scholarly journals Peanut Cultivars Differing in Growth Habit and Canopy Architecture Respond Similarly to Weed Interference

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
Michael J. Mulvaney ◽  
Barry L. Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Prostrate Growth

ABSTRACT It has been proposed that crops can be improved to be more competitive with weeds by increasing their ability to suppress weed growth and reproduction. Weed suppressive ability is predominantly influenced by plant architectures that favor shading and rapid canopy closure. A three-yr field experiment was conducted in Jay, FL to assess the response of peanut cultivars with different growth habits to weed interference. Three cultivars (‘Bailey', erect growth and tall canopy height; ‘Georgia-06G', semi-bunch and intermediate height; ‘TUFRunner 727’, prostrate growth and intermediate height) and one advanced breeding line (‘UFT312’, very prostrate growth and short canopy height) were subjected to three weed interference levels: no interference, early season interference, and full-season interference. Results showed that, despite differences in growth habit, morphological response to weed interference was similar among peanut cultivars. All cultivars suppressed weed growth more than 76% in 2 of 3 yr. Peanut reduced reproductive growth and maintained vegetative growth under weed interference scenarios, and yields decreased as interference duration increased. Competitiveness of peanut to weeds could be improved by identification of lines that better balance translocation of photoassimilates favoring kernels over vegetative growth.

Growth and Branching Responses of Portulaca grandiflora to Foliar Applications of Chemical Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447c-447
Author(s):  
T.J. Banko ◽  
M.A. Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Portulaca Grandiflora ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
Secondary Shoot

During container production of portulaca, growth of long, prostrate, sparsely branched stems makes handling of plants difficult, and reduces their commercial appeal. Growers prefer to minimize shoot elongation while increasing branching to provide a full, compact plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth regulators for promotion of branching and inhibition of stem elongation. Container-grown plants ≈21 cm in diameter were treated with sprays of ProShear (benzylaminopurine) at 62.4, 125, and 250 ppm; Promalin (benzyaminopurine + gibberellins 4+7) at 125, 250, and 500 ppm; Atrimmec (dikegulac) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm; and Florel (ethephon) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm. These treatments were compared with untreated controls in a randomized complete-block design. Main shoot lengths were measured at 16, 31, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). Numbers of new shoot breaks were counted 16 DAT. The growth habit, that is, tendency to grow upright or prostrate, was also evaluated 16 DAT. The most-effective material for retarding primary shoot elongation and for stimulating secondary shoot development was ProShear. At 16 DAT, 250 ppm ProShear reduced shoot elongation by 25% compared to control plants. This treatment also increased the number of secondary shoot breaks by 143%. Promalin increased the number of new shoot breaks, but it also increased the lengths of all shoots. High rates of Florel and Promalin caused shoots to grow predominantly upright rather then prostrate. ProShear, however, caused more prostrate growth as rate increased.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2167
Author(s):  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
José Roberto Portugal ◽  
João William Bossolani ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Moretti ◽  
Adalton Mazetti Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Experimental Plots

The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.

Skeletal microstructure and mode of attachment in Palaeacis species (Anthozoa: Tabulata) from the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian of northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Exterior Surface ◽  
Mode Of Attachment ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
External Ornamentation

Three species of the Paleozoic coral Palaeacis are described from northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas. Included are the Chesterian species P. carinata Girty and P. snideri n. nom., a replacement name for the junior homonym P. cuneata Snider, and the Desmoinesian? species P. erecta n. sp. Coralla of each species exhibit two types of microstructure that characterize two skeletal zones. The outer skeletal zone is composed of numerous parallel trabeculae, mostly between 0.2 and 0.3 mm in diameter, that lie perpendicular to, and have their accretionary surfaces on, the exterior surface of the corallum. Trabeculae are closely spaced laterally and are not organized into rows except uncommonly on the distal portion of some coralla. Where trabeculae coalesce into parallel rows, ornamentation on the corallum exterior consists of parallel ridges or rows of small nodes. Where trabeculae are irregularly arranged, external ornamentation consists of irregularly disposed nodes. The inner skeletal zone consists of radially fibrous stereoplasm arranged into discrete septal spines that coalesce into irregularly developed septal ridges in each calice. In P. erecta, septal spines merge into continuous layers of fibro-normal stereoplasm in some places. On the basis of microstructure, corallum morphology, and external ornamentation P. carinata and P. snideri can be allied with P. axinoides Smyth and P. robusta Webb. Palaeacis erecta falls within the same group on the basis of microstructure and ornament, but has a unique corallum morphology.Two distinct types of skeletal attachment occur in these Palaeacis species. Palaeacis carinata and P. snideri exhibit an encrusting attachment surface that results in a prostrate growth habit wherein smaller substrates were entirely engulfed, producing free-living coralla. Palaeacis erecta exhibits a small, circular attachment surface and an erect growth habit wherein most skeletal accretion occurs perpendicular to, and away from, the substrate. The substrate is not engulfed and the corallum remains attached and sessile throughout astogeny. Palaeacis erecta is, to date, the only Palaeacis species known to possess this erect, sessile growth form.

Root morphological response of six peanut cultivars to chromium (VI) toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (15) ◽  
pp. 18403-18411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Zong ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Fangli Wang ◽  
Ningning Song
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Response ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

scholarly journals Simulated insect defoliation and duration of weed interference affected soybean growth

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis C. Gustafson ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Thomas E. Hunt ◽  
John L. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Insect Defoliation ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

An improved understanding of crop stress from multiple pests is needed for better implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Field studies were conducted in 2003 and 2004 at two locations in eastern Nebraska to describe the effects of simulated early-season insect defoliation of soybean and duration of weed interference on soybean growth. Three levels of simulated defoliation (undefoliated, 30, and 60%) and seven durations of weed interference (weedy and weed free; weed removal at V2, V4, V6, R3, and R5) were evaluated in a split-plot design. Defoliation significantly reduced soybean leaf-area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), and crop height in season-long weedy treatments only. Biomass partitioning during vegetative and reproductive growth was affected by both defoliation and weed interference. Increase in soybean relative growth rate (RGR) and biomass production soon after defoliation occurred (e.g., V5 stage) indicated potential defense mechanism by which soybean is able to adjust its physiology in response to the loss of leaf area. Weed interference combined with defoliation caused the greatest yield losses up to 97%. Results from this study indicate the need for monitoring early-season insect density and weed growth to determine if simultaneous control of both pests may be needed.

Cultivar and Weeding Effects on Weeds and Rice Yields in a Degraded Upland Environment of the Coastal Savanna

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Touré ◽  
Jonne Rodenburg ◽  
Kazuki Saito ◽  
Sylvester Oikeh ◽  
Koichi Futakuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Growing Conditions

Weeds are a major constraint to rice production in labor-limited, upland rice-based systems in West Africa. The effects of weeding regimes and rice cultivars on weed growth and rice yield were investigated at two upland locations (Abomey-Calavi and Niaouli) in the degraded coastal savanna zone of Benin in 2005 and 2006 with below-average rainfall. Four weeding regimes (hoe weeding at 21 d after sowing [DAS], delayed hoe weeding at 31 DAS, hoe weeding at 21 and 42 DAS, and a no weeding control) were the main plot treatments. Cultivars comprising three interspecific upland rice cultivars (NERICA 1, NERICA 2, and NERICA 7) and the parents (Oryza sativaWAB56-104 andO. glaberrimaCG14) were tested in subplots. The most dominant weed species identified were Jamaican crabgrass,Mariscus, and silver spinach. Rice yield was generally low because of drought stress; none of the experiments had a higher mean yield than 1,400 kg ha−1across cultivars. Across cultivars, the best weeding regimes in terms of weed control and rice yields were single weeding at 31 DAS (W31) and double weeding at 21 and 42 DAS (W21+42). Under these weeding regimes, WAB56-104 out-yielded the three NERICA cultivars. CG14 showed the strongest weed suppressive ability (WSA) in Abomey-Calavi but did not have strong WSA in Niaouli because of lower biomass accumulation. WSA of WAB56-104 was similar to that of the three NERICA cultivars. Single weeding at 31 DAS, together with the use of cultivars with good adaptation to unfavorable rice growing conditions, would increase land and labor productivity of upland rice-based systems in West Africa.

Effects of Photoperiod on Reproductive Development in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Reciprocal Transfer

When velvetleaf plants from Mississippi and Minnesota populations were maintained in growth chambers with day/night temperatures of 29/23 C and photoperiods of 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 h, flower buds and open flowers appeared first in the 12 h photoperiod. Buds and flowers appeared 2 to 4 d later at photoperiods of 11, 13, or 14 h. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 14 h to 15 h delayed bud appearance an additional 7 d in the MN plants and 12 d in the MS plants. Open flowers appeared four to five nodes higher, 10 d later at 15 than at 14 h in the MN plants and 20 d later in the MS plants. Vegetative shoot weight and fruit weight 73 d after emergence were greater in 13 h or longer photoperiods than at 11 or 12 h. In shorter photoperiods, MN plants produced more vegetative growth than MS plants, but the reverse occurred at longer photoperiods where MS plants were taller than MN plants. These growth differences occurred because earlier shifts in allocation to reproductive growth in MN plants limited their vegetative growth, particularly in the longest photoperiods. Differences in rate of reproductive development between populations were not evident until photoperiod exceeded 13 h. Reciprocal transfer of plants of the MS population between short and long photoperiods revealed the durations of the juvenile (pre-inductive), inductive, and post-inductive phases to be 3 to 5, 7 to 8 (short day) or 30 (long day), and 10 to 11 d, respectively. Differences in competitive ability among latitudinal biotypes of photoperiodically-sensitive weeds may depend on time of emergence in the field and consequent photoperiod exposure. Weed growth simulation models to be used in development of expert systems for weed management should take photoperiodic sensitivity into account.

Time of Removal of Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) on Peanut Yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney L. Farris ◽  
Cody J. Gray ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Verbesina Encelioides ◽  
Shell Peanut ◽  
Weed Removal

Field experiments were conducted in southwestern Oklahoma near Colony in 2000 and near Ft. Cobb in 2001 to quantify the effect of time of removal of a natural population of crownbeard on peanut yield. Weed densities and dry weed weights were measured at eight weed-removal times, and in-shell peanut yields were determined at harvest. Crownbeard was removed at 0 (the weed-free check), 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 wk (full season) after crop emergence (WAE). Weed density was a poor predictor for dry weed weight and peanut yield; however, dry weed weight and time of removal were good predictors for peanut yield. Weed growth was minimal up to 4 WAE and increased linearly after that time. For each week of weed growth, a 0.52 kg/plot increase in dry weed weight was measured. Peanut yield decreased linearly because of crownbeard competition. For each kilogram per plot increase in dry weed weight, a 129 kg/ha or 5.1% peanut yield reduction took place. For each week of weed interference, a 75 kg/ha or 2.8% peanut yield reduction occurred. Crownbeard removal by or before 4 WAE will minimize losses in peanut yield because of interference.

scholarly journals Assessment of growth and productivity of five peanut cultivars and genetic diversity using RAPD markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada M. Samaha ◽  
M. A. Ahmed ◽  
Asmaa R. Abd El-Hameid
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Yield Component Traits

Abstract Background This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of five peanut cultivars grown under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted using five peanut cultivars (Giza-5, Giza-6, Ismailia-1, Gregory, and R92) in a randomized complete block design with five replications during two following seasons to estimate the performance of five peanut cultivars for vegetative growth, yield, and yield component traits as well as seed quality traits. Twenty RAPD primers were used to identify a unique fingerprint for each of five cultivars. Results Giza-6 cultivar surpassed all the tested peanut cultivars in the most vegetative growth traits and yield and its components traits, while the lowest values were observed in Giza-5 cultivar. The dendrogram constructed from RAPD analysis showed that Gregory and Giza-5 were the most distant among five peanut cultivars. Conclusions RAPD markers are useful in the detection of genetic diversity of peanut. The availability of genetic diversity is important for the genetic improvement of peanut.

Advanced backcross strategy for alien introgression for productivity enhancing traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhavyasree ◽  
Sarvjeet Singh ◽  
Inderjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Advanced Backcross ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Prostrate Growth

A chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, GPF2, was crossed with two accessions, EC556270 and ILWC21, of its wild relative C. reticulatum with the objective to introgress productivity enhancing traits from wild to cultivated chickpea. The F1s were backcrossed to cultivated parent to generate backcross derived generations and also selfed to generate F3 progenies. In BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations, plants showing superiority for fruiting branches, pods and seed yield over the recurrent parent were recovered. A set of 77 BC1F2 and F3 progenies along with recurrent parent was grown to record data on various morphological traits, yield components and seed yield were recorded. There was significant improvement in number of pods, number of primary and secondary branches and seed yield. Some BC1F2 progenies recorded 30-32% higher seed yield as compared to recurrent parent. Many backcross progenies were superior to the cultivated parent for more than one trait. It was observed that F2 and F3 progenies were inferior as compared to the backcross derived progenies due to the undesirable characters like prostrate growth habit, seed shape and dull seed colour which were inherited from the wild parent. Results showed that the wild donors contributed several positive alleles for yield and yield contributing traits. The study also suggested that one or two backcrosses are required to reduce linkage drag of undesirable traits from the wild donors.

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