Breeding reserves for improving the efficiency of dairy farming

Author(s):  
Irina P. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
Elena N. Yurchenko ◽  
Natalia A. Jurk ◽  
◽  
...  

The article presents scientific research of breeding reserves for improving the economic efficiency of dairy cattle breeding. As a result of research at the enterprises of the Omsk region, it was found that with the improvement of the productive qualities of breeding animals, farms can receive an additional 144.84 tons of milk and 151 head of calves, for commodity enterprises the reserves are 572.205 tons of milk and 101 head of calves. In breeding reproducers, as a result of the First stage of return crossing and changes in the structure of the milking herd, the gross milk yield from the entire livestock for the full period of productive use of cows will increase by 221 tons and at the Second stage of crossing – by the same amount. All other things being equal, after two stages, the profit amount may increase by 4428 thousand rubles. A similar situation is predicted in commodity herds. According to the results of the return crossing at the end of First and Second stages, an increase in the gross milk yield from the entire livestock of 35.0 tons is expected. According to the forecast calculations, the change in the age composition of the herd of cows will have a positive impact on the economic efficiency of dairy farming in farms. In general, the return crossing on black-and-white cows up to 75% of the Holstein bloodline will increase the profit from the sale of milk by 108 thousand rubles, which proves the expediency for enterprises to use the studied crossing.

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Baschenko ◽  
M. V. Gladiy ◽  
Ju. F. Melnyk ◽  
M. Ja. Jefimenko ◽  
A. P. Kruhliak ◽  
...  

The state of development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine for the period of 2011–2016 was analyzed. The trends of livestock changes, volumes of milk production depending on regions, forms of organization, breeder's membership, breeding and breeding work, influence of genetic and paratyphoid factors on indicators of development of the industry are determined. An analysis of the location of dairy cattle, its concentration, organizational forms of milk production shows significant differences between regions, both in terms of the number of dairy herds and milk production volumes. The largest concentration of cows' livestock in agricultural enterprises is observed in the northern and central regions, in particular, Poltava, Cherkassy, Sumy, Chernihiv, Khmelnytsky oblast. Large agricultural enterprises are more cost-effective than small ones, but the last ones during 2010–2016 still prevailed in the total number of agricultural enterprises - more than 50%. The number of cows of diary and diary-meat breeds decreased almost twice (from 5431 thousand in 2000 to 2736,5 thousand in 2010), and in agricultural enterprises and farms – in four times (correspondingly from 2475 to 604.6 thousand goals). Despite the simultaneous growth of 71.6% of the average cow supply (from 2359 kg – 2000 to 4049 kg – 2009), gross milk production, after some growth until 2005, in 2009 decreased by 13.5% comparing to 2001. The same trend in the dynamics of livestock population continued in the next five years. The number of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed as of 01.01.2016 in the control herds decreased to 68181 or 11217 heads, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy – by 8677 and Ukrainian Red diary – by 4110 heads. At this, gross milk production increased from 2216,6 tons in 2010 to 2705,6 tons in 2016. It should be emphasized that the increase in milk production occurred only in agricultural enterprises due to the growth of productivity of cows from 3975 kg in 2010 to 5643 kg in 2016, that is almost twice. An analysis of the structure of milk production in agricultural enterprises shows the gradual increase in production volumes by large farms, which is a positive trend in terms of milk quality, economic efficiency of its production, and their development as more investment attractive. An important factor in the growth of milk production is the breeding stock of cows. Over the past 5 years, the total number of breeding cows has decreased from 153.6 thousand heads to 128.2 thousand, that is on 12 per cent. The reduction in the number of cows applies to all breeds, but most of it occurred in Red dairy breeds (16.3%). The milk yield of the cows of breeding herds of new domestic breeds grew in all breeds and made up 6613 kg of milk in Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed with a fat content of 3.70%, protein 3.27%, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeding, respectively 6357; 3.76; 3.26; Red diary – 5963; 3.87 and 3.29. An equally important problem in the development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine is the low level of reproduction of animals against the background of reducing the number of livestock and increasing its productivity. This is confirmed by the low yield of calves in farms of different categories. So for 2016, according to statistics, he was 70 calves per 100 cows. One of the factor that reduces the calving out is the natural biological antagonism of milk yield and reproductive capacity of the cows. Growth in milk yield of cows in breeding flocks with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed led to a decrease in the yield of calves per 100 cows to 68.7 heads (in 2010). The duration of productive use has the opposite tendency - in newly created domestic breeds it extends to 3–4 lactations, in Holstein – up to 1.8–2.0 lactation. The level of heifer cultivation is a major paratypic factor affecting the formation of their productive features. The intensity of breeding heifers and heifers does not fully meet the requirements of the standard domestic breeds for their live weight. From 2019, 33498 heifers in only 45.7% – 71.5% of heads, average live weight in 6 months corresponded to the breed standard, in 12 months – 61.1–82.1 and 18 months old – 63.1–73,9%. In a number of even breeding farms, the average daily gain of heifers at 6–12 months of age, during the formation of the organism, is 550–625 g. As a rule, in such farms they do not reach a high level of milk productivity. The ways and methods of reforming dairy cattle for the period up to 2025 should be formed on such bases: - in organizational terms, focusing on the expansion of milk production in large farms, which is positive in terms of the use of modern intensive technologies, the economic efficiency of its production, the attractiveness of investment; - the revival of the national selection system, which corresponds to the best examples of its organization in European countries; - domestic dairy breeds must be established as the basis of domestic dairy cattle breeding, which correspond to the conditions of their breeding and quality of products according to a set of features; - amendments to the Procedure for using the funds provided for in the state budget, directing them to implementation of the breeding program in livestock, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Execution of the proposed measures will allow to achieve the volumes of production of milk and dairy products provided by the Program.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Kharina ◽  
Inna A. Korsheva ◽  
Nadezhda V. Markina ◽  
Sergey V. Borisenko

The main objective of stock breeding is to raise highly productive animals, improve existing ones and create new types and breeds of livestock. The main focus of dairy cattle breeding is on increasing milk yield, fat and protein content in milk; preserving fertility and productive longevity; and developing high adaptive properties of suitability for modern industrial technologies. Selection and breeding of black-and-white and red steppe breeds of cattle is aimed at improving the breeding and productive qualities of the animals. These breeds are traditionally raised in Western Siberia. Breeding to improve the economic and productive features of black-and-white and red steppe breeds of cattle led to the creation of new zonal types, including the Priobsky, Kulunda and Siberian zonal types, which are characterized by relatively high dairy productivity. This study showed that the Siberian type of heifers had the maximum milk yield – 6389 kg, which was 1239 kg and 828 kg more than the Kulunda and Priobsky types, respectively. The same tendency was observed for the third lactation. Animals with a dry period of less than 40 days had lower milk yields than those with a longer period. In terms of the amount of milk and the weight fraction of fat and protein in the milk, the animals exceeded the standard for the parental breed. The duration of pregnancy among the studied animals was within the physiological norm – 276.1-280.8 days. The research results may be of interest to agricultural students and specialists involved in selection issues. Keywords: reproduction, breed, milk productivity


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1511-1514
Author(s):  
Sergey Yu. Smolentsev ◽  
Galiya R Yusupova ◽  
Nikita V Nikolaev ◽  
Zaira F Aukhadieva ◽  
Renat A Volkov ◽  
...  

The effectiveness of dairy cattle breeding largely depends on the intensity of use of the breeding stock. At the same time, the factor of the duration of economic use of animals is gaining importance, which affects not only the production economy, but also the improvement of stocks and breeds. The lifelong productivity, the quantitative and qualitative growth of the stock, the amount of capital investment in its formation and the efficiency of operation depend on the term for the productive use of cows. The terms of breeding and production use of animals are direct linked with the biologically possible longevity of each animal, in turn, the duration of the productive period of cattle is in the range of 12-17 lactations. The influence of feed on production is associated primarily with the level of digestion and assimilation. The digestive capacity of the digestive tract of animals can be improved by selecting the optimal ratio in the diet of rough, juicy and concentrated feeds, i.e. optimization of animal feeding types. We conducted an analysis of milk productivity in lactating cows, when using AVMC feed additive in the diet. The experiment was conducted in the conditions of the dairy farm of Biryuli CJSC of the Vysokogorsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan on three groups of lactating cows. For the experiment, 30 cows were selected, 10 in each Holstein black-and-white breed according to the principle of analogues. Studies have shown that AVMC with rapeseed oil seeds and AVMC with fus in the diet of lactating cows provided higher animal productivity and positively affected the chemical composition of milk.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 838-844
Author(s):  
I.V. Goncharenko ◽  
D.T. Vinnichuk ◽  
N.V. Bogdanova

<p><span lang="EN-US">The data presented gives ground for the expediency of the accelerated development of milk and meat sheep breeding in Ukraine, which is economically effectively combined with a dairy cattle breeding with an expanded reproduction of Holstein cattle, which milk quality does not yet fully meet the modern requirements. <span>The materials of in-house study on the quality of milk of H<span>olstein</span><span> cows breed </span>are summarized, the data of the physicochemical composition of sheep milk are given. The experience of studying the dairy productivity of sheep shows that this type of product is of significant importance in the overall balance of gross income of sheep breeding. Comparing a milk yield of a sheep with a milk yield of a dairy cow, not by the gross quantity of milk, but by its equivalents of chemical composition, we have: milk yields of 1 cow are equivalent to the yield of 4-6 sheep. The issues of sheep milk productivity with the purpose of production of sheep's milk and its processing should be reconsidered for obtaining valuable nutritious products - hard cheeses which have an export significance. </span>It is theoretically possible to combine and accelerate the development of cattle and sheep breeding with the formation of specialized dairy stock farming.</span></p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
E.E. Egorashina ◽  
◽  
R.V. Tamarova ◽  

Dependence on imports of main food products remains unchanged in the Russian Federation. Government programms set goals to increase quantity as well as quality of manufactured products. It is possible due to the introduction of a DNA technology into dairy cattle breeding. Reliable genetic markers of a cow protein milk ability are kappa casein and beta-lactoglobulin. We have studied milk proteinpolymorphism, genotype combinations in interconnection with milk ability and breed for the Ayrshire, Holstein and Holstein-Yaroslavl cross breed cows. It was found that in the same conditions and with the balanced feeding differences in milk yield and quantity of fat in milk among breeds are statistically unreliable while in milk protein quantity the difference is highly reliable D ≥ 0,999. There is high occurrence frequency of A kappa casein allele (0,74– 0,93) and low of kappa casein allele B (0,07–0,12), especially in case of the Ayrshire breed. B-allele of beta-lactoglobulin in the genotype of all cows is seen with the frequency of 0,58–0,70, A-allele is average (0,30–0,42). In order to increase the protein milk ability of the cows farms are to use more Ballele kappa-casein servicing bulls. Target breeding according to this characteristic as well as milk yield is also recommended.


Author(s):  
Valentin Rassadin ◽  
Svetlana Trofimova

Проведен сравнительный анализ лексики, относящейся к группе молочных продуктов питания, традиционных для кочевых скотоводческих народов Центральной Азии – халха-монголов, бурят и ойратов, а также и калмыков. Материалом исследования послужили современные монгольские языки, а также материалы диалектологических экспедиций, проведенных Валентином Ивановичем Рассадиным с 1970-х годов по 2000-е годы на территории Республики Бурятия, Западной Монголии. Все монгольские народы продолжают традиционно разводить пять видов скота – лошади, коровы, овцы, козы и верблюды, от которых получают молоко, как исходный продукт для приготовления самых разнообразных молочных блюд путём сквашивания, перегонки, процеживания, отстаивания, кипячения, высушивания или разбавления чаем или водой. Удалось выяснить, что молочное скотоводство и способы приготовления многих молочных продуктов пришли ещё к древним прамонголам из глубины веков вместе с названиями от древних тюрок и сохраняются у современных монгольских народов до сих пор. Рассматривая термины молочных продуктов в монгольских языках, приводится перечень терминов, представленных и в старописьменном монгольском языке, поскольку наличие в нем слов, имеющих полную аналогию современным терминам, свидетельствует об их древности в монгольских языках. Кроме того, приведенный перечень слов ярко свидетельствует, что термины молочного хозяйства давно сложились в монгольских языках, по всей видимости, еще в общемонгольскую эпоху, когда организовывалось молочное хозяйство у монгольских племен. Дальнейшая разработка этого пласта лексики, особенно в плане ее этимологизации, позволит пролить свет на внешнее влияние, особенно тюркских языков, при котором складывались термины молочных продуктов, поскольку ряд монгольских терминов имеет аналогии в тюркских языках, таких как: тюрк. süt – молоко, ajran – кислое молоко, qurut – сушеные сырки, bїšlaq – сыр домашнего приготовления, irimek – творожистая накипь на стенках котла от кипячения кислого молока, araqї – водка.A comparative analysis of vocabulary related to the group of dairy food products traditional for the nomadic cattle-breeding peoples of Central Asia – the Khalkha-Mongols, Buryats and Oirats, as well as Kalmyks. The research modern Mongolian languages, as well as materials of dialectological expeditions conducted by Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Republic of Buryatia, Western Mongolia. All Mongolian peoples traditionally continue to breed five types of cattle – horses, cows, sheep, goats and camels, from which milk is obtained as a starting product for the preparation of a wide variety of dairy dishes by fermentation, distillation, straining, settling, boiling, drying or diluting with tea or water. It was possible to find out that dairy cattle breeding and methods of preparing many dairy products came to the ancient from the depths of centuries, along with the names from the ancient Turks and are still preserved among the modern Mongolian peoples. Considering the terms of dairy products in Mongolian languages, a list of terms in Mongolian language, have a complete analogy to modern. Above list of words clearly testifies that the terms of dairy farming have long been established in the Mongolian languages, most likely, back in the Mongolian era, when dairy farming was among the Mongol tribes. Further development of this layer of vocabulary, especially in terms of its, will shed light on the external influence, especially the Turkic languages, in which the terms of dairy products were formed, since a number of Mongolian terms have analogies in the Turkic languages, such as: turk. süt – milk, ajran – sour milk, qurut – dried cheeses, bїšlaq – home-made cheese, irimek – curd scum on the walls of the boiler from boiling sour milk, araqї – vodka.


2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Nurmagomed Bukarov ◽  
Vasily Zakharov ◽  
Shamsutdin Hashegulgov ◽  
Ibragim Taov ◽  
Tsray Kagermazov

The article provides an assessment of the use of gene technologies in the genomic-index assessment of producers in the conditions of farms in the Moscow region, which allows to provide dairy farming with high-quality breeding material. Genomic index assessment accelerates the breeding goal achievement process. It contributed to an increase in the productivity of cattle, an increase in the profitability of cattle breeding, which allows to reduce the time for creating breeding herds of dairy cattle by 2 times. Of the 15 bulls, 10 (67%) were evaluated by the A1-A3 breeding categories. Two bulls were categorized as neutral. The bull Ecuador received the A2B1 breeding categories. The daughters of this bull are fat and milk enhancers, which is 4.46%, with a milk yield of 12432 kg of milk.


2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
V. S. Kozyr ◽  
A. D. Hekkiyev

It was proved that features of lactation curves of cows should be considered at developing breeding programs in dairy cattle breeding, contributing to an objective assessment of a genotype and thus, use of genetic and mathematical methods would increase probability of predicting performance for dairy herd.


Author(s):  
И.С. ЛИБЕТ ◽  
Н.П. СУДАРЕВ ◽  
Д. АБЫЛКАСЫМОВ ◽  
О.В. АБРАМПАЛЬСКАЯ

Определена племенная ценность и генетический потенциал 21 быка-производителя голштинской породы, используемого в стаде племенного завода Тверской области, где проводилась их ранговая оценка по ряду селекционных признаков. Удой дочерей оцениваемых быков 8700—10804 кг молока с массовой долей жира от 3,81 до 3,95% и выходом молочного жира — 346,4—414,9 кг. Белок в молоке у дочерей разных производителей был на одном уровне — от 3,17 до 3,19%. По суммарному выходу молочного белка из-за колебаний в удое, размах признака варьировал от 279 до 344 кг. Племенная ценность (ПЦ) быков по удою составила 91,6—113,3%, 13 из них имели ПЦ ниже 100%, 8 голов — выше 100%. ПЦ по массовой доле жира равнялась 97,7—100,3%, по массовой доле белка — 99,6—100,3%. Суммарная ранговая оценка производителей по сочетаемости признаков их дочерей и женских предков показала, что бык АльтаПилснер 70344827 имеет явное преимущество по ПЦ перед другими производителями, его интегрированный коэффициент связи самый высокий и составляет — 0,78. Производитель Тач 69774799, напротив, занимает последнее место. Дана экономическая оценка использования производителей. Полученные материалы позволяют обеспечить положительную динамику селекционного процесса в молочном скотоводстве. The breeding value and genetic potential of 21 Holstein-stud bulls used in the herd of the stud farm of the Tver region were determined, where they were ranked according to a number of selectional features. The milk yield of the daughters of the evaluated bulls is 8700—10804 kg of milk with a mass fraction of fat from 3.81 to 3.95% and a milk fat yield of 346.4—414.9 kg. The protein in the milk of the daughters of different studs was at the same level-from 3.17 to 3.19%. According to the total yield of milk protein due to fluctuations in milk yield, the range of the trait varied from 279 to 344 kg. The breeding value (BV) of bulls according to the milk yield was 91.6—113.3%, 13 of them had a BV below 100%, 8 heads - above 100%. The BV for the mass fraction of fat was equal 97.7-100.3%, for the mass fraction of protein - 99.6-100.3%. The total ranking of the studs by the combination of the characteristics of their daughters and female ancestors demonstrated that the Altapilsner bull 70344827 has a clear advantage in BV over other studs, its integrated coupling coefficient is the highest and amounts 0.78. Tach 69774799 stud, on the contrary, takes the last place. There is given the economic evaluation of the studs usage. The obtained materials allow to ensure the positive dynamics of the selective process in dairy cattle breeding.


Author(s):  
А.В. КОНОВАЛОВ ◽  
А.А. АЛЕКСЕЕВ ◽  
М.В. АБРАМОВА

Рассмотрена динамика производства молока в сельскохозяйственных организациях Ярославской области с 2015 по 2019 год. Проведено разделение на группы предприятий по надою молока от 1 коровы. Рассмотрены проблемы малых и средних ферм. Выявлен устойчивый рост валового надоя молока. В 2019 году он составил 292 тыс. т (+16,8% к уровню 2015 г.), что обусловлено увеличением среднегодового надоя на 1 корову до 6967 кг. Наибольший рост продуктивности отмечен в группе хозяйств с надоем от 6001 до 8000 кг (29,4%), что определено комплексным подходом к совершенствованию ведения молочного скотоводства и укреплением кормовой базы. Выявлена положительная тенденция увеличения доли вегетативных траншейных кормов I и II класса, которая в 2019 году составила 66% и возросла на 20 п.п. по сравнению с 2015 годом. Анализ породного состава молочного скота в регионе показал увеличение доли высокопродуктивных пород в племенных хозяйствах с 16,5% в 2015 году до 26,0% в 2019 году. Интенсивное использование животных приводит к ранней выбраковке коров в возрасте 3,07 отела и снижению среднего возраста стад до 2,43 отела. Дальнейший рост производства молока в регионе возможен при решении комплекса задач по оптимизации породного состава молочного скота, совершенствованию производственных систем в малых и средних сельскохозяйственных предприятиях, повышению уровня кормления и улучшению условий содержания скота. The dynamics of milk production in agricultural organizations of the Yaroslavl region in the period from 2015 to 2019 is considered, the grouping of enterprises by milk yield is carried out, the problems of small and medium-sized farms are emphasized, a steady increase of milk production was revealed, which in 2019 amounted to 292 thousand tons (+16.8% compared to 2015), which is due to an increase in the average annual milk yield per cow to 6967 kg. The greatest increase in productivity was observed in the group of farms with milk yield from 6001 to 8000 kg (+29.37%). This is determined by a comprehensive approach to improving the management of dairy cattle and strengthening the feed base. During the study period, a positive trend was revealed to increase the share of vegetative feeds of class I and II quality, which in 2019 amounted to 66% and increased by 20 p.p. compared to 2015. Analysis of the breed composition of dairy cattle in the region showed an increase in the share of highly productive breeds in breeding farms from 16.5% in 2015 to 26.0% in 2019. At the same time, intensive use of animals leads to an earlier cull of cows at the age of 3.07 calving and a decrease in the average age of herds by 6.5%, which is 2.43 calving. Further growth of milk production in the region is possible when solving a set of tasks to optimize the breed composition of dairy cattle, improve production systems, in small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, increase the level of feeding and improve the conditions of keeping livestock.


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