Innovative and Cost-Effective Solutions for Roads in Rural Areas and Difficult Terrain

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Visser ◽  
Sally Hall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Cement Concrete Pavement ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Difficult Terrain ◽  
High Level

In many parts of the world, high-level engineering solutions are inappropriate for rural areas where expertise, skills, and equipment are unavailable. Often these areas suffer from difficult terrain that also makes accessibility a problem. At the 1999 International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, a design catalogue was presented for a flexible portland cement concrete pavement using geocells, which was suitable for labor-intensive construction. However, the catalogue required layer works, which meant that construction equipment, although minimal, was required. This was seen as a major constraint, particularly when communities become involved in the construction of these local access roads. In addition, in difficult terrain the handling of drainage becomes a major engineering undertaking for which expertise may not be locally available. The aim of this study was to develop a structural design catalogue that caters for the range of traffic and material conditions typically encountered in these remote rural areas. Additionally, standard solutions were developed for dealing with steep gradients and surface drainage that are coupled to the structural design. The fundamental engineering principles were used to derive the structural design catalogue and in the management of surface drainage. Case studies were conducted in the successful application of the design catalogue to demonstrate the approach and design procedures. This approach has made a significant contribution in improving the quality of life of rural communities, particularly in remote and often poor regions of South Africa.

scholarly journals Testing a community-based distribution approach to reproductive health service delivery in Senegal (a study of community agents in Kébémer)

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Reproductive Health Services ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Integrated Cost

The Division of Reproductive Health (DSR) of the Senegal Ministry of Health and Social Action, in partnership with the Population Council’s FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health program and Management Sciences for Health (MSH), conducted a study to test and compare three ways of providing reproductive health services to rural communities in the Kébémer district of Senegal in terms of their effectiveness, cost, and cost-effectiveness. FRONTIERS and MSH collaborated with the DSR to design the interventions, MSH supported the DSR in implementing the interventions, and FRONTIERS undertook the evaluation. This study, funded by USAID, responded to the recommendations of a 1999 workshop, organized by FRONTIERS and the DSR, on the community-based distribution (CBD) approach, which defined alternative CBD models appropriate for Senegal. The DSR sees the development of community-based service delivery models as essential for the future of health care in Senegal. As noted in this report, the general objective of the study was to contribute to the development of an integrated cost-effective program to increase the accessibility and availability of reproductive health information and services in rural areas of Senegal.

Asphalt-Rubber Overlay on Rubblized Concrete Pavement on I-135

1996 ◽  
Vol 1543 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Fager
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Asphalt Rubber ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Cement Concrete Pavement ◽  
Control Section ◽  
The Cost

During 1993 and 1994, the Kansas Department of Transportation constructed a 15.25-km full-depth asphalt-rubber project on I-135. Three test sections were finished in 1994 along with one control section in 1995. The test sections consisted of both a thick and thin asphalt-rubber section over rubblized portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) and a completely reconstructed asphalt-rubber section. The control section was built over rubblized PCCP to the same thickness as the thick asphalt-rubber section. Approximately 172 000 metric tons of asphalt-rubber were produced using the wet (reacted) process. Data indicated that the asphalt-rubber mix cost approximately 50 percent more than the asphalt-only mix. Reducing the thickness of the asphalt-rubber from 225 mm to 180 mm would allow the cost to become equal to the asphalt-only control section. Equal performance of the reduced thickness section or longer performance from the 225-mm asphalt-rubber section would be a cost-effective method of using tire rubber in asphalt pavements. Test data indicate a stable mix and adequate thermal characteristics but high permeabilities. Performance after 6 winter months under traffic indicates no raveling, rutting, flushing, cracking, or moisture damage.

Seroepidemiological evidence for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in three Venezuelan rural communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Cortez A ◽  
G. Rojas ◽  
C.M. Aguilar ◽  
E. Ferrer ◽  
Y. Alviarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract Taenia solium is the most common parasite infection of the brain, causing neurocysticercosis and typically found in rural communities with free-ranging pigs. Identification of transmission in rural areas is essential for its control. Risk factors and transmission of the parasite were evaluated in three rural Venezuelan communities (Valle del Rio and Potrero Largo, Cojedes state; and Palmarito, Portuguesa state) by a questionnaire (112 households) and coprological (492 samples) and serological (433 human and 230 porcine sera) analysis, respectively. Typical risk factors were found in all three communities: free-foraging pig husbandry, deficient sanitary conditions, high open defecation and ignorance of the parasite life cycle. Coprological examinations revealed a high level of soil-transmitted parasites. Importantly, two T. solium adult worm carriers were identified in each of the three communities. Anti-metacestode antibodies and the HP10 secreted metacestode glycoprotein were detected at significant levels in human and porcine sera in Valle del Rio, Potrero Largo and Palmarito. In conclusion, these communities may be considered to be endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis, and the instigation of an appropriate control programme is recommended.

The Possibility of a Sustainable Rural Development by Husbanding Precious Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Fariha Bibi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Rural Sustainability ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

The present chapter aimed at making out the possibility of sustainable rural development by husbanding precious resources in the rural areas, particularly the rural areas of the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan. For this purpose, a qualitative research design was manipulated in order to decipher the maximum chance of attaining rural sustainability in these areas through a thorough perusal of various relevant past studies. Hence, the information, gleaned from the archival sources and elucidated hermeneutically, signified a high level of effectiveness of the economical use of natural resources for retaining sufficient and passable degree of sustainability in the rural areas. Consequently, the hermeneutic assertions, made by the researcher of this study, accentuated the inculcation of numerous assorted customary husbandry methods, adopted and employed by the pure traditional rural communities, among the modern rural population of the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan as well in order to enhance the possibility of arriving at the rural sustainability in these areas. Recognizing the value of certain reliable husbandry practices, the study deemed and estimated a maximum accomplishment of targets set out for attaining sustainable rural development all around the world, particularly in the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan.

Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Mammography Promotion by Volunteers in Rural Communities

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robyn Andersen ◽  
Michelle Hager ◽  
Celina Su ◽  
Nicole Urban
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Community Volunteer ◽  
The Cost

The Community Trial of Breast Cancer Screening Promotion assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mammography promotion by community volunteer groups in rural areas using three different intervention approaches: individual counseling, community activities, and a combined intervention including both. Societal costs of the interventions were calculated and used in conjunction with measures of effectiveness to calculate cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per additional mammogram and cost per year of life saved. Methods of collecting and using cost information to assess the cost-effectiveness of community interventions are described. The Community Activities intervention was found to be the most cost-effective, at approximately $2,000 for each additional regular mammography user in the community. The cost per year of life saved associated with mammography promotion was approximately $56,000 per year of life saved. Exploratory analyses suggest that the most cost-effective method of promoting mammography use may vary with the target population.

scholarly journals Rendering a Comprehensive School and Community Library Service to Remote Rural Communities in South Africa by Forging Partnerships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Le Roux ◽  
Francois Hendrikz
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
South African ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Library ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Library Service ◽  
Mpumalanga Province ◽  
Community Library

Substantial backlogs in public and school library services in South Africa, especially in the previously disadvantaged, remote rural areas, compel library authorities to explore alternative, more cost-effective ways of library service delivery. This paper describes a South African study which investigated the variants of the school-community library model worldwide, with the aim of defining a South African prototype, which would satisfy the needs of a rural, tribal community. The paper also discusses how this prototype is currently being piloted in a rural, tribal area in the Mpumalanga province by forging partnerships with various stakeholders.

The creation of management systems for funding priorities in wastewater project in rural communities in the Islamic Republic of Iran

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Farrokhi ◽  
M. Hajrasoliha ◽  
G. Meemari ◽  
M. Fahiminia ◽  
M. Talebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Integrated Cost

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

Libraries as Portal for Knowledge Driven Rural Community Development Cases from Botswana

2011 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lekoko ◽  
Josephine Modise-Jankie ◽  
Christopher Busang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Communication Program ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Realizing that the rural communities lag behind with information that can help improve their lives, the government has set up the Rural Communication Program (RCP) with a goal “to provide telecommunications services to the rural areas in the most cost effective, efficient, logical and transparent manner possible” (Ministry of Communication Science and Technology, 2006, p. 14). Among specific objectives of the Rural Communications Program (RCP) is using appropriate technology to provide services, and in this case, the Internet or computers have been used to augment information found in local libraries. The Botswana Long Term Vision 2016 stipulates as a challenge the need to ensure that all people in Botswana especially those in the rural areas or those who need special assistance, receive the same benefits, and achieve their maximum potential, and RCP is the main foundation on which efforts for availing information that reaches the rural communities are based. Rural here refers to isolated and poorly served communities. These are communities where the government has identified that essential and basic services are required as part of its social obligation and mandate to integrate these areas into economic and social development of the nation. While these communities are of interest in this chapter, the chapter draws some cases from urban places because Internet connectivity in the rural areas of Botswana is still a problem.

scholarly journals Turning point the concept of rural development in Indonesia from top-down to bottom-up strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012079
Author(s):  
T Pranadji ◽  
Wahida ◽  
I S Anugrah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Market ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
High Level

Abstract The Asian financial crisis of 1997 followed by political turmoil in 1998 has not given a significant change to agriculture and rural development in Indonesia. Throughout history, Indonesia has implemented the development of the agriculture sector under a top-down strategy. The success of this approach is marked by the achievement of rice self-sufficiency in 1984. Moreover, since the mid 1990s, Indonesia has embarked on various economic reforms that led to globalization. The Indonesian economy has become more integrated into the global economy and world market. Unfortunately, these changes were not translated properly to rural areas as there were no transition time for rural communities to adjust their economic condition to these changes. The multiplier effect that was expected as a consequence of globalization within rural economic systems was faced with difficulties such as paternalistic structure led by the elites. As a result, rural areas experienced with income gap, weak agriculture development, corruption, social problems and poverty. Meta-analysis approach is used to examine the approach that has been used in implementing program and projects. Findings from the articles showed that there is a need to do the re-orientation to the approach and increased the independency at the farmer level. The idea to develop national agriculture and rural development strategies that is based on a bottom-up approach, followed by an agrarian reform, as well as the formation of social capital and redefinition of local autonomy are the recommendation that high level decision maker could consider.

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