Soil Suction Dispersion and Statistical Analysis with Depth at the Medford Airport

1997 ◽  
Vol 1596 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
James B. Nevels
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Matric Suction ◽  
Soil Suction ◽  
Sample Interval ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
T Distribution ◽  
Total Suction

The use of soil suction measurements has steadily increased in geotechnical practice. A current standard test procedure that describes the use of laboratory filter papers as passive sensors to measure the soil matric and total suction is ASTM D5298-94. The principal objective of the research presented here was to evaluate dispersion of suction measurements with depth using the filter paper method described in the ASTM standard. In a single test boring to a depth of 5.33 m, 35 samples were taken at intervals of 152.4 mm. Each sample was separated into four replicate samples. The matric and total suction of each of the 35 sample intervals were then measured, resulting in a total of 278 suction measurements. To manage this volume of tests, the sample size was split approximately in half, and each portion was separately tested. This approach led to severall insights into the test procedure, such as the effect of delay in transferring the filter paper from the specimen container into the metal container. Sampling and testing are described. The dispersion of both the total and the matric suction measurements was characterized in three ways: the range of measurements in each sample interval, the standard deviation of measurements in each sample interval, and an error function defined as the difference between each measurement and the mean for the sample interval. Each of these statistics was plotted as a histogram. A chi-squared test was applied to measure the goodness-of-fit of a t-distribution fitted to the error as defined by the difference between each measurement and the mean for that sample interval. Results indicate precision for total and matric suction measurements of 0.0540 log kPa within one standard deviation. Analysis does not indicate a substantial difference between the error associated with total suction measurements and that associated with matric suction measurements. A brief description of the conventional geotechnical site characterization is presented for the Medford Airport.

scholarly journals Assessment of Various Methods to Measure the Soil Suction

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 171-184
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Matric Suction ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Soil Suction ◽  
Paper Technique ◽  
Total Suction

The foundation of the lightweight structures is commonly in unsaturated state conditions because located above the ground-water table. The matric suction governs the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. Soil suction estimation is challenging both in the field and lab. The indirect and direct techniques are utilized to measure the soil suction. Several types of equipment utilized to measure the soil suction have been developed with innovative technology. However, there are constraints on reliability, suction range estimation, application, etc. The primary objective of this study is to review, describe the working principle, report limits, and benefits of various techniques utilized to measure the soil suction and select the cost-effective. A comparative study on direct and indirect technique of soil suction estimation is conducted base on recent literature, with a focus on suction range, procedure, type of suction, processing time, and application (lab/field). The apparatus utilized to measure directly or indirectly the matric suction found in the literature displays the highest range in the order of 1500 kPa except for the filter paper. The thermocouple psychrometer and the transistor psychrometer can measure a maximal total suction of 8000 kPa. The chilled-mirror hygrometer can measure a maximal total suction of 30000 kPa in the laboratory. The filter paper technique and the chilled-mirror hygrometer are cost-effective techniques. However, the filter paper technique is likely the easiest and low-cost technique to measure the matric suction and total suction for the full range with extreme care in the test procedure both in the field and lab.

scholarly journals LABORATORY WORK ON TOTAL SUCTION CALIBRATION CURVE FOR WHATMAN #42 FILTER PAPER

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Yusep Muslih Purwana
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Soil Suction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Suction

<p>Soil suction is one of main parameter in unsaturated soil mechanics as its measurement is as very important as pore water pressure measurement for effective stress concept in saturated soil mechanics.Basically, the measurement of soil suction can be classified into 2 categories; direct and indirect method. In the first method, negative pore water pressure is measured directly to obtain matric suction, whereas in indirect method, suction is obtained indirectly by using salt solution and censor.  Calibration is then required to establish the relationship between concentration of salt solution and censor. Filter paper method is considered as the simplest method and relatively low cost compare to other method. The studies conducted by many investigators indicate that calibration curve from one type to another type of filter paper is quite different. This paper presents the basic concepts of laboratory work on establishing total suction calibration curve for Wahtmann #42 filter paper. The work has been conducted using NaCl and KCl solutions with different molality to generate different suction. The result indicates that the higher molality of solution, the higher suction is generated. The calibration curve from KCl exhibits a bit higher compare to the one from NaCl. The difference of both curves most probably is due to the difference of equilibration period and suction source.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Calibration curve, filter paper, suction, unsaturated soil</p>

scholarly journals Study of outcome of the treatment with intravenous iron sucrose in moderately anaemic pregnant women

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3480
Author(s):  
Kohila Kalimuthu ◽  
Vanusha Avudaithangam
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Intravenous Iron ◽  
Iron Sucrose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Moderate anaemia seen in about 15-20% of pregnant women. Iron sucrose complex which is used intravenously for the correction of Iron deficiency anaemia. The drug has been able to raise the haemoglobin to satisfactory level when used in moderately anaemic iron deficient pregnant women. The objective of this study was to study the improvement of Hb% after treatment with intravenous Iron sucrose complex in moderately anaemic pregnant women belonging to 24-32 weeks of gestational age.Methods: 50 antenatal patients between gestational age 24-32 weeks with hemoglobin between 8-9.5g/dl were selected and included in this study. They were subjected to blood hemoglobin estimation, hematocrit and peripheral smear study. In each infusion, the maximum total dose administered was 200 mg iron sucrose in 100 ml of normal saline, slow IV infused over 30 minutes. Monitoring was done throughout the infusion to observe for any side effects.Results: Mean hemoglobin among the 50 patients before starting the therapy was 8.172g/dl and the mean hemoglobin at the end of one month of completing the therapy was 11.066g/dl. The rise in mean hemoglobin i.e. the difference in the mean hemoglobin before and after treatment was 2.894g/dl. The p value is 0.0001 which is statistically significant. The mean hematocrit of the 50 patients studied before starting the treatment was 26.772% with a standard deviation of 1.914. The mean hematocrit after completing the therapy was 33.872% with a standard deviation of 1.321. The difference in the mean hematocrit was 7.100% with a p value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant.Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose complex is well tolerated and highly efficacious in improving hemoglobin, hematocrit in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in antenatal women.

EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF POULTRY FEEDS SOLD IN KATSINA METROPOLIS, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
A. U. Uduma ◽  
Joseph Akumah Ojogba ◽  
O. E. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

In Katsina metropolitan, a variety of poultry feeds are available, and the quality and standards of these feeds are critical for the production of eggs and meat. As a result, the quality of selected chicken feeds sold in Katsina metropolitan was assessed by performing proximate analysis using AOAC methodology. Super starter, grower concentrate, broiler finisher, broiler starter, broiler super starter, layer mesh, grower mesh, and layer concentrate were among the samples used. The percentage mean to standard deviation was used to express the findings. The crude protein content of the diets studied ranged from 0.46 ± 0.00 percent to, 8.24± 0.02 percent, ash content 6.31± 0.01 percent – 33.30± 0.04 percent, crude fiber content 1.03 ±0.00 percent – 3.21± 0.00 percent, lipid content 0.11± 0.00 percent, 2.30 ±0.00 percent, moisture content 4.28 ±0.25 – 6.66 ±0.78 percent, and carbohydrate content 51.78± 2.68 – 83.72 ±0.57 percent. Although there was variation in the mean and standard deviation levels among the samples analyzed, such variations were not statistically significant (P>0.05) according to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the difference in the mean levels of parameters evaluated in eight samples

scholarly journals A performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) via comparison with the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN)

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1861-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abreu ◽  
D. Chandan ◽  
R. H. Holzworth ◽  
K. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Peak ◽  
Peak Current ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) uses globally-distributed Very Low Frequency (VLF) receivers in order to observe lightning around the globe. Its objective is to locate as many global strokes as possible, with high temporal and spatial (<10 km) accuracy. Since detection is done in the VLF range, signals from high peak current lightning strokes are able to propagate up to ~104 km before being detected by the WWLLN sensors, allowing for receiving stations to be sparsely spaced. Through a comparison with measurements made by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) between May and August 2008 over a 4° latitude by 4° longitude region centered on Toronto, Canada, this study found that WWLLN detection was most sensitive to high peak current lightning strokes. Events were considered shared between the two networks if they fell within 0.5 ms of each other. Using this criterion, 19 128 WWLLN strokes (analyzed using the Stroke_B algorithm) were shared with CLDN lightning strokes, producing a detection efficiency of 2.8%. The peak current threshold for WWLLN detection is found to be ~20 kA, with the detection efficiency increasing to ~70% at peak currents of ±120 kA. The detection efficiency is seen to have a clear diurnal dependence, with a higher detection efficiency at local midnight than at local noon; this is attributed to the difference in the thickness of the ionospheric D-region between night and day. The mean time difference (WWLLN – CLDN) between shared events was −6.44 μs with a standard deviation of 35 μs, and the mean absolute location accuracy was 7.24 km with a standard deviation of 6.34 km. These results are generally consistent with previous comparison studies of the WWLLN with other regional networks around the world. Additional receiver stations are continuously being added to the network, acting to improve this detection efficiency.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Mix Impact Aerobic Gymnastics Exercises With SKJ 2000 On Improvement of Physical Freshness

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Anik Maryani ◽  
Fahmy Fachrezzy ◽  
Ramdan Pelana
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Final Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the effect of aerobic mix impact and SKJ 2000 version (core exercise) to improve physical fitness in female students. The research was conducted at SMEA YASMA Sudirman Cijantung for 8 weeks with 24 meetings. The method used is an experimental method with a pre and post-test design. The sampling technique was random sampling from a total of 40 grade 1 students and 30 samples were taken. The data collection technique used was a physical fitness test using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI). Hypothesis testing uses the t-test at the significant level (α) 0.05. The results showed that the difference between the mean value of the initial test (x) and the final test (y) in the mixed impact aerobic exercise group was obtained = -6.47; the value of the standard deviation of the difference = 1,2; the standard error value of the mean difference = 0.32; and the value becomes = -20,2. The initial test (x) and the final test (y) in the 2000 version of the Physical Fitness exercise obtained the difference in the mean value is = -5; the value of the standard deviation of the difference = 1.1; the standard error value of the mean difference = 0.29; and the value becomes = -17.24. The final test of the mixed impact aerobic exercise group (x) and the final test of the aerobic exercise group (y) version 2000, obtained the mean value of the variable x = 19.33; variable value y = 17; the standard deviation value x = 1.48; standard deviation of the variable y = 2.31; standard error variable x = 0.4; standard error for the variable y = 0.62; standard error for the mean difference between x and variable = 0.74; Hypothesis test results obtained t observation = 3.15, at 28 degrees of freedom and a significant level (α) 0.05, the value of t table = 2.048 is obtained. The conclusion of the study is that the effect of mix impact aerobic exercise is more effective in improving physical fitness compared to those using the 2000 version of the fitness gymnastics version of aerobic exercise.

scholarly journals Bias Correction of the Ratio of Total Column CH4 to CO2 Retrieved from GOSAT Spectra

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Haruki Oshio ◽  
Yukio Yoshida ◽  
Tsuneo Matsunaga ◽  
Nicholas M. Deutscher ◽  
Manvendra Dubey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Scattering Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Column

The proxy method, using the ratio of total column CH4 to CO2 to reduce the effects of common biases, has been used to retrieve column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CH4 from satellite data. The present study characterizes the remaining scattering effects in the CH4/CO2 ratio component of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) retrieval and uses them for bias correction. The variation of bias between the GOSAT and Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) ratio component with GOSAT data-derived variables was investigated. Then, it was revealed that the variability of the bias could be reduced by using four variables for the bias correction—namely, airmass, 2 μm band radiance normalized with its noise level, the ratio between the partial column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CH4 for the lower atmosphere and that for the upper atmosphere, and the difference in surface albedo between the CH4 and CO2 bands. The ratio of partial column CH4 reduced the dependence of bias on the cloud fraction and the difference between hemispheres. In addition to the reduction of bias (from 0.43% to 0%), the precision (standard deviation of the difference between GOSAT and TCCON) was reduced from 0.61% to 0.55% by the correction. The bias and its temporal variation were reduced for each site: the mean and standard deviation of the mean bias for individual seasons were within 0.2% for most of the sites.

Comparison of Automatic and Manual Turbidimetric Analyses of Tylosin in Feeds with the Plate Method

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
Hussein S Ragheb ◽  
H Latham Breunig ◽  
Robert E Scroggs
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Turbidimetric Assay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feed Samples

Abstract Two laboratories participated in a comparison of a manual turbidimetric assay with the AUTOTURB® System and the AOAC method of analysis of tylosin in 4 feed samples. Results showed no significant difference between the 2 turbidimetric assays. When the AOAC method was considered, the difference between laboratories was significant. On an overall basis the turbidimetric methods were significantly higher than the plate method. The relative standard deviation was higher (6.72%) for the plate assay versus turbidimetric assay (4.5%). The mean recovery in both laboratories was significantly less than the labeled amount of tylosin by all 3 methods.

scholarly journals Determination of Inulin in Foods

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Breda Simonovska
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract A method was developed for determining fructan inulin in various foods (yogurts, honey cakes, chocolates). Warm water was applied for extraction of samples, and mono- and dissacharides were determined by a thin-layer chromatographic densitometric method. A portion of the test solution was hydrolyzed 30 min with 1% oxalic acid in a boiling water bath. Fructose was determined in the hydrolysate. The amount of inulin in a sample was calculated as the difference between the amount of fructose in the sample before and after hydrolysis. The fructose from sucrose formed during the hydrolysis was also considered. The mean recovery from yogurt fortified with 4% inulin was 95.5 ± 4.5% (mean ± standard deviation); from honey cakes extract fortified with 10% inulin, 97.3 ± 5.5%; and from chocolate extract fortified with 30% inulin, 98.6 ± 6.6% (6 replicates in all cases). Determination of glucose is not necessary for analyzing fructans with the composition expressed shortened to GFn−1 (G, glucose; F, fructosyl) with the average degree of polymerization 8 ≤ n ≤ 15.

SEA‐GRAVIMETER TRIALS ON THE HALIFAX TEST RANGE ABOARD CSS HUDSON, 1972

Geophysics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Valliant ◽  
J. Halpenny ◽  
R. Beach ◽  
R. V. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Profiles ◽  
Gravity Test ◽  
Three Components

A simultaneous test of a LaCoste and Romberg and a Graf‐Askania sea gravimeter was made over the Halifax Gravity Test Range aboard CSS Hudson in 1972. The test consisted of a total of 33 traverses over precisely located and calibrated test profiles established for this purpose. If errors are defined as the difference between surface and underwater values compared on a common datum, the mean LaCoste gravimeter error observed during a traverse varied from run‐to‐run to form a near normal distribution with mean of 1.8 mgal and standard deviation of 1.0 mgal. The corresponding statistics for the Askania are 2.1 mgal and 3.4 mgal, respectively, with the distribution markedly skew. The data were correlated with three components of accelerations as measured by the LaCoste and Romberg inertial platform. No significant correlation was evident for the LaCoste meter. Some correlation for the Graf‐Askania data, to which crosscoupling corrections are not normally applied, was observed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document