scholarly journals (الحركة الإصلاحية في عُمان في العصر الحديث (نور الدّين السالمي وأبي مسلم البهلاني، نموذجين (The reform movement in Oman in the modern era (Nour al-Din al-Salmi and Abu Muslim al-Bahlani, two examples))

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-93
Author(s):  
يوسف سعيد الكاسبي
Keyword(s):  
Educational Reform ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Modern Era

شهدت عُمان خلال العصر الحديث - شأنها شأن العالم العربي والإسلامي - بروز حركات إصلاحية، كان لها أثر فعال ودور متميز في إصلاح مختلف المجالات الحيوية في هذا البلد العربي الإسلامي، وما كان ذلك ليتم أو يكتمل، إلاّ بالانطلاق من إصلاح الأوضاع الثقافية والعلمية، التي ظلت إلى ذلك الحين، تشكو تخلفا كبيرا نتيجة فقدان الوعي بأهميتها، ولقد ساهم بعض المفكرين العُمانيين في هذه الحركة الإصلاحية، نذكر من بينهم نور الدّين السالمي وأبي مسلم البهلاني، الذيْن سنجعل منهما نموذجين لبحثنا، كون إصلاحاتهما مست عديد الميادين، منها: الإصلاح التربوي والإصلاح الديني والإصلاح الاجتماعي. إن هذا البحث يندرج ضمن البحوث التاريخية، لذا كان من الطبيعي أن يقوم على المنهج التاريخي الاستعراضي، وكذا على المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، وقد حاولت فيه استقراء الجوانب المتعلقة بالحركة الإصلاحية في عُمان، متتبعا لها ومعلقا عليها من حين لآخر. الكلمات المفتاحية: الحركة الإصلاحية، العالم العربي الإسلامي، فقدان الوعي، عُمان، الثقافية، العلمية. Abstract During the modern era, Oman - like the Arab and Islamic world - witnessed the emergence of reform movements, which had an effective impact and a distinguished role in reforming the various vital areas in this Arab and Islamic country. Until then, it complains of a great backwardness as a result of losing awareness of its importance, and some Omani thinkers have contributed to this reform movement, among them we mention Nour al-Din al-Salmi and Abu Muslim al-Bahlani, whom we will make as models for our research. The fact that their reforms touched many fields, including: Educational reform, religious reform and social reform. This research falls within the historical research, so it was natural for it to be based on the historical review method, as well as the inductive analytical method, in which I tried to extrapolate the aspects related to the reform movement in Oman, following it and commenting on it from time to time. Keywords: The reform movement, the Arab Islamic world, loss of consciousness, Oman, cultural, scientific.

The Present Moment in Educational Reform

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Katz
Keyword(s):  
Educational Reform ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Compensatory Education ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Teacher Professionalism ◽  
Community Control ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Teaching Attitudes ◽  
Current Movement

On the basis of historical analysis, the author suggests that the current educational reform movement may be nearing a close. He cites numerous parallels between contemporary developments and various phases of the mid-nineteenth century and progressive educational reform movements. Underlying the demise of the current movement, the author suggests, has been its inability to face and resolve various unexamined conflicts among leading reform proposals, such as those for compensatory education, integration, decentralization, community control, radical pedagogical reform, and teacher professionalism. In conclusion, the author offers some proposals for the rehabilitation of the reform movement, including the "radical" notion that schools should concentrate on teaching skills and avoid teaching attitudes.

Rural Educational Reform in Yucatán: From the Porfiriato to the Era of Salvador Alvarado, 1910-1918

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón D. Chacón
Keyword(s):  
Educational Reform ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
National Level ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
National Education ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
National Education Policy ◽  
Reform Education

The majority of leaders who participated in the 1910 Mexican Revolution agreed that educational reform was essential if the laboring classes were to be assimilated into Mexican society. Despite these deepfelt concerns, in the arena of social reform, education during the years 1910-1920 played a tertiary role behind agrarian and labor reform, issues which received the greatest national attention. Thus, at the national level education failed to attract serious reform until the 1920s. There were, however, other reasons that explain the lack of support for educational change. The political instability that existed due to revolutionary internecine warfare, the shortage of revenues, and the lack of a national education policy further obstructed an educational reform movement. The shortcomings in governmental direction were compounded even more because in 1914 the central government adopted an educational policy of decentralization that gave the states control over education. This experiment in decentralization, lasting from 1914 to 1920, was a fiasco and left little doubt that the national government should assume control over education.

Rashid Rida’s Struggle to Establish A Modern Islamic State

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Assad N. Busool
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
The World ◽  
Physical Presence

Reform movements are important religious phenomena which haveoccurred throughout Islamic history. Medieval times saw theappearance of religious reformers, such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Taimiyah,Ibn Qayim al-Jawziyah and others; however, these reform activitiesdiffered significantly from the modern reform movement. The medievalreformers worked within Muslim society; it was not necessary to dealwith the external challenge presented by Europe as it was for themodern Muslim reformers after the world of Islam lost its independenceand fell under European rule. The powers of Europe believed that Islamwas the only force that impeded them in their quest for world dominanceand, relying on the strength of their physical presence in Muslimcountries, tried to convince the Muslim peoples tgat Islam was ahindrance to their progress and development.Another problem, no less serious than the first, faced by the modernMuslim reformers was the shocking ignorance of the Muslim peoples oftheir religion and their history. For more than four centuries,scholarship in all areas had been in an unabated state of decline. Thosereligious studies which were produced veered far from the spirit ofIslam, and they were so blurred and burdened with myths and legends,that they served only to confuse the masses.The ‘Ulama were worst of all: strictly rejecting change, they still hadthe mentality of their medieval forebearers against whom al-Ghazali,Ibn Taimiyah and others had fought. Hundreds of years behind thetimes, their central concern was tuqlid (the imitation of that which hadpreceeded them through the ages). For centuries, no one had dared toquestion this heritage or point out the religious innovations it impaired.In conjunction with their questioning of the tuqlid, the modernreformers strove to revive the concept of ijtihad (indmendentjudgement) in religious matters, an idea which had been disallowedsince the tenth century. The first to raiseanew the banner of $tihad inthe Arab Muslim world was Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani; after himSheikh Muhammad ‘Abduh in Egypt, and after him, his friend and ...

Religious Interactions in Modern India

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Religious Reform

Religions in South Asia have tended to be studied in blocks, whether in the various monolithic traditions in which they are now regarded—Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, and Christian—or indeed in temporal blocks—ancient, medieval, and modern. Analysing Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Sikh, Islamic, and Christian traditions, this volume seeks to look at relationships both within and between religions focusing on the 19th and 20th centuries. The chapters explore not only the diversity and the multiplicity within each block, but also the specific forms of their coexistence with each other, whether in accord or in antagonism. The volume also views the interaction between ‘reformed’ and non-reformed branches within each of these purported monoliths. In going beyond existing debates on religious reform movements, the authors highlight the new forms acquired by religions and the ways in which they relate to each other, society, and politics.

Punarvivaham vs. Pativratyam: Pulugurta Lakshmi Narasamamba and the Widow Remarriage Question in Colonial Andhra

2021 ◽  
pp. 025764302110017
Author(s):  
Shaik Mahaboob Basha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Journals

The question of widow remarriage, which occupied an important place in the social reform movement, was hotly debated in colonial Andhra. Women joined the debate in the early twentieth century. There was a conservative section of women, which bitterly opposed the widow remarriage movement and attacked the social reformers, both women and men. Pulugruta Lakshmi Narasamamba led this group of women. Lakshmi Narasamamba treated widow remarriage (punarvivaham) with contempt and termed it as an affront to the fidelity (pativratyam) of Hindu women. According to her, widow remarriage was equal to ‘prostitution’, and the widows who married again could not be granted the status of kulanganas (respectable or chaste women). Lakshmi Narasamamba’s stand on the question of widow remarriage led to the emergence of a fiery and protracted controversy among women which eventually led to the division of the most famous women’s organization, the Shri Vidyarthini Samajamu. She opposed not only widow remarriage but also post-puberty marriage and campaigned in favour of child marriage. This article describes the whole debate on the widow remarriage question that took place among women. It is based on the primary sources, especially the woefully neglected women’s journals in the Telugu language.

scholarly journals The Czech Nobility's Use of the Right of Patronage on Behalf of the Hussite Reform Movement

Slavic Review ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Southern France ◽  
The Right ◽  
Instrumental Role

Throughout European history the aristocracy has been involved in reform movements which undermined either ecclesiastical or monarchical power structures. Thus the nobles of southern France in the twelfth century granted protection to the Cathars, and in fourteenth-century England lords and knights offered aid to the Lollards. The support of German princes and knights for Lutheranism is well known, as is the instrumental role played by the French aristocracy in initiating the constitutional reforms which gave birth to that nation's eighteenth-century revolution. The fifteenth-century Hussite reform movement in Bohemia similarly received aid from the noble class. Here, when the Hussites were under attack in 1417 from the authorities, especially the archbishop, sympathetic lords protected Hussite priests on their domains.

The Salafiyya and Sufism: Muhammad ‘Abduh and his Risālat al-Wāridāt (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations)

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Scharbrodt
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Formation ◽  
Intellectual Crisis

This article questions certain assumptions on the intellectual history of modern Islam and on one of the most influential modern reform movements, the Salafiyya. By looking at the Sufi origins of one of the main Salafī reformers, it relativizes the notion of an inherent anti-Sufism of this reform movement. The article examines how Muhammad ‘Abduh (1849–1905), the famous Egyptian reformer, converted to Sufism in his youth after experiencing a spiritual and intellectual crisis. The influence of his paternal great-uncle Shaykh Darwīsh al-Khādir and of Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (1837–1897) on ‘Abduh's spiritual and intellectual formation will be investigated. In his youth, Sufism provided him with an alternative form of religiosity with which he could express his dissatisfaction with the representatives of mainstream Islam in his time. ‘Abduh's mystical inclinations found its literary expression in his first major work, the Risālat al-Wāridāt (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations), whose contents will be discussed in detail.

Educated beyond Our Intelligence

1986 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Timothy Weaver
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Academic Standards ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
School Records

This article discusses the effects of a hypothetical policy restricting entry to American colleges and universities on the basis of academic standards. Admission would he restricted to those applicants whose test scores and high school records placed them in the upper one half of their high school classes. Those failing to meet the standard presumably would be forced to go to work. The merits of the policy are examined in the context of conservative and liberal educational reform movements. Perceived economic and social benefits of college attendance are discussed.

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