scholarly journals HOARD OF ANTONINIANI FROM THE SOUTHERN POBUZHIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Nadvirniak ◽  
Oleg Pogorilets
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Roman Age ◽  
Available Information

In autumn 2009, 33 whole and 3 fragmented аntoniniani were discovered and collected within the object of the Late Roman Age - Pereginka (Balakiri)2. According to available information, mostly the coins were concentrated in a limited area with sides of about 15 by 10 meters, and only a few ones were spread by plowing equipment at a distance of up to 30 meters. The distribution of coins and the general state of preservation suggests the collected аntoniniani may have been a part of the deposit, which lay at a depth of 25-40 cm, and was made on the day surface due to the use of more powerful attachments that is used in recent years in the cultivation of agricultural land. In the following years, another five whole and three fragmented аntoniniani were found. The total number of discovered coins is 44 copies. Chronologically, the complex is determined by the lower date – 238 A.D. – the issues of Gordian III: «IOVI CONCERVATORI» and «PROVIDENTIA AVG»; and the upper – 251-253 A.D. – the issues of Trebonianus Gallus «PIETAS AVGG» and Voluzian «PAX AVGG». The chronological framework of the complex's emissions is a relatively short period – about 15 years. The complex became the first fixed and attributed deposit of аntoniniani in the forest-steppe zone of South-Eastern Europe and it is extremely important for understanding the processes of formation of Chernyakhiv culture, as well as, further analysis and development of socio-economic relations of the Roman Empire and «Barbarian» communities in the east of the Danube Limes line. At the same time, the limited source base makes no sense to draw any conclusions about the ethnicity or social status of the deposit holder, as well as about possible ways of entering аntoniniani from the complex Perehinka (Balakiri) 2 on the territory of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe. To receive conditions close to reality it is possible under the condition of detectiono of the closed complex (or its additional inspection) at carrying out full-fledged archeological researches of the given object. Undoubtedly, one can declare working hypotheses: the аntoniniani came here as prey captured by the «barbarians» during the fighting of 247-251 A.D.; or as a part of the ransom payments promised by Trebonianus Gallus to the «barbaric» tribal or military elite. It can be assumed that the аntoniniani belonged to one of the soldiers of the legions stationed in Moesia, who rebelled and joined the coalition of «barbarian» tribes during the «Scythian» wars, we can appeal to the testimony of Zosimus (Zos., I, 28) about a successful campaign of the Roman units in 253 A.D. those were led by Aemilian, during which not only the detachments of «barbarians» led by Kniva were defeated, but also a successful raid was carried out in their land. It is possible to consider assumptions that the complex could be a part of monetary maintenance of the serviceman or the veteran of regular or federal divisions… But – concerning each of the above-stated hypotheses it will be possible to find and express equal argumentation «for» and «against». As with the typology, the deposit is classified as a single-nominal or mixed treasure, as not only denarii but also sesterces and provincial issues are found on the site. We should also pay attention to another key point. The оbject Perehinka (Balakiri) 2, territorially belonging to the upper reaches of the Southern Bug, is located in a region characterized not only by high density and extreme saturation of monuments those belong to the Chernyakhiv culture, but also as one of the main areas its formation. It is here the objects represented by artifacts attesting to their belonging to the early stage of the Chernyakhiv culture are concentrated: Ruzhychanka, Cherneliv-Rusky, Berezhanka, Lepesivka, Luka-Vrublivetska, Chankiv I, and others. If we take into account the chronology of the early stage of Chernyakhiv culture- the so-called «ruzhychanka phase» (according to E. Gorokhovsky) – 230-270 A.D.; the «first phase» (according to I. Bazhan and A. Gay), which are generally synchronized with phase C1 of the Central-European chronological system – 220-260 A.D. – then the complex of аntoniniani from Pereginka (Balakiri)2 can be one of its chronological benchmarks, as an example, and аntoniniani Valerian and Trajan Decius (for Gerenia Etruscilla) in one of the burials of the Chernyakhiv necropolis of Talalayevka (Khrystynivskyi district, Cherkasy region).

scholarly journals Control of segetal vegetation under adaptive tillage systems in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
M.M. Ptashnik ◽  
S.V. Dudnyk ◽  
F.I. Brukhal ◽  
N.Ye. Boris
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Fertilizer System ◽  
By Products

In the results of research are presented the regularities of the formation of cenoses of segetal vegetation in field crops, in particular, corn for grain and soybeans, with adaptive tillage systems in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine in order to develop effective, environmentally safe, resource-and energy-saving agrotechnological measures to control the level of contamination of agricultural land. The research was carried out during 2016-2020 in a stationary two – factor field experiment, which includes 5 alternative tillage systems (plowing, flat – cutting processing, differentiated – chiseling, shallow and surface – disking) and 3 fertilizer systems (without fertilizers; earning in the soil by – products of the predecessor; by-products + mineral fertilizers) in a short-term grain crop rotation (winter wheat-corn for grain-spring barley-soy) on gray large-sawn-light loamy forest soils.It was found that in agrocenoses of corn for grain and soybeans during the growing season, a small-year type of contamination is formed with a predominance of representatives of the Poaceae family, the monocotyledonous class, in particular Echinochloa crus-galli L. and Setaria glauca L.The best results in controlling of the development of segetal vegetation on experimental variants were provided by varieties of deep tillage (plow, flat-cut or chisel) against the background of an organic-mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of by-products of the predecessor into the soil and the introduction of mineral fertilizers. Such fertilizer systems decreased the contamination of crops by 38.9%.When cultivating the soil without turning the soil chunk – flat-cut and disking, against the background without fertilizers, the development of segetal vegetation was poorly controlled.Systems of minimized–shallow and surface disk treatments significantly (up to 88%) increased the abundance and (up to 91%) weight indicators of crop weed contamination in the pre-harvest period compared to multi-depth plowing and differentiated system of basic soil tilling.

scholarly journals Slotted zoomorphic pommel on iron pins from barrow 2 in Kotsyubynchyky in the context of elite burials of Western Podillia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 317-330
Author(s):  
Mykola Bandrivskyi
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
European Forest

The article deals with bronze slotted zoomorphic pommels on iron pins – one of the phenomena in material culture of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe from the beginning of Early Iron Age. One of the best preserved complexes of them was discovered by archeological expedition of I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, led by the author, in outskirts of village of Kotsyubynchyky near Chortkiv in Ternopil region. Almost all pommels of this type known today are divided by the author into two groups: products with socket and ones on iron pins. It has been suggested that this technological feature may reflect not only slightly different functional specificity of their use, but also differences in religious and funeral context for which, in fact, the above-mentioned pommels were made. It is confirmed that all pommels of this type were found exclusively in forest-steppe zone of modern Ukraine, in Carpathian region and in Caucasus – historical Kuban. Moreover, fact of complete absence of zoomorphic slotted pommels on iron pins in this period in steppe zone of Ukrainian Black Sea region (and in Eastern European steppe in general) needs to be explained. Mapping such slotted pommels on pins, gave the author a reason to identify four areas of their compact distribution: 1 – Pre-Caucasus region (Ulskie barrows, Kelermes, Krasnoznamenskiy barrow, Hoverdovsky khutor near Maykop); 2 – Posullya region (Starsha Mohyla, Vovkivtsi, Budky, Popivka); 3 – Region of the Right Bank of Dnipro River (Repyahuvata Mohyla, Matusiv, Zhurivka, Smela, Mezhyrichka); 4 – Carpathian region (Mihályfa, Gernyeszeg, Gyöngyös and two items from the museum in Bucharest). On the territory between these four compact and clear areas of distribution of slotted zoomorphic pommels on iron pins (except for researched complex in Kotsyubynchyky 2 barrow), other objects of such type were not detected. Suggestions made at the article that such compactness of their distribution indicates their exclusive use only for a narrow category of privileged persons within limited area. On the other hand, at that time there could be certain «sacred» border within which such pommels were used and to cross through which cult regulations of that time did not allow. Analysis conducted by the author gave grounds to assume that zoomorphic pommels from the barrow of Kotsyubynchyky 2 can be included neither to the group of pommels of Carpathian region (it is contradicted by image on the pommels from Kotsyubynchyky only of the head of fallow deer, and not the whole figure, which, as were shown above, is a striking feature of the products from Carpathians), nor to a group of similar pommels from the areas of Eastern European forest-steppe, among which images of heads of fallow deer are almost unknown. Hence, it is concluded that mentioned zoomorphic pommels from Kotsyubynchyky 2 barrow represent, by all signs, an intermediate link between pommels of Eastern European forest-steppe and ones from Carpathian region. Material presented at the article shows that those long-noticed examples of interrelationships and interactions between cultures of Early Iron Age of Carpathian-Dnister region, South Caucasus and Western Asian states penetrated into various spheres of life of communities of that time; including such, seemingly, very conservative and delicate sphere of their life as religious preferences and related funeral traditions. Key words: bronze slotted zoomorphic pommels, Western Podillia, barrow 2, Kotsyubynchyky.

scholarly journals Ranunculus polyphyllus Willd. still grows in Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dítě ◽  
Miloš Balla ◽  
Zuzana Dítě
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Secondary Habitats ◽  
Recent Occurrence

Ranunculus polyphyllus is a Eurosiberian species of the Eurasian forest-steppe zone, extremely rare in the western part of its distribution range, in Central Europe. In Slovakia, this lowland semiaquatic plant has its westernmost border, where only a few historic locations are known, and which have not been confirmed since 1965: one on the Podunajská nížina Lowland and three on the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland. These records, however, do not include any vegetation data. The species has been recently rediscovered in Slovakia on the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland: one historical site was confirmed in 2020 in the periodically inundated pasture near Strážne settlement, and a second site was found in 2021 near Zemplínske Hradište in a flooded depression in intensively used agricultural land which was formerly used as rice fields. In its European range, this species has been observed only in natural wetlands, and its ability to occupy secondary habitats has not yet been reported. Here we provide new data on the recent occurrence of Ranunculus polyphyllus in Slovakia with regard to its vegetation and habitat conditions.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CONDITIONS BY AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS OF OMSK REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Ольга Долматова ◽  
Ol'ga Dolmatova ◽  
Юрий Рогатнев ◽  
Yuriy Rogatnev
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Means Of Production

The article presents the results of applying the methodology for assessing the quality of land to ensure effective agricultural production. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis, indicators were chosen, that ensure high and medium tightness of communication, necessary for the formation of effective use of land by agricultural organizations in the context of municipal districts of Omsk region. Using the variation coefficient, which shows the relative measure of the spread of data, a set is defined. Based on the selected indicators, in accordance with the scaling factor scale, an index assessment of the conditions was carried out, which showed that the agricultural organizations of the steppe and southern forest-steppe zone of Omsk region are most favorable for natural conditions and land properties. Not so definitely, but, basically, the situation of advantage in the supply of labor resources to organizations of the steppe and southern forest-steppe zone was confirmed. However, in terms of the availability of the main means of production, the best indicators are for organizations of the southern forest-steppe zone, which in the end provided them with an advantage in the anthropogenic conditions of using the land in front of other zones. In general, the overall quality of land use conditions in the areas of the southern forest-steppe was higher than in other areas. This has had a decisive impact on the level of efficiency of agricultural land use in the districts of the region. In general, the areas of the southern forest-steppe have a higher efficiency of land use and the efficiency of crop production.

scholarly journals Indication of long-term changes in the vegetation of abandoned agricultural lands for the forest-steppe zone using NDVI time series

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
E.A. Terekhin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Long Term Changes

The paper presents results of the analysis of long-term changes in the vegetation cover of abandoned agricultural lands in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozem Region using time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which are measured using MOD13Q1 data. The vegetation index dynamics linked with the proportion of forest communities formed on the abandoned agricultural lands is investigated. The index values for the period of mid-August are the most informative for analyzing the share of forest communities growing on the abandoned agricultural land. Abandoned agricultural lands with coniferous forests have a higher correlation with NDVI than fallows with deciduous species. In the period 2000-2018, for all types of abandoned arable lands, the presence of a positive statistically significant trend component of the vegetation index long-term series is established. Using a slope angle coefficient of the NDVI trend line, a spatio-temporal analysis of the rate of formation of forest stands in the forest-steppe fallows at the beginning of the XXI century was carried out. Features of this process are studied.

scholarly journals Grass ecosystems in agrolandscapes of the Yeletsky District of the Central Russian Province forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
I A Trofimov ◽  
L S Trofimova ◽  
E P Yakovleva ◽  
D M Teberdiev ◽  
A A Kutuzova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Central Russian Upland ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Region 10 ◽  
Central Chernozem

Abstract In order to study the spatial distribution of biological and ecological patterns of grass ecosystems, we conducted an agrolandscape-ecological zoning of the territory of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia (CCR) on the basis of the author’s methodology. According to the zoning data, it is established that 75% of the territory of the CCR belongs to the forest-steppe zone. The Central Russian province of the forest-steppe zone covers 67% of the territory of the CCR. Yeletsky district occupies the eastern spurs of the Central Russian upland. The area of the district is 1929.7 thousand hectares. Most of the district (90%) is located in the Lipetsk region, 10% – in the Kursk region. In the past, the watersheds of the district were occupied by meadow steppes and partly oak forests. Currently, more than 80% of the district’s territory is occupied by agricultural land (arable land, pastures, hayfields). The structure of land is dominated by arable land-67% of the total area of the district, pastures occupy 11%, hayfields – 3%, forests – 7%, shrubs – 2%, under water and swamps – 1%, other land – 8%. The grass ecosystems of the meadow steppes preserved along the gullies and slopes are mainly used as natural grasslands (NG) and make up 79% of all NG of the Yelets District. The most common are the downed tipchak pastures on the slopes of different steepness. The yield of these pastures is 8–12 centners per hectare of dry eaten mass.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION TRADITIONS OF THE STEPPE AND FOREST-STEPPE ZONES OF EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE 5TH TO THE 7TH CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
N.V. Polshikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank

This article is the fourth of the general topics«Development and formation of architectural and construction traditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ancient Russia. In the process of studying historical and archaeological facts, tere arefollowing:The main type of settlements of the early medieval period of the 5th-7th centuries in all territories of Slavs' residence –uninhibited villages along the banks of rivers and lakes on low floodplain terraces with an area of 0.25-1.0 ha, but in Moldova -up to 1.2 ha, in Podolia –up to 1.5 ha, inSmolensk –up to 7.0-8.0 ha. In the Upper Dniester and Upper Dnieper, the location of settlements is «nesting» with a distance between «nests» of 0.3-0.5 km. Layout –ordinary along the coast according to the terrain. Settlements of 3 types: tribal trade and craft centers, shelters and religious centers. Refuge settlements were built in the Upper Dnieper Left Bank, in the Upper reaches of the Western Dvina, in the borderland with Finno-Ugric and Germanic tribes, especially in the Upper Oka basin, where the main type of settlement settlements. They are trade and craft centers of permanent residence, asylum-fortifications were built separately.Placement of settlements -suburban protected areas, additional fortifications -ramparts and ditches, wooden walls with crates along the inner perimeter of the walls, their area is 0.2 -0.3 ha. Ancient settlements-cult centers inSmolensk region had similar fortifications.Dwellings –everywhere rectangular plans (or close to them, with gable roofs covered with a layer of clay or resin, rammed earthen floors.Space-planning decisions in all territories of Slavs' residence are of the same type, the differences are only in wall designs, which depended on climatic conditions, and in the placement of heating devices: among Slavs, stove-stoves and clay in the corner of dwellings, among neighbors of the Slavs (Balts and Finns) –foci in the middle of dwellings.So in the Southern region there are half-dugouts and ground pillars and log houses with a hearth in the center or a stove with a stove in the corner of the outbuilding.In the Northern region there are rectangular log cabins with astove in a corner. In the Western region, there are half-dugouts and terrestrial columnar and log-house constructions with centers in the center or a stove-heater in the corner.Definitely religious buildings –pagan luminaries. Found only in the Smolenskregion. They are round, rammed, a platform with a diameter of 6 m, along the edge of which is in the center of the site.The burial facilities of the early period of the Slovenian middle ages ubiquitous soil burial grounds and mounds are mainly accordingto the rite of incineration.Thus, the construction and architecture in all areas of the Slavs and their immediate neighbors to the VIII century –of the same type. This situation in the Steppe continued in the Middle Ages, when the Turkic-speaking Huns invaded the Steppe in the Middle of the 4th century wich is putting an end to the centuries-old domination of the Iranians and causing the grandiose movement of European peoples –«The Great Relocation».Development and formation of architectural and construction traditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eastern Europe from the 5th to the 7th centuries –The early stage of the early Slavic Middle Ages –is considered separately for the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The development of constructionin the steppe zone, through which the namada of the Hun circle moved west, is represented only by random mounds, often inlets, left in the Steppe from the previous time. All types of structures of the settled population of the forest-steppe zone that havedeveloped earlier were developed in this period. The early Slavs, the formation of whose ethnicity began in the III century. BC., to the V century. n. e. the main types of buildings have developed, which have had a special development since the 5th century. n. e.

scholarly journals On the development of the Sargatka Culture in the Tobol River basin region (based on materials of the Ustyug-1 burial ground)

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
N.P. Matveeva ◽  
M.M. Prokonova ◽  
I.Iu. Ovchinnikov
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Basin Region

The article is concerned with characteristics of funeral traditions of the Sargatka Culture population based on materials of the Ustyug-1 burial ground located in the Zavodoukovsky District of Tyumen Region. Six barrows of the Early Iron Age were studied in the area. Mounds 5 (5th–3rd c. BC), 51 and 52 (5th–4th c. BC) belong to the early stage of the culture. Sargatka burials of mounds 27 and 49 (3rd–2nd c. BC) were made during the middle stage. Burial from mound 56 (2nd–3rd c. AD) belongs to the final period of the Sargatka Culture of the Early Iron Age. Thus, burials in the Ustyug-1 necropolis were made during the entire time of existence of the Sargatka Culture. The comparison of different periods of functioning of the cemetery within the same culture and microregion re-vealed a number of characteristic features of the complex in the context of the historical development of the Early Iron Age cultures in the forest-steppe zone. Furthermore, it was possible to trace the process of formation of the culture in the Tobol River basin, the composition and status of the individual groups of the population, and the nature of cultural ties. We conclude that the variation between the objects of different periods reflects the deve-lopmental stages of the Sargatka Culture in the local microregion. In the early stage of the culture, part of its population migrated from the east into the Tobol basin region. It was transformed here under the influence of local groups of the Baitovo Culture on the one hand, and certain groups of steppe nomads on the other. The burial rite of the local population changed dramatically as a result of contacts between the bearers of the Sargatka Culture and nomadic groups. This indicates the strengthening of the Iranian worldview component in the Sargatka envi-ronment. At the next stage, the interaction of the local population with the nomads of the Sarmatian circle became more active, and the level of militarization of the local population increased. In the late period, social stratification within the Sargatka Сulture society increased, which was accompanied by an increase in prestigious consumption. This was expressed in a clear separation of the elite funeral rite from the ordinary one. The study of such monu-ments, which existed for a long time, can help us to understand the processes of formation and extinction of cultures.

ACHIEVEMENT OF ECOLOGICAL BALANCE IN THE FORMATION OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE AGROLANDSCAPES IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE SARATOV REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-491
Author(s):  
A.V. Gan'kin ◽  
◽  
L.M. Khoncheva ◽  
A.P. Demin ◽  
V.V. Chernyshkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
The Stability

The article discusses the particular conditions of the forest-steppe zone in the Saratov region with a predominance of moderate and severe erosion hazard. Effective methods and possibilities of creating highly productive agricultural land in such conditions with the maximum approximation of them to natural ecosystems are presented. The environmental requirements considered by various scientists are given to achieve ecological balance in these types of cultivated land. All presented systematized natural and socio-economic components capable of stabilizing and destabilizing effects on the stability of the agrolandscape have a great influence on the stability of its existence over time and on the specific territory. A special role in achieving ecological balance and the formation of highly productive agrolandscapes in the forest-steppe zone of the Saratov Region is assigned to the organization of agricultural land, taking into account the influence of various anthropogenic components on zonal features. The necessity of determining the optimal ratios of natural and man-made land is substantiated. The presence of natural, mediumregulating components on agrolandscapes allows us to create conditions for bringing them closer to natural ecosystems. Therefore, for each type of agricultural landscape, taking into account the terrain and modern requirements for agricultural production, it is necessary to develop adapted components and modular schemes of soil protection systems by including crops with high anti-erosion resistance in the structure of the anthropogenic landscape. These are perennial cereal and bean herbs. The proposed models for organization of the territory, taking into account the types of cultivated land, the use of land reclamation arrangements, the selection of the optimal ratio of arable land, agricultural technology measures will bring it closer to the functions of natural ecosystems and increase the efficiency of agricultural production.

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