scholarly journals MICHEL FOUCAULT: KUASA VERSUS RASIONALITAS MODERNIS (REVALUASI DIRI SECARA KONTINU)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Konrad Kebung
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of

This paper presents Michel Foucault’s thoughts on historical events in the past as they impact on the constitution of the self in the present. Thus, Foucault is known as an historian of the present. An expert in the history of the system of thought, he analyses how people thought and behaved throughout the history of philosophy from the Rennaisance to the classical period (17 th-18 in Foucault’s classification) and onto the 20thth century. As a postmodernist (and post-structuralist) thinker, he critiques modern rationality based mainly on the ego, subject, and consciousness, as passed down to present day thinking by René Descartes. He analyses critically this exclusive rationality and confronts it with his notion of discourse. This paper also presents ways of reading important historical events which were, and are, influential in human life in line with Foucault’s criticism. <b>Keywords:</b> Foucault, philosopy, discourse, subject, etict Artikel ini menyajikan pemikiran Michel tentang peristiwa sejarah masa lalu yang berguna bagi manusia pada masa sekarang. Foucault secara khusus dikenal sebagai sejarawan masa kini. Sebagai ahli dalam sejarah sistem pemikiran, Foucault menganalisis cara orang berpikir dan berperilaku sepanjang sejarah filsafat dimulai dari era Rennaisance, periode klasik (abad XVII-XVIII dalam klasifikasi Foucault), hingga abad XX. Sebagai pemikir posmodernis (dan postrukturalis), Foucault mengajukan kritik terhadap rasionalitas modern yang didasarkan atas ego, subjek, dan kesadaran, yang diwariskan sampai saat ini oleh René Descartes. Dia menganalisis secara kritis rasionalitas eksklusif ini dan menghadapkannya dengan gagasan wacana. Artikel ini juga menyajikan cara untuk membaca semua peristiwa sejarah yang penting dan berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan manusia sesuai dengan kritik Foucault. <b>Kata-kata kunci:</b> Foucault, filsafat , diskursus, subjek, etika

Painted Mules and the Cartesian Circle

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-55
Author(s):  
Mark Heller
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
List Type ◽  
Absolute Certainty ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cartesian Circle

René Descartes, one of the dominant figures in the history of philosophy, has been accused of one of the most obvious mistakes in the history of philosophy — the so-called cartesian circle. It is my goal in this paper to arrive at an understanding of Descartes's work that attributes to him a theory that(a) should be of philosophical interest to contemporary epistemologists,(b) is consistent with, and suggested by, the actual text, and(c) avoids the circle.I begin with a brief explanation of the supposed circle. In his search for absolute certainty Descartes requires that in order for a proposition to be an instance of knowledge it must be indubitable for the knower, and in order for it to be indubitable for the knower she must be able to eliminate any possibility of the belief's being false. It is to provide a means to satisfy this requirement that Descartes proposes the principle(CD) whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived cannot be false.And it seems that Descartes's defense of CD traps him in the circle.

scholarly journals Membaca ‘Kuasa’ Michel Foucault dalam Konteks ‘Kekuasaan’ di Indonesia

MELINTAS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-51
Author(s):  
Konrad Kebung
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Ways Of Life

This article presents Foucault’s ambitious thoughts on various historical events in the past and sees how people faced and reacted to all these events in different eras of thinking, ways of life, cultures and historical settings. He works with past events, yet his objective is to constitute a history of the present. His rich analyses in his works are classified in three main axes, namely the axis of knowledge, of power, and of ethics or subject. The author of this article also presents Foucault’s notion on power as practiced throughout the history of systems of thought, and how this way of thinking can be read into in any political power, or how Foucault’s thinking can be seen as a criticism on various repressive powers practiced everywhere, including in Indonesia.

What Have the Historians Ever Done for Us?

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Hans-Johann Glock
Keyword(s):  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Turn ◽  
History Of Analytic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship between substantive philosophy and the history of philosophy, using the debate about analytic philosophy’s attitude towards the history of the subject as a guide to a more general assessment of historicism. While studying the past is not essential to substantive philosophy, it is useful. But it also harbours risks, as pointed out by thinkers as diverse as Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Wittgenstein. These risks are discussed by looking at four recent historicist trends within analytic philosophy: precursorism, the general ‘reflective turn’ towards the history of philosophy, the more specific ‘historical turn’ towards the history of analytic philosophy, and the self-reflective concern with the historiography of analytic philosophy. The chatper conclude that the benefits of doing philosophy historically outweigh the drawbacks; in any event, even if the history of philosophy were irrelevant to substantive philosophy it would still be a respectable discipline.

scholarly journals Reference, reading, and nonreading: Learning from Bayard (with a grain of salt)

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Evan F. Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of

This spring I had the opportunity to teach an undergraduate course on the history of philosophy from René Descartes to William James. On most of our twice-weekly class sessions, I would bring a half-dozen or so books with me beyond the anthology we were working from. My duty as a librarian impelled me—there are riches untold (to freshman, at least) in our stacks, waiting to be unveiled. Usually these books were pulled haphazardly from my office shelves just before class. Sometimes they were checked out from our library, less often requested from elsewhere a week or two ahead of time because I actually knew what I wanted to talk about that far in advance. I would bring secondary literature to recommend for further research, other unassigned works by authors we were reading in the event that a first exposure might have sparked philosophical discipleship, along with living thinkers like Seyla Benhabib or Giorgio Agamben who have fruitfully picked up the threads of the Enlightenment problems we were considering.

Acta Fluens – Generatives Handeln und Improvisation im Jazz

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Davide Sparti
Keyword(s):  
Walter Benjamin ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

Obwohl jede menschliche Handlung mit einem gewissen Grad an Improvisation erfolgt, gibt es kulturelle Praktiken, bei denen Improvisation eine überwiegende Rolle spielt. Um das Risiko zu vermeiden, einen zu breiten Begriff von Improvisation zu übernehmen, konzentriere ich mich im vorliegenden Beitrag auf den Jazz. Meine zentrale Frage lautet, wie Improvisation verstanden werden muss. Mein Vorgehen ist folgendes: Ich beginne mit einem Vergleich von Improvisation und Komposition, damit die Spezifizität der Improvisation erklärt werden kann. Danach wende ich mich dem Thema der Originalität als Merkmal der Improvisation zu. Zum Schluss führe ich den Begriff affordance ein, um die kollektive und zirkuläre Logik eines Solos zu analysieren. Paradigmatisch wird der Jazzmusiker mit dem Engel der Geschichte verglichen, der nur auf das Vergangene blickt, während er der Zukunft den Rücken zugekehrt hat, und lediglich ihr zugetrieben wird. Weder kann der Improvisierende das Material der Vergangenheit vernachlässigen noch seine genuine Tätigkeit, das Improvisieren in der Gegenwart und für die Zukunft, aufgeben: Er visiert die Zukunft trotz ihrer Unvorhersehbarkeit über die Vermittlung der Vergangenheit an.<br><br>While improvised behavior is so much a part of human existence as to be one of its fundamental realities, in order to avoid the risk of defining the act of improvising too broadly, my focus here will be upon one of the activities most explicitly centered around improvisation – that is, upon jazz. My contribution, as Wittgenstein would say, has a »grammatical« design to it: it proposes to clarify the significance of the term »improvisation.« The task of clarifying the cases in which one may legitimately speak of improvisation consists first of all in reflecting upon the conditions that make the practice possible. This does not consist of calling forth mysterious, esoteric processes that take place in the unconscious, or in the minds of musicians, but rather in paying attention to the criteria that are satisfied when one ascribes to an act the concept of improvisation. In the second part of my contribution, I reflect upon the logic that governs the construction of an improvised performance. As I argue, in playing upon that which has already emerged in the music, in discovering the future as they go on (as a consequence of what they do), jazz players call to mind the angel in the famous painting by Klee that Walter Benjamin analyzed in his Theses on the History of Philosophy: while pulled towards the future, its eyes are turned back towards the past.

WHY STUDYING THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY MATTERS

Think ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (60) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Anna Marmodoro
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The debate over whether and how philosophers of today may usefully engage with philosophers of the past is nearly as old as the history of philosophy itself. Does the study of the history of philosophy train or corrupt the budding philosopher's mind? Why study the history of philosophy? And, how to study the history of philosophy? I discuss some mainstream approaches to the study of the history of philosophy (with special focus on ancient philosophy), before explicating the one I adopt and commend.

Historiography: An Introductory Guide

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Ka-May Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Historian ◽  
Subjective Perspective ◽  
The Many

“What is historiography?” asked the American historian Carl Becker in 1938. Professional historians continue to argue over the meaning of the term. This book challenges the view of historiography as an esoteric subject by presenting an accessible and concise overview of the history of historical writing from the Renaissance to the present. Historiography plays an integral role in aiding undergraduate students to better understand the nature and purpose of historical analysis more generally by examining the many conflicting ways that historians have defined and approached history. By demonstrating how these historians have differed in both their interpretations of specific historical events and their definitions of history itself, this book conveys to students the interpretive character of history as a discipline and the way that the historian’s context and subjective perspective influence his or her understanding of the past.

Sacrificing for

On Sacrifice ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Halbertal
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Potential Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Transcendence

This chapter analyzes how the movement of the self to self-transcendence has been articulated in different ways in the history of philosophy. In his phenomenology of the sacrificial aspect of political violence, Paul Kahn observes that the double aspect of sacrifice—self and other—continues to this day. The chapter considers the potential relationship between self-sacrifice and violence in war by briefly analyzing the laws of war. In addition, it studies how origin narratives of states and political or religious communities sometimes refer to heroic sacrifices performed by the founding generation. A past sacrifice can become a binding political constraint on present-day politicians. With the burden of an earlier sacrifice, the issue is not about withdrawing from a losing situation and maximizing utility but is instead a concern about retroactive desecration.

scholarly journals Something a Bit Peculiar? Sex, the Germans and the History of Sexuality

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTORIA HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Sexuality ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

Historians of sexuality are uniquely placed to act theflâneur. Loitering in an archive's seedier or more obscure files, they tour the marginal landscapes of the past. They can vicariously experience deviant activity while maintaining historical detachment, writing histories which titillate as much as educate. Fun though this may be, there is the danger that producing such texts benefits only the writers themselves. Michel Foucault famously suggested that writing about the history of sexuality occurs purely for the ‘speaker's benefit’. Historians have thus sought to prove that ‘marginal’ histories are of true academic, not just voyeuristic, significance. This quest has been particularly fruitful for histories of sexuality – stories which are fascinating not least because they are simultaneously marginal, or unspeakable, and utterly central to human life.

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