pesisir Utara P. Jawa, berkembang menjadi sebuah pelabuhan penting di jaman Mojopahit pada abad ke 14. Letak geografisnya yang sangat strategis membuat pemerintah kolonial Belanda pada abad ke 19, memutuskannya sebagai pelabuhan utama dari rangkaian terakhir kegiatan pengumpulan hasil produksi pertanian di ujung Timur P. Jawa untuk eksport ke Eropa. Keputusan ini mengakibatkan 'bentuk dan struktur' kota menjadi semakin seperti pita yang membentang dari Utara (arah pelabuhan) ke Selatan (arah pedalaman penghasil pertanian dan perkebunan). Pada abad ke 20, Surabaya di bangun menjadi pelabuhan dagang dan pelabuhan angkatan laut modern terbesar kedua setelah Batavia, disamping pelabuhan rakyat yang terletak di tepi Kali Mas. Pada abad awal ke 21 bentuk dan struktur kota Surabaya sudah mulai mencapai keseimbangan. Perannya sebagai kota pelabuhan semakin penting dalam dunia perdagangan di Indonesia bagian Timur pada khususnya dan Indonesia secara keseluruhan pada umumnya. Kata kunci: surabaya, kota pelabuhan , perkembangan transportasi.

scholarly journals Under the Toa tree: The genealogy of the Tongan Chiefs

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-106
Author(s):  
Aletta Biersack
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Political Field ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy ◽  
The Revolution

This paper examines the dualistic foundations of Tongan kingship by way of exploring the historicity of the Tongan polity. While paramounts allegedly descend "from the sky" and the god or gods living there, they are also kinsmen of the villagers living under them and are appraised as such. Whether by way of reproducing or transforming a political field, the mediation of duality requires human work, a practice and performance of kingship. The word genealogy in the title bears the burden of the entire argument. Referring directly to history, it enters into tension with the patrilineal and structural models of the past. The history to which it refers, in turn, is set in motion by the dual foundations of kingship: idioms and ideologies of divinity but existing in tension with the "leveling forces" of contractual modes of legitimation. My aim is to develop a framework adequate to the task of interpreting the revolution of the 19th century, when Tāufa'āhau, a secondary chief, executed sweeping reforms at once chiefly and populist: he suppressed the Tu'i Tonga title of his superior; created a superordinate one, the royal title of the constitutional monarchy he in part designed; and converted to Christianity. The third monarch of the Tupou dynasty Tāufa'āhau founded, Queen Sālote Tupou III, figures prominently in these pages as an ideologue. In her often veiled and diplomatic disparagement of the leaders of the past, Queen Sālote provides a window upon the genealogical politics this paper addresses.

scholarly journals Problem obcości: opozycja Rosja–Europa w kulturze rosyjskiej (XI–XIX w.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Marek Jedliński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article analyzes the historical perspective of the formation of the opposition “friend or foe” in the Russian culture from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Binary thinking has a universal dimension: it is present in every culture, particularly in traditional societies (in this case it is the opposition Russia–Europe). Hostility towards strangers is already noticeable in the Ruthenian tribes. The outsiders were seen as savages, as animals, and even as evil forces. It relates to the perception of the symbolic center of the world.  It is recognizable in the work of Hilarion and the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

scholarly journals Su alcuni metodi applicati a grammatiche di italiano per polacchi tra il XIX e il XX secolo

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Luca Palmarini
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

On some methods applied to Italian grammars for Poles between the 19th and 20th centuries The article aims to compare and analyse Italian grammars and manuals for Polish users published between the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose is to observe the general trends on the methods proposed, the changes taking place and the possible influences on teaching of Western languages as foreign languages in a historical moment when after the Third Partition Poland had ceased to exist as a sovereign state.

O HOMEM BENFAZEJO: Bibliotheca Constitucional do Cidadão Brasileiro, Mercado Editorial, Cidadania e a Construção do Império Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro 1831”“1832

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIZ FERNANDO SARAIVA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
National Project ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Movement ◽  
Current Standards

O perá­odo delimitado pela transmigração da Famá­lia Real Portuguesa e o processo de independência, construção e consolidação do Estado Brasileiro no segundo quartil do século XIX foi marcado por grande efervescência polá­tica, social e cultural. As indefinições dos diversos grupos sociais que aqui se encontraram a partir de 1808 encontraram eco na ausência de um projeto único de nação, na estranheza das populações quanto as formas de governo e sociedade aqui encontrada e desejada. Parte dessa efervescência se deu no esforço de construir uma civilização adequada aos padrões vigentes, oscilando em relação ao lugar das ideias importadas ou nacionais. Diversos intelectuais ”“ de diferentes estratos sociais ”“ buscaram um projeto de nação e as formas de como implementá-lo. Parte desse esforço pode ser visto em parte das vidas de Pierre (Seignot) Plancher e José Francisco Xavier Sigaud e na publicação da coleção Bibliotheca Constitucional do Cidadão Brasileiro entre os anos de 1831 e 1832 que marca o retorno de Plancher a França e ainda a interrupção das atividades editoriais de Sigaud. Palavras-Chave: Mercado Editorial. Tipografia. Caixa Econômica.  THE BENEFICENT MAN: the Bibliotheca Constitucional do Cidadão Brasileiro Editorial market, Citizenship, and the Construction of the Brazilian Empire, Rio de Janeiro 1831”“1832.Abstract: The period defined by the transmigration of Portuguese Royal Family and the process of independence, construction and consolidation of the Brazilian State in the second quarter of the 19th century was marked by great political, social and cultural movement. The uncertainties of the various social groups reunited here from 1808 on echoed in the absence of a single national project as much as in the discomfort of these people about the forms of government and society found and wanted here. Part of this movement happened by the effort to build a civilization suited to the current standards, hovering about the place of imported or domestic ideas. Several scholars - from different social origins and strata - sought a national project and ways to implement it. Part of this effort can be seen in the lives of Pierre (Seignot) Plancher and José Francisco Xavier Sigaud and in the publication of the Bibliotheca Constitucional do Cidadão Brasileiro collection between 1831 and 1832, which marks Plancher”™s return to France and the interruption of Sigaud”™s editorial activities. Keywords: Editorial market. Tipography. Caixa Econômica.  EL HOMBRE GENEROSO: Biblioteca Constitucional del Ciudadano Brasileño, Mercado Editorial, Ciudadaná­a y Construcción del Imperio Brasileño, Rio de Janeiro, 1831-1832Resumen: El periodo delimitado por la transmigración de la Familia Real Portuguesa y el proceso de independencia, construcción y consolidación del Estado Brasileño en el segundo cuarto del siglo XIX fue señalado por gran efervescencia  polá­tica, social y cultural. Las indefiniciones de los diversos grupos sociales que aquá­ estuvieron a partir de 1808, encontraron eco  en la ausencia de un proyecto único de nación, en el desconocimiento de las poblaciones cuanto a formas de gobierno y sociedad aquá­ situada. Parte de este alboroto, se dio para construir una civilización adecuada a los padrones en vigor, oscilando en relación al lugar de las ideas importadas o nacionales. Diversos intelectos - de diferentes niveles sociales- buscaron un proyecto de nación y las formas de cómo implementarlo. Ese esfuerzo puede ser observado en partes de las vidas de Pierre (Seignot)   Plancher y José Francisco Xavier Sigaud y en la publicación de la colección Bibliotheca Constitucional do Cidadão Brasileiro entre los años de 1831 y 1832 que señala la vuelta de Plancher a Francia como también la interrupción de las actividades editoriales de Sigaud. Palabras clave: Mercado Editorial. Tipografá­a. Caja de Ahorros.

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