Temporal Variability of Car Use as an Input to Design of Before and After Surveys

2003 ◽  
Vol 1855 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
Larger Sample

Before and after surveys are a common method for measuring the effect of specific policies and projects designed to cause changes in travel behavior. Design issues of before and after surveys used to evaluate projects designed to change travel behavior are addressed. A quantitative understanding of the underlying variability of the parameters to be measured was needed—in particular, the variation over time in car travel by individuals and households. Since no data were available locally, a detailed analysis was made of the 6-week travel diaries from the MobiDrive survey conducted in Germany to estimate the coefficients of variation in key travel parameters. These results were then adapted for use in the presented project. Several features emerged from this analysis. First, in general, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes in either distance traveled or travel time than for trips undertaken. Second, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes from repeated cross-sectional surveys than from a panel survey. Third, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes when using a daily travel diary, compared with use of a weekly travel diary (although this difference can be substantially reduced in a panel survey by maintaining the same day of the week for each household in later waves of the panel). Finally, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes from person travel data than from household travel data. However, some of the design parameters that allow smaller sample sizes also make the survey more difficult to conduct.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of the Sacramento Dockless E-Bike Share on Bicycling and Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Dillon T. Fitch ◽  
Hossain Mohiuddin ◽  
Susan L. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bike Share

One way cities are looking to promote bicycling is by providing publicly or privately operated bike-share services, which enable individuals to rent bicycles for one-way trips. Although many studies have examined the use of bike-share services, little is known about how these services influence individual-level travel behavior more generally. In this study, we examine the behavior of users and non-users of a dockless, electric-assisted bike-share service in the Sacramento region of California. This service, operated by Jump until suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, was one of the largest of its kind in the U.S., and spanned three California cities: Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis. We combine data from a repeat cross-sectional before-and-after survey of residents and a longitudinal panel survey of bike-share users with the goal of examining how the service influenced individual-level bicycling and driving. Results from multilevel regression models suggest that the effect of bike-share on average bicycling and driving at the population level is likely small. However, our results indicate that people who have used-bike share are likely to have increased their bicycling because of bike-share.

Glimpse of the Future: Simulating Life with Personally Owned Autonomous Vehicles and Their Implications on Travel Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110525
Author(s):  
Mustapha Harb ◽  
Jai Malik ◽  
Giovanni Circella ◽  
Joan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Mobility Barriers ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Made In

To explore potential travel behavior shifts induced by personally owned, fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), we ran an experiment that provided personal chauffeurs to 43 households in the Sacramento region to simulate life with an AV. Like an advanced AV, the chauffeurs took over driving duties. Households were recruited from the 2018 Sacramento household travel survey sample. Sampling was stratified by weekly vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and households were selected to be diverse by demographics, modal preferences, mobility barriers, and residential location. Thirty-four households received 60 h of chauffeur service for 1 week, and nine households received 60 h per week for 2 weeks. Smartphone-based travel diaries were recorded for the chauffeur week(s), 1 week before, and 1 week after. During the chauffeur week, the overall systemwide VMT (summing across all sampled households) increased by 60%, over half of which came from “zero-occupancy vehicle” (ZOV) trips (when the chauffeur was the only occupant). The number of trips made in the system increased by 25%, with ZOV trips accounting for 85% of these additional trips. There was a shift away from transit, ridehailing, biking, and walking trips, which dropped by 70%, 55%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Households with mobility barriers and those with less auto dependency had the greatest percent increase in VMT, whereas higher VMT households and families with children had the lowest. The results highlight how AVs can enhance mobility, but also caution against the potential detrimental effects on the transportation system and the need to regulate AVs and ZOVs.

Measuring Changes in Multimodal Travel Behavior Resulting from Transport Supply Improvement

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110031
Author(s):  
Elodie Deschaintres ◽  
Catherine Morency ◽  
Martin Trépanier
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Good News ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Spatial Attributes ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
Household Travel Surveys ◽  
Transport Supply

Despite the desired transition toward sustainable and multimodal mobility, few tools have been developed either to quantify mode use diversity or to assess the effects of transportation system enhancements on multimodal travel behaviors. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a methodology to appraise the causal impact of transport supply improvement on the evolution of multimodality levels between 2013 and 2018 in Montreal (Quebec, Canada). First, the participants of two household travel surveys were clustered into types of people (PeTys) to overcome the cross-sectional nature of the data. This allowed changes in travel behavior per type over a five-year period to be evaluated. A variant of the Dalton index was then applied on a series of aggregated (weighted) intensities of use of several modes to measure multimodality. Various sensitivity analyses were carried out to determine the parameters of this indicator (sensitivity to the least used modes, intensity metric, and mode independency). Finally, a difference-in-differences causal inference approach was explored to model the influence of the improvement of three alternative transport services (transit, bikesharing, and station-based carsharing) on the evolution of modal variability by type of people. The results revealed that, after controlling for different socio-demographic and spatial attributes, increasing transport supply had a significant and positive impact on multimodality. This outcome is therefore good news for the mobility of the future as alternative modes of transport emerge.

scholarly journals Sexual dysfunction during primiparous and multiparous women following vaginal delivery

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehri Makki ◽  
Noushin Abdoli Yazdi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Educators ◽  
Questionnaire Validation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Larger Sample

Normal sexual functioning comprises of sexual activity together with transition through the phases from arousal to relaxation with no problem. Delivery has different effects on body organs, especially, on genitalia the disorder of which can cause sexual dysfunctions. In this study, an attempt is made to compare postpartum sexual dysfunction among primiparous and multiparous women. This descriptive cross sectional study was done on 564 primiparous (331) and multiparous (233) women chosen from among those who were present at health and clinical centres in Yazd, Iran. Data were gathered through a questionnaire consisting of demographics and questions related to sexual problems before and after 3-6 months of delivery. Both open-ended and closed items were included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in consultation with two health educators, a midwife, two gynaecologists and an expert in questionnaire validation. All registered data were analyzed by SPSS-15 software. Dyspareunia was shown to decrease after pregnancy in both primigravidae and multigravidae women (P<0.05). Libido decreased during multigravidae (P<0.05) while the difference was not significant during primigravidaes (P>0.05). Also, vaginal loosening was significantly increased in multigravid women (P<0.05) while it did not significantly change in primigravidae (P>0.05). The difference was not significant in primigravidae nor in multigravidae according to post coital bleeding, post coital itching, an-orgasmia, oral sex and anal sex. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, delivery has limited effects on sexual function of primiparous and multiparous women. Contradictory results of similar studies show the need for a précise critical appraisal and finding pitfalls of previous studies. Designing more valid surveys with larger sample size to determine the effects of delivery and parity on sexual function is recommended.

Reducing Numbers of Vehicle Trips and Vehicle Miles of Travel Through Customized Travel Options

2000 ◽  
Vol 1711 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Vehicle ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Vehicle Miles Of Travel

A new application was implemented to help reduce total vehicle trips and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) by means of encouraging use of trip chaining and substitution for all types of trips. Travel diaries were provided to employees of a local YMCA for measurement of travel behavior before and after provision of customized travel suggestions. An analysis of covariance was conducted on the average contributed VMT and contributed vehicle trips, with the use of the second period results as the dependent variable. The provision of suggestions had a statistically significant effect on vehicle miles and trips contributed. Overall, it was shown that the provision of travel information would reduce VMT. Further research should be conducted in order to indicate the extent to which such information must be customized. Further research should also be conducted on the durability and sustainability of the impacts of the information.

SUBLINGUAL VITAMIN D3 DRUG THERAPY IN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PATIENTS AT PRAVARA RURAL HOSPITAL

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Sanjeeva Kumar Goud T ◽  
Rahul Kunkulol
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

The present study was aimed to study the effect of Sublingual Vitamin D3 on Serum Vitamin D level in Vitamin D deficiency patients. This was a cross-sectional and interventional study. All the Vitamin D deficiency patients of age 18-60years and either gender, willing to participate in the study were included. Patients who had greater than 20 ng/ml were excluded from the study. The total number of participants in our study was 200, out of these 111 males and 89 females, the mean age in our study was 51.07 ± 7.39Yrs. All volunteers were given sublingual vitamin D3 (60,000IU) in six doses every fifteen days of follow up for 3 months. The subject’s serum 25(OH)D levels were estimated before and after the treatment of sublingual vitamin D3. There was a statistically significant difference in serum vitamin D3 level before 16.61±6.71 ng/ml and after 35.80±7.80 ng/ml after treatment with Sublingual Vitamin D3. Six doses of 60,000IU of Vitamin D3 sublingual route having improved the role of serum 25(OH)D levels in the treatment of Vitamin D3 deficiency patients.Keywords: Vitamin D3; Sublingual route

The Degree of Subjective Complaints of Students Practice in Mechanical Technology Laboratories

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
I Ketut Widana
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

The working practice of the engineering students is part of the learning process that is irreducible and indispensable. The composition of  lecturing between theoretical and practical one is 40% to 60%. With this condition, the students spend more time at the laboratory. Generally, the students perform in the laboratory work by standing position. The design of research is observational cross-sectional. The method applied is observation, interview and measuring. The subjects of research are practicing students amounting to 21 students. Referring to the analysis of statistical test or Wilcoxon signed ranks test, the difference of effect of work position is significant, namely p < 0.05 towards musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) before and after working. The quantity of the average complaint after working is score 44.62 ± 9.47. The result of Wilcoxon signed rank test shows that there is significant different effects of standing work position, namely p < 0.05 towards fatigue generally before and after working. The degree of the working pulse is on the average of 110.78  ± 17.80 bpm (beats per minutes) which can be categorized into the medium workload. Using paired t-test, the result is p < 0.05.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge, Practice and Attitude about Biomedical Waste Management among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 Crises in Al-Ahsa

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Sahbanathul Missiriya Jalal ◽  
Fahima Akhter ◽  
Amal Ismael Abdelhafez ◽  
Ahmed Mansour Alrajeh
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biomedical Waste ◽  
Respiratory Therapists ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge Practice

Biomedical waste (BMW) management is an essential practice of healthcare professionals (HCPs) for preventing health and also environmental hazards. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic, posing significant challenges for healthcare sectors. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the knowledge, practice, and attitude on BMW management among HCPs when taking care of patients with COVID-19 and associated with demographic variables. From Al-Ahsa healthcare sectors, 256 HCPs were selected randomly, of which 105 (41%) had excellent knowledge, 87 (34%) had good knowledge, and 64 (25%) had poor knowledge with a mean score of 13.1 ± 3.6. A higher mean score was (14.4 ± 3.2) obtained by physicians, and (13.6 ± 3.8) nurses than the other HCPs. Regarding practice, 72 (28.1%) HCPs used and discarded PPE while handling biomedical wastes. Additionally, 88 (34.4%) followed proper hand hygiene before and after each procedure and whenever needed. Physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists had a more favorable attitude than other HCPs. There was a statistically significant association found among knowledge level and educational qualification (p < 0.0001), gender (p < 0.001), and work experience (p < 0.05). Emphasis is needed to train all HCPs regarding proper BMW management during this pandemic to prevent infection transmission.

scholarly journals Integrated backscatter-intravascular ultrasound and modification of plaque during excimer laser coronary angioplasty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Sasaki ◽  
Kenji Nakajima ◽  
Keizo Watanabe ◽  
Yudai Nozaki ◽  
Tadashi Yuguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravascular Ultrasound ◽  
Excimer Laser ◽  
Coronary Angioplasty ◽  
Coronary Plaque ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Integrated Backscatter ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vessel Volume ◽  
Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound ◽  
Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty

AbstractThis study aims to test the hypothesis that the effect of excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) not only vaporizes thrombi and their underlying coronary plaque, it also changes their quality. We performed a series of cross-sectional analyses in 52 lesions in 51 patients before and after ELCA with integrated backscatter-intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS). The constituent parts of the plaque can be assessed by IB-IVUS (i.e., calcified, fibrous, lipid) according to integrated backscatter values. Minimum lumen diameter, lumen volume and vessel volume expanded after ELCA, while plaque volume did not significantly decrease. There was also a decrease of ‘lipid’ component (35.4–30.3%, P < 0.001) and an increase of IB-IVUS-derived ‘fibrous’ part (34.5–38.3%, P < 0.001). These results may help in understanding plaque change after ELCA. Excimer laser coronary angioplasty seems to contribute to the modification of coronary plaque composition in addition to debulking it.

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