scholarly journals A Theological Commentary on the Idea of 'Greekness' of the Ancient Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Chronos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Spyridoula Athanasopoulou-Kypriou
Keyword(s):  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Thought

Two factors account for the difficulty of making a theological commentary on the concept of 'Greekness' in the 'Ancient Patriarchates' in general and in particular in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem: [1] The first factor is the multidimensional nature Of any subject relating to the Eastern Patriarchates and thus to the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Among these aspects are economic interests, diplomatic games between at least six governments and three religions, different Christian denominations and various same- faith Christian churches, Greek national interests, local nationalistic claims, and the drawn out history of tensions in each individual Patriarchate. In addition, socio political reorganisation, personal ambitions, corruption and theological disagreements are interwoven in such a way that they shape an explosive scenario, where much is at stake for many interests. [21 The second factor is the nature of theological thought. The theological mindset often slips into an epistemological error. It expresses weighty judgments for situations without taking into account the historical conditions, the factors which shape them, or its own notional and historical assumptions. The theological mindset, however, just like any other mindset, is not divine, nor can it view things from out of nowhere to assess objectively the rights and wrongs of each case.

Socialist Construction for Siberia: Comecon Cooperation and the Making of Ust`-Ilimsk Forest Industrial Complex in the USSR, 1970s and 1980s

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942110578
Author(s):  
Elena Kochetkova ◽  
Aleksei Popov
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
International Construction ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The One

This article examines the history of socialist collaboration in Comecon through the lens of a large industrial project in Soviet Siberia. It examines the construction of the Ust`-Ilimsk forest industrial complex which was conceived as a collective effort of six socialist European countries. On the one hand, the project formed part of the Soviet Union's strategy of technological colonization of Soviet Eastern lands, and on the other, it aimed to enhance socialist collaboration and integration efforts through the exchange of material goods and expertise, as prescribed by the project agreements. The paper focuses on the interplay between ideological implications, national interests and material shortages when completing the project, showing the contradictory nature of socialist collaborative construction. It argues that the Soviet central government sought material resources for the construction from ‘brother’ socialist countries with an ideological emphasis on how important it was for further cooperation in the Eastern bloc. In fact, the project exposed difficulties, ranging from material shortages typical of state socialism and the predominance of national economic interests, with the result that this socialist project was compelled to also make use of Western equipment and expertise, transforming Ust`-Ilimsk from a socialist to a far more international construction site.

Kant and the Science of Logic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaping Lu-Adler
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Logical Pluralism ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
Science Of Logic ◽  
Transcendental Logic ◽  
If Logic ◽  
General Logic ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Debates

This book is both a history of philosophy of logic told from the Kantian viewpoint and a reconstruction of Kant’s theory of logic from a historical perspective. Kant’s theory represents a turning point in a history of philosophical debates over the following questions: (1) Is logic a science, instrument, standard of assessment, or mixture of these? (2) If logic is a science, what is the subject matter that differentiates it from other sciences, particularly metaphysics? (3) If logic is a necessary instrument to all philosophical inquiries, how is it so entitled? (4) If logic is both a science and an instrument, how are these two roles related? Kant’s answer to these questions centers on three distinctions: general versus particular logic, pure versus applied logic, pure general logic versus transcendental logic. The true meaning and significance of each distinction becomes clear, this book argues, only if we consider two factors. First, Kant was mindful of various historical views on how logic relates to other branches of philosophy (viz. metaphysics and physics) and to the workings of common human understanding. Second, he first coined “transcendental logic” while struggling to secure metaphysics as a proper “science,” and this conceptual innovation would in turn have profound implications for his mature theory of logic. Against this backdrop, the book reassesses the place of Kant’s theory in the history of philosophy of logic and highlights certain issues that are still debated today, such as normativity of logic and the challenges posed by logical pluralism.

The Earliest Christian Communities in Southeast and Northeast Asia: An Outline of the Evidence Available in Seven Countries before A.D. 1500

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. England
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Central South

The history of Eastern Christianity in central, south, and east Asia prior to A.D. 1500 is rich and extensive, yet has been largely ignored. Material evidence now available from southeast and northeast Asia shows that Christian communities were present in seven countries for different periods between the sixth and fifteenth centuries. Often termed “Nestorian,” or “Jacobite,” these communities have left a diversity of remains—epigraphical, architectural, sculptural, documentary—which testify to their presence, as far northeast as Japan and southeast as far as Indonesia. The glimpses of Christian churches in medieval Asia afforded by the evidence from these and other regions of Asia offer alternatives to Westernized patterns of mission, and question many assumptions concerning the history and character of Christian presence in the region.

scholarly journals Economic necessity and political reality in the GDR: Establishing an overseas port at Rostock

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Stollenwerk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
The Cold War

Opened in April 1960, the overseas port at Rostock resulted from a convergence of factors related to geopolitics, geography, economics and the unique needs and challenges of building a socialist port. Local, national and global pressures played on each other in establishing the port, making Rostock a singular product of the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic. The history of decision-making that went into the building of the port demonstrates the importance of politics in the Cold War, as well as its limits. Although informed by geopolitics, economic decisions in Europe’s socialist economies reflected a broad array of factors. This article argues that national and local decision-makers managed competing regional and national interests in order to develop their own economic strategies that functioned on several different levels. Rostock’s history highlights the common problematic of operating within and outside of the boundaries that the Cold War produced.

From Siege to Lock-out: An Actors' Strike at the Comédie-Française in 1765

1978 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Roddick
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Typical Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Disruption

The aims and ambitions of this article are initially fairly limited. I want to examine a series of events which occurred at the Comédie-Française in April and May of 1765, leading to a complete disruption of normal performances at the theatre, to the imprisonment of most of the company's leading actors, and to the temporary withdrawal from performance of what might otherwise have been eighteenth-century France's biggest ‘box-office hit’, Le Siège de Calais, a patriotic tragedy by Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy. In themselves these events, sometimes known as l'affaire Dubois after the actor most directly involved in them, are little more than a bizarre and sporadically scurrilous footnote to the theatrical history of France in the eighteenth century. But the more one examines them, the more they illuminate certain rather murky areas of literary and social history, two areas in particular: firstly, the social relations of the acting profession at a time when it was, despite considerable pressure from numerous sources, still barred en bloc from the sacraments of the Catholic church; and secondly, the degree of autonomy which could be said to have existed for a company which was, legally, a kind of workers' co-operative but which, at any rate at that stage, operated within a rather ill-defined administrative limbo (it was simultaneously autonomous and totally subject to noble whim). The strike which brought about the cancellation of performances of Le siège de Calais in April 1765 is, then, a specific and in no way typical event, but one which draws together a number of historical strands – literary, theatrical, economic, moral and political – in a particularly interesting way. I want, in the course of this article, to deal with two questions – questions to which I do not really feel able to give definitive answers but which may, when examined, cast doubt upon one or two familiar preconceptions about the nature of the eighteenth-century theatre as a profession, and at the same time open up certain areas of enquiry with regard to the theatre as a material reality rather than a predominantly literary or artistic form. The questions are in themselves quite simple: why did the sociétaires of the Comédie-Française refuse, on Monday, 15th April 1765, to perform a play which, given its enormous success earlier in the year, it was very much in their economic interests to present? And why did the resulting situation become so irreducible that, far from the usual discreet pressures being brought to bear on the relevant authorities to resolve the dispute, it led to the imprisonment of three of the most popular ‘stars’ of the century, and to an effective lockout lasting for almost a month?

scholarly journals A short history of climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 00002
Author(s):  
Dirk Notz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Short History ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
First Time

The flux of energy through the climate system determines the living conditions of our planet. In this contribution, I outline the main processes regulating this flux of energy, how these processes have changed throughout Earth history, and how today they are changing by human activities, in particular by activities related to energy production. The changes in the climate state of our planet, which have been ongoing ever since the formation of the Earth some 5 billion years ago, have shaped the world we live in today. Yet, today’s climate change is special in two overarching ways. First, it is the first time that a major climate change is globally affecting a civilisation that is perfectly adapted to thousands of years of stable climate conditions. Second, today’s climate change is occurring at a rate much faster than preceding natural climate changes. In combination, these two factors make today’s climate change a unique challenge to humankind, with direct consequences of future energy production as outlined in the other contributions to this volume.

scholarly journals Kraje Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej i rozszerzenie NATO a polityka zagraniczna Federacji Rosyjskiej w latach 1992‑1994

Politeja ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7 (34/2)) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Igor Grieckij
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Nato Enlargement ◽  
History Of

Central and Eastern Europe countries and NATO enlargement in foreign policy of Russian Federation in 1992‑1992 The beginning of the 1990s is one of the most interesting and controversial periods in the history of Russian foreign policy. At that time, extensive reforms were introduced in Russia in the framework of transition to market economy and institutions of civil society. Russia’s foreign policy has undergone great changes, as well, many of its fundamental provisions were subject to significant adjustment. In particular, the new leadership of Russia is no longer considered NATO as an enemy, and even let in a possibility of Russia’s prospects for NATO membership in future. However, by 1994, the Kremlin’s position on that issue has changed dramatically. This article examines the nature of these changes in Russia’s foreign policy, as well as the reasons why the Russian government perceived negatively the CEE countries’ aspirations to join NATO, and considered it as a threat to its national interests.

Religious Conflict in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Helgen
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Religious Competition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
Modern Latin America

This innovative study explores the transition in Brazil from a hegemonically Catholic society to a religiously pluralistic society. The book shows that the rise of religious pluralism was fraught with conflict and violence, as Catholic bishops, priests, and friars organized intense campaigns against Protestantism. These episodes of religious violence were not isolated outbursts of reactionary rage, but rather formed part of a longer process through which religious groups articulated their vision for Brazil's national future. The book begins with a background on Catholic–Protestant relations in the Brazilian Northeast. It suggests a new religious history of modern Latin America that puts religious pluralism at the center rather than at the margins of historical analysis. In doing so it seeks to understand the ways in which religious competition and conflict redefined traditional relationships between church and state, lay and clergy, popular and official religion, and local and national interests.

A COMPERATIVE STUDY OF EXORCISM BETWEEN THE AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION AND PENTECOSTALISM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
armstrong chanda
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Traditional Religions ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pentecostal Churches ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
African Traditional Religion

The belief in the existence of the evil spirits throughout the human history of religious beliefs and adherence has led to the belief that these evil spirits possess people and things and influence them to act weirdly and unholy hence the need to cast them away of the human life. Exorcism has been a prominent practice among the African traditional religions and Christian churches such as Pentecostals. They have been using exorcism to treat suspected victims of demonic possession. The practice of exorcism by ATRs and Pentecostal churches show some resemblance and dissimilarities. The similarities and dissimilarities between the two cover two major areas; diagnostic methods and exorcism practice. Each of the two religions has its distinctive and elaborate diagnostic and exorcism features, yet there are areas of semblance. Exorcism is an integral part of religion. Every religion practices this religious activity some more often than the others. Therefore, having a detailed glance at exorcism from the African traditional religion and Pentecostal churches from a comparative analytical perspective is imperative. An attempt to discuss the meaning of exorcism, healing, spirits, and spirit possession from both ATR and Pentecostalism is imperiously unavoidable.

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