Solders and Their Metallurgy

2004 ◽  
pp. 49-102
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Solder Alloy ◽  
Eutectic Alloys ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metallic Impurities ◽  
Extensive Reference ◽  
Alloy Systems

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of solder alloy systems that one is likely to encounter. It discusses the processes involved in the survey of solder alloy systems. The chapter describes the effect of metallic impurities on different solders. Extensive reference is made to phase diagrams to highlight particular points. An introduction to alloy constitution and phase diagrams designed for those with no background in the subject is presented, which covers the interpretation of phase diagrams and the associated terminology. The mechanism by which the intermetallics form and some of the implications of their presence in joints are discussed. The chapter describes the several key characteristics of eutectic alloys and factors most effective at depressing the melting point of solders by eutectic alloying.

scholarly journals A new differential dilatometer for the determination of volume changes during solidification

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (772) ◽  
pp. 554-570
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Linear Expansion ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Eutectic Alloys ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Hydrostatic Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Form ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

In recent years, the practical requirements of the metal industries have made it necessary to study the factors which govern the production of good castings. One of the most important of these factors is the change of volume which accompanies solidification. The experimental methods which have hitherto been used to determine this change have given discordant results, and it has seemed desirable to devise a new method, less liable to error. The new form of volumenometer which is the subject of this paper is intended to eliminate most of the errors inherent in the older methods. It has been applied to the measurement of the volume changes of two eutectic alloys, those of lead and tin and of tin and bismuth, the former of which contracts during solidification, whilst the latter shows a distinct expansion. The results indicate that the method is trustworthy. Previous Methods of Measurement . The older methods, which have been used for the experimental determination of the changes in volume, associated with the change in state of bodies, may be divided into the following classes:— ( a )The coefficients of expansion of the solid and liquid, over limited ranges of temperature, are measured and the volume change occurring at the melting point is found by extrapolation. The coefficient of expansion of the solid is found either by direct measurement of the linear expansion or deduced from measurements derived from some hydrostatic method in which Archimedes’ Principle is employed. The expansion of the liquid melt is inferred from observations on some dilatometric or hydrostatic method.

Key Characteristics

Tempo ◽  
1956 ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Keller
Keyword(s):  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Subject

The subject indicated by my title is probably the obscurest in the whole of musicography. I say “musicography,” not “music,” because musically it is not, in my submission, obscure at all; it is merely complex. But musicians do not tend to write, and musicographers do not tend to hear.

XXXI.—Precipitated Sulphur

1907 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 308-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Smith ◽  
R. H. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Distinct Variety ◽  
Mobile Liquid

AbstractIn papers previously read before the Society, the behaviour of sulphur when heated has been the subject of investigation. It has been shown that the transition from a pale-yellow mobile liquid to a deep-brown viscous one, which occurs as the temperature rises in the neighbourhood of 160°, is due to the production from the mobile sulphur (Sλ) of another distinct variety (Sμ). The proportion of the viscous variety (Sμ) is about 4 per cent, at the melting point (114·5°). At 160° it has become 11 per cent., at 170° 19 per cent., and at the boiling point 34 per cent.

scholarly journals Concept of the development of nature and society in the works of P. Teilhard de Chardin and comparison of his views with the ideas of globalization of Z. Bauman

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Egor Sergeevich Shushakov
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

The object of this research is the concept of evolutionary development of the universe of P. Teilhard de Chardin and the concept of “liquid” reality” of Z. Bauman. The subject is the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin and his idea of the future of social development, as well as Z. Bauman’s description of the key characteristics of globalization. Emphasis is placed on the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin (interaction of tangential and radial energies), as within the framework his concept, the social, biological and physical phenomena do not have fundamental differences and abide the general universal laws. In broad outlines, the article reconstructs the idea of P. Teilhard de Chardin on social development and the theses of Z. Bauman about the key characteristics of modern globalization. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to present the methodology of P. Teilhard de Chardin as acceptable for modern science and highlight its predictive power; as well as in comparative analysis of the ideas of Z. Bauman and P. Teilhard de Chardin on the processes of global social integration. The following conclusions are made: both scholars advance the idea on the progressing polarization of society; 2) globalization in their works correlates with the process of individualization of social actors, and defense of own identity.

scholarly journals Making the smart city: technologies, experiences, and future perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 04017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Osipov ◽  
Aleksei Zeldner ◽  
Tatiana Skryl
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Integration Management ◽  
Services Integration ◽  
The Subject

The authors consider the problem of the conceptual the development of “smart cities” in the scholarly literature of foreign and Russian scientists. Based on published literature, the authors classify the concepts of “smart cities” in order to achieve greater clarity of the subject under consideration. Key characteristics of “smart cities” are also considered in the main areas of urban life: energy, water supply, transport, security, services, integration, management.

Numerical computation of wetting angles of Sn–(3−x)Ag–0.5Cu−x(Bi,In) quaternary Pb-free solder alloy systems on Cu substrate

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (09) ◽  
pp. 2050119
Author(s):  
Ahmet Mustafa Erer ◽  
Mukaddes Ökten Turacı
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Computation ◽  
Solder Alloy ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Sessile Drop ◽  
Sessile Drop Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cu Substrate ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Alloy Systems

This paper was aimed to study of the wetting angle ([Formula: see text]) of Sn–Ag–Cu, Sn–([Formula: see text])Ag–0.5Cu–([Formula: see text])Bi and Sn–([Formula: see text])Ag–0.5Cu–([Formula: see text])In ([Formula: see text], 1 and 2 in wt.%) Pb-free solder alloy systems at various temperatures (250, 280 and 310∘C) on Cu substrate in Ar atmosphere. The new Sn–([Formula: see text])Ag–0.5Cu–xBi and Sn–([Formula: see text])Ag–0.5Cu[Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) In systems, low Ag content quaternary Pb-free solder alloys, were produced by adding 0.5%, 1% and 2% Bi and In separately to the near-eutectic Sn-3[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag–0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu (SAC305) alloy. The wetting angles of new alloys, Sn[Formula: see text]2.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Bi (SAC-0.5Bi), Sn[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu[Formula: see text]1[Formula: see text]wt.%Bi(SAC-1Bi), Sn[Formula: see text]1[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]wt.%Bi(SAC-2Bi), Sn[Formula: see text]2.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%In (SAC-0.5In), Sn[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt.%Cu[Formula: see text]1[Formula: see text]wt.%In (SAC-1In) and Sn[Formula: see text]1[Formula: see text]wt.%Ag[Formula: see text]0.5[Formula: see text]wt%.Cu[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]wt.%In (SAC-2In) were measured by sessile drop method. Experimental results showed that additions of Bi and In separately to SAC305 resulted in a continuous decrease in the [Formula: see text] up to 1[Formula: see text]wt.% above which the [Formula: see text] value was increased and it is appeared that a correlation among the [Formula: see text], alloys compositions and the test temperatures exists which recommended an empirical model to estimate the [Formula: see text] at a given Bi and In content and temperature for a given alloy systems. The numerical model estimates the [Formula: see text] understandably well with the present work.

scholarly journals On a new register-pyrometer, for measuring the expansions of solids, and determining the higher degrees of temperature upon the common thermometric scale

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 404-406
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Universal Application

In the year 1821, the author published in the Journal of the Royal Institution an account of a new pyrometer, and of some determinations of high temperatures, in connexion with the scale of the mercurial thermometer, obtained by its means. The use of the instrument then described was, however, limited; and the author was subsequently led to the invention of a pyrometer of a more universal application, both to scientific researches and to various purposes of art. Fie introduces the subject by an account of the late attempt of M. Guyton de Morveau, to employ the expansions of platina for the admeasurement of high temperatures, and for connecting the indications of Wedgwood’s pyrometer with the mercurial scale, and verifying its regularity. The experiments of that philosopher were by the contraction of porcelain, and by actual comparison with those of the platina pyrometer, at no higher temperature than the melting point of antimony; but they are sufficient to establish the existence of a great error in Wedgwood’s original estimation of his degrees up to that point. This he carries on by calculation, on the hypothesis of uniform progression of expansion, up to the melting point of iron; the construction of his instrument not admitting of its application to higher temperatures than a red heat, in which platina becomes soft and ductile. Mr. Daniell shows, by an examination of M. Guyton’s results, that he has failed in establishing the point he laboured to prove; namely, the regularity of the contraction of the clay pieces. The pyrometer of the author consists of two distinct parts; the one designated the register , the other the scale .

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document