scholarly journals Hermetic Storage of Shelled Peanut Using the Purdue Improved Crop Storage Bags

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Butts ◽  
Lisa L Dean ◽  
Keith W Hendrix ◽  
Renee S Arias De Ares ◽  
Ronald B Sorensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Indian Meal ◽  
Initial Seed ◽  
High Oleic Peanuts

Low oxygen or hermetic storage has been successfully used to store several commodities such as corn (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna Savi), cocoa (Theobroma cocao), and coffee (Coffea L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, previous research using hermetic storage for peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has had mixed results. Research was conducted to determine the effect on aflatoxin contamination, seed germination, and oil chemistry of shelled peanut hermetically stored in the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for up to 12 months. A 2 x 4 factorial study included 1) normal and high oleic peanut, 2) two initial moisture contents by four storage treatments. The four storage treatments were 1) burlap bags as the control, 2) PICS bags, 3) PICS bags with air extracted by vacuum, and 4) PICS bags with sachets of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) dry fumigant added. There were three replications of each treatment combination.  Peanut was stored in an area maintained at a temperature above 21C. The initial seed germination of the normal oleic and high oleic peanuts was 77 and 80%, respectively. Initial aflatoxin concentration in all peanut was less than 2 µg/kg . Bags were opened, sampled, and resealed at 60, 159, 249, and 301 d of storage. Approximately half of the 12 burlap bags suffered significant rodent damage, and all had significant infestation by Indian meal moth ( Plodia interpunctella ). Only 4 PICS bags had rodent damage with damage limited to the outer polypropylene bag. There were no live insects in the PICS bags. Seed germination decreased for all samples to an average of 6.3%. Peanut stored in the burlap bags had an average germination of 19.2% compared to 2.1% for peanut stored in PICS bags. The aflatoxin concentration in one of the burlap bags with normal oleic peanuts was 75 µg/kg, and one of the PICS bags with high oleic peanuts had an aflatoxin concentration of 12 µg/kg.  The remaining samples had aflatoxin below the detectable limit of 2 µg/kg.

scholarly journals Detection of Aflatoxin in Poultry Feed and Feed Materials through Immuno Based Assay from Different Poultry Farms and Feed Factories in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbuba Akter Lubna ◽  
Mita Debnath ◽  
Farzana Hossaini
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration

Current study investigated the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed and feed materials in different poultry farms and feed factories in Bangladesh. A total of 100 samples of finished feed and raw feed materials were collected and tested through direct competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for total aflatoxin detection. Overall, 97% samples (n=97/100) in our study, were found positive for aflatoxin contamination. Among finished feed categories, layer grower feed contained highest level of aflatoxin with a mean value of 21.64 ppb whereas layer feed was less susceptible for aflatoxin contamination (mean value 9.49 ppb). Between raw feed materials, maize samples were highly contaminated (n=15/15, 100%) with aflatoxin while 86.67% soybean samples showed positive result. Twenty one percent (21%) of the samples in our study contained aflatoxin concentration more than the acceptable limit employed by USFDA and many other countries which might pose severe health risk to poultry and human consumer. Proper surveillance and immediate control measures should be taken to ensure safe poultry feed and feed materials. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 75-78

scholarly journals Cloning of long sterile lemma (lsl2), a single recessive gene that regulates spike germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
dewei yang ◽  
Niqing He ◽  
Xianghua Zheng ◽  
Yanmei Zhen ◽  
Zhenxin Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gene Prediction ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rice Genome ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Monocotyledonous Plant ◽  
Sterile Lemma

Abstract Background: Rice is a typical monocotyledonous plant and an important cereal crop. The structural units of rice flowers are spikelets and florets, and floral organ development and spike germination affect rice reproduction and yield.Results: In this study, we identified a novel long sterile lemma (lsl2) mutant from an EMS population. First, we mapped the lsl2 gene between the markers Indel7-22 and Indel7-27, which encompasses a 25-kb region. The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of four candidate genes in this region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that the target gene in the lsl2 mutant is allelic to LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1)/ELONGATED EMPTY GLUME (ELE), hereafter referred to as lsl2. Further analysis of the lsl2 and LSL2 proteins showed a one-amino-acid change, namely, the mutation of serine (Ser) 79 to proline (Pro) in lsl2 compared with LSL2, and this mutation might change the function of the protein. Knockout experiments showed that the lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype. The lsl2 gene might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate, but other agronomic traits of rice were not changed in the lsl2 mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the lsl2 gene will have specific application prospects in future rice breeding.Conclusions: The lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype and might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate.

Changes in Cytokinin Activity during Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHYAMALI SAHA ◽  
P. K. NAGAR ◽  
P. K. SIRCAR
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Cytokinin Activity

scholarly journals Cloning of long sterile lemma (lsl2), a single recessive gene that regulates spike germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewei Yang ◽  
Niqing He ◽  
Xianghua Zheng ◽  
Yanmei Zhen ◽  
Zhenxin Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gene Prediction ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rice Genome ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Monocotyledonous Plant ◽  
Sterile Lemma

Abstract Background Rice is a typical monocotyledonous plant and an important cereal crop. The structural units of rice flowers are spikelets and florets, and floral organ development and spike germination affect rice reproduction and yield. Results In this study, we identified a novel long sterile lemma (lsl2) mutant from an EMS population. First, we mapped the lsl2 gene between the markers Indel7–22 and Indel7–27, which encompasses a 25-kb region. The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of four candidate genes in this region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that the target gene in the lsl2 mutant is allelic to LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1)/ELONGATED EMPTY GLUME (ELE), hereafter referred to as lsl2. Further analysis of the lsl2 and LSL2 proteins showed a one-amino-acid change, namely, the mutation of serine (Ser) 79 to proline (Pro) in lsl2 compared with LSL2, and this mutation might change the function of the protein. Knockout experiments showed that the lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype. The lsl2 gene might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate, but other agronomic traits of rice were not changed in the lsl2 mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the lsl2 gene will have specific application prospects in future rice breeding. Conclusions The lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype and might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate.

scholarly journals Mechanism of delayed seed germination caused by high temperature during grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chetphilin Suriyasak ◽  
Yui Oyama ◽  
Toshiaki Ishida ◽  
Kiyoshi Mashiguchi ◽  
Shinjiro Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Aba Catabolism ◽  
Amylase Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Abstract High temperature during grain filling considerably reduces yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.); however, how high temperature affects seed germination of the next generation is not yet well understood. Here, we report that seeds from plants exposed to high temperature during the grain filling stage germinated significantly later than seeds from unstressed plants. This delay remained even after dormancy release treatments, suggesting that it was not due to primary seed dormancy determined during grain filling. In imbibed embryos of heat-stressed seeds, expression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes (OsNCEDs) was higher than in those of control seeds, whereas that of ABA catabolism genes (OsABA8′OHs) was lower. In the aleurone layer, despite no change in GA signaling as evidenced by no effect of heat stress on OsGAMYB gene expression, the transcripts of α-amylase genes OsAmy1C, OsAmy3B, and OsAmy3E were significantly down-regulated in heat-stressed seeds in comparison with controls. Changes in promoter methylation levels were consistent with transcriptional changes of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase genes. These data suggest that high temperature during grain filling results in DNA methylation of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase gene promoters, delaying germination of heat-stressed seeds.

scholarly journals Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2 Are Involved in Grain Filling and Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolore Adijat Ajadi ◽  
Xiaohong Tong ◽  
Huimei Wang ◽  
Juan Zhao ◽  
Liqun Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Dependent Protein

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors known as KRPs (kip-related proteins) control the progression of plant cell cycles and modulate various plant developmental processes. However, the function of KRPs in rice remains largely unknown. In this study, two rice KRPs members, KRP1 and KRP2, were found to be predominantly expressed in developing seeds and were significantly induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) applications. Sub-cellular localization experiments showed that KRP1 was mainly localized in the nucleus of rice protoplasts. KRP1 overexpression transgenic lines (OxKRP1), krp2 single mutant (crkrp2), and krp1/krp2 double mutant (crkrp1/krp2) all exhibited significantly smaller seed width, seed length, and reduced grain weight, with impaired seed germination and retarded early seedling growth, suggesting that disturbing the normal steady state of KRP1 or KRP2 blocks seed development partly through inhibiting cell proliferation and enlargement during grain filling and seed germination. Furthermore, two cyclin-dependent protein kinases, CDKC;2 and CDKF;3, could interact with KRP1 in a yeast-two-hybrid system, indicating that KRP1 might regulate the mitosis cell cycle and endoreduplication through the two targets. In a word, this study shed novel insights into the regulatory roles of KRPs in rice seed maturation and germination.

EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF SALT TOLERANT GENOTYPES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) USING CONTROLLED DETERIORATION

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. ALAM ◽  
T. STUCHBURY ◽  
ROBERT E. L. NAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Controlled Deterioration ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Initial Seed

The response of germination and early seedling growth to levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM NaCl) were examined in single seed lots of ten modern rice genotypes. Unaged and deteriorated rice seeds were germinated in rolled paper towels and in Petri dishes. Initial seed quality, final germination, germination rate and early seedling growth were assessed. The samples of the rice genotypes differed in their initial seed quality (measured in terms of Ki). The effect of deterioration varied depending upon the initial seed quality and the severity of the treatment imposed. Ageing (using the technique of controlled deterioration, CD) for up to 24 h had no effect on final germination levels. Although CD for 30 h only reduced final germination slightly, ageing for 36 or 48 h reduced it greatly. Controlled deterioration for 36 h or longer reduced the final length and the rate of extension of both the plumule and radicle. Combining information about germination in salt solution with that about seed quality enabled a distinction to be made between varieties which performed poorly because they were genetically salt-susceptible from those which germinated poorly due to poor seed quality. It is argued that the seed vigour of seed lots used in genotype evaluation should be assessed in order to avoid discarding potentially useful genotypes because of poor physiological seed quality.

Association of a Burrower Bug (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) with Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanut Kernels

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay W. Chapin ◽  
Joe W. Dorner ◽  
James S. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration

Aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels, Arachis hypogaea L., was associated with feeding by a burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say). Kernel samples were divided into three grade categories: total sound mature kernels (TSMK), other kernels (OK), and damaged kernels (DK); and each of these grade categories was subdivided based on evidence of burrower bug feeding. Within TSMK, 100% of detectable aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug kernel feeding, and kernels with feeding sites had a significantly higher concentration of aflatoxin than kernels without feeding sites (7.5 vs 0.0 ppb). Within the OK grade category, differences in aflatoxin contamination were not significant due to the inability to conclusively examine these kernels for feeding sites. Within the DK grade category, aflatoxin concentration was significantly higher in kernels with feeding sites than in kernels without observable feeding sites (286.5 vs 0.4 ppb), and 99.9% of contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. Across all grade categories, aflatoxin levels were 65X higher in kernels with observable burrower bug feeding, and 98% of all aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. The DK grade category had the highest concentration of aflatoxin and accounted for 45% of total contamination. Burrower bug-induced aflatoxin contamination of the TSMK grade category is particularly significant because this source would be most difficult to remove from the food supply. Contamination of the DK category is also economically significant because this grade component is specifically examined for Aspergillus at the buying point, and growers are severely penalized for detection.

Improving Shelf Life of Roasted and Salted Inshell Peanuts Using High Oleic Fatty Acid Chemistry

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Mozingo ◽  
S. F. O'Keefe ◽  
T. H. Sanders ◽  
K. W. Hendrix
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Oxygen Barrier ◽  
Consumer Complaint ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
A Value ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shelf Life Stability ◽  
High Oleic Peanuts ◽  
Life Evaluations

Abstract Major markets for the large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) include roasted inshell and salted inshell products with short shelf life being a common consumer complaint. Unlike many other peanut products, it is not economically possible to package these inshell peanuts in nitrogen flushed, oxygen barrier bags. A number of studies have shown that roasted runner-type peanuts with high contents of oleic fatty acid have improved oxidative stability and longer shelf life. A large-seeded, virginia-type peanut cultivar (AgraTech VC-2) with the high oleic trait has been released but no information is available on its shelf life stability. Therefore, this high oleic cultivar and the normal oleic cultivar VA 98R from the 2000 and 2001 crop were used for shelf life evaluations. Peanuts were sized into the fancy inshell grade for roasted inshell and salted inshell products. Peroxide value (PV) results for the roasted inshell peanuts indicated that normal oleic fatty acid (50% range) peanuts reached a PV of 20 meq/kg by the end of 4 wk of storage. On the other hand, the high oleic fatty acid (80% range) peanuts did not reach a value of 20 meq/kg until approximately 32 wk. When salted inshell the normal oleic peanuts exceed a PV of 20 meq/kg before the 2nd wk, whereas the high oleic peanuts still had not reached a PV of 20 meq/kg after 40 wk of storage. These results show a significant advantage of high oleic peanuts for extending shelf life of large-seeded, virginia-type peanuts for either roasted or salted inshell processing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document