Mathematical formalism on "Arabic Language DNA"

In this work we formalize new findings on formal Arabic language by constructing equivalence classes on letters depending on inversion principle. This equivalent relation furnishes a conjecture that Arabic language has a DNA-like inversion controller, called language DNA (LDNA) (Al-Rawajfeh, 2020, Ref [2]) and it can be even considered as a part of the full language DNA that can be discovered by more investigations similar to this work.

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Analisis perbandingan terjemahan kata partikel Arab Melayu

al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues ◽

10.53840/alirsyad.v2i2.19 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 68-80

Author(s):

Nor Azhan Norul ‘Azmi

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Document Analysis ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Translation Method ◽

Language Group ◽

Function Type ◽

Language Form ◽

New Findings ◽

Group A

Arabic vocabulary consists of nouns, verbs and particle words. This vocabulary belongs to standalone language group, a symbol to a certain meaning and comes from a single morpheme. The particles in linguistic field is one of the words in Arabic other than nouns and verbs. The noun and verb have their own meanings and can stand alone in a sentence. However, the particles cannot function at all if they are not joined with noun or verb in the sentence. The particles also give a variety of functions and meanings, depending on the meaning of the word. This study reveals the meaning, function, type, language form and translation method through qualitative methods with document analysis on Kamus Idris Al-Marbawi (KIAM) dan Kamus Besar Arab Melayu Dewan (KBAMD). The findings revealed that there are differences between translation of KIAM and KBAMD, that there are some particles that are not translated by KBAMD and there are also differences in terms of the number of meanings of each particle generated by both dictionaries. Thus, it is hoped that this study will contribute to the new findings on lexicography studies in Arabic language and particles in particular. This study would also have a positive impact on linguistic study of Arabic in terms of grammar, translation, and even other studies related to Malay writers' thoughts and cultures. ABSTRAK Perkataan dalam bahasa Arab terdiri daripada kata nama, kata kerja dan kata partikel. Perkataan ini adalah daripada kumpulan bahasa yang boleh berdiri dengan sendiri, simbol kepada makna tertentu dan berasal daripada morfem tunggal. Kata partikel dalam ilmu linguistik merupakan salah satu jenis perkataan dalam bahasa Arab selain daripada kata nama dan kata kerja. Kata nama dan kata kerja mempunyai makna tersendiri dan boleh berdiri dengan sendiri dalam sesuatu ayat. Walaubagaimanapun, kata partikel tidak berfungsi sama sekali jika diletak bersendirian dalam ayat. Kata partikel juga memberi fungsi dan makna yang pelbagai, bergantung kepada makna yang ingin disampaikan. Kajian ini mendedahkan setiap makna, fungsi, jenis, laras bahasa dan gaya terjemahan kata partikel melalui kaedah kualitatif dengan analisis dokumen terhadap Kamus Idris Al-Marbawi (KIAM) dan Kamus Besar Arab Melayu Dewan (KBAMD). Dapatan menemui terdapat perbezaan antara laras bahasa KIAM dan KBAMD, ada kata partikel yang tidak diterjemah oleh KBAMD serta wujud perbezaan antara bilangan makna setiap kata partikel yang dihasilkan oleh kedua-dua kamus ini. Demikian, ia diharap dapat menyumbang kepada hasil dapatan baharu terhadap kajian leksikografi dalam dunia bahasa Arab amnya dan kata partikel khususnya. Ia juga dilihat akan dapat memberi impak positif dalam kajian linguistik bahasa Arab terhadap aspek fungsi sesuatu kaedah nahu, terjemahan, bahkan kajian lain berkaitan pemikiran dan budaya penulis Melayu.

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RESULTS OF ARCHEOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF DAGESTAN IN 2015-2016

History Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus ◽

10.32653/ch132173-180 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 173-180

Author(s):

A R Navruzov ◽

A R Shikhsaidov ◽

G M-R Orazaev ◽

M N Osmanova ◽

Z M Magomedova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Present Article ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Xvii Century ◽

Printed Books ◽

New Findings

The present article is devoted to the continued during 2015-2016 years field archaeographic researches in a number of mountain and plain regions of Daghestan in order to find out the new collections of manuscripts and old-printed books in Arabic, Turkic and Daghestan languages (written by using Arabic graphic). The archaeographic expedition had worked at eight regions of Daghestan. There were found out 2 new collections of manuscripts in Akushinsky region, 2 collections in Botlikh region, 1 collection in Shamilsky region, 1 collection in Makhachkala city, 6 collections in Khasavurt and 6 collections in Buynaksk regions, 3 collections in Karabudakhkent and 3 collections in Kizlyar regions, 8 collections in Nogay region - all together 32 collections. Among them there are manuscripts, a large number of old-printed books (lithographies published in Temir-Khan-Shura, Petrovsk, Bakhchisaray, Khasavyurt, Kazan, Istanbul, Cairo), andletters and documents dated within the middle of the XVII-XIX centuries.The total amount of the described manuscripts and old-printed books dated within the XIII-XIX centuries is more than 950 units of description. Among the new findings are the excellently made Qurans of the XIII-XIX cent. and comments to the Quran (the earliest manuscript was re-written in 677/1278) with numerous memorable records and assembly materials; the manuals on Grammar of the Arabic language studied in the Daghestan madrasahs in the XIII-XIXth centuries (AbdarrakhmanDjami, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, Ruknaddin al-Hasanibn Muhammad al-Astarabadi, IzaddinAbdalvakhabibn Ibrahim az-Zandjani, Mahmud az-Zamakhshari, Ahmad ibn Ali ibnMa‘sud, Muhammad al-Ardabili, Ahmad ibnDinkuziar-Rumi, etc.); compositions on logic (Aduaddin al-Idzhi, Muhammad Sachaklizade al-Mar‘ashi, Ahmad ad-Damankhuri, Asiraddin al-Abkhari, Nu‘manibn Sheikh Said ash-Shirvani); on Hadith (al-Bukhari, an-Navavi), on lexicography (Abu Nasr Ismail ibnHammad al-Djaukhari), on Sufism (al-Gazali, al-Kushayri; date of creation is approximately XVII century), etc.

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Further studies on the ultrastructure of the cochlea

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159746 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 440-441

Author(s):

Zhixian Wang ◽

Pinjin Zhu ◽

Jianhe Sun ◽

Xuezheng Song

Keyword(s):

Hair Cells ◽

Military Medicine ◽

Outer Hair Cells ◽

Apical Surface ◽

Epithelial Surface ◽

Hearing Research ◽

New Findings ◽

Fine Structures ◽

Temporal Bones ◽

Accurate Observation

Hearing research is important not only for clinical, professional and military medicine, but also for toxicology, gerontology and genetics. Ultrastructure of the cochlea attracts much attention of electron microscopists, (1―3) but the research lags far behind that of the other parts of the organnism. On the basis of careful microdissection, technical improvment and accurate observation, we have got some new findings which have not been reported in the literature.We collected four cochleas from human corpses. Temporal bones dissected 1 h after death and cochleas perfused with fixatives 4 h after death were good enough in terms of preservation of fine structures. SEM:The apical surface of OHCs (Outer hair cells) and DTs (Deiters cells) is narrower than that of IPs (Inner pillar cells). The mosaic configuration of the reticular membrane is not typical. The stereocilia of IHCs (Inner hair cells) are not uniform and some kinocilia could be seen on the OHCs in adults. The epithelial surface of RM (Reissner’s membrane) is not smooth and no mesh could be seen on the mesothelial surface of RM. TEM.

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Insights into the biochemical and functional characterization of sortase E transpeptidase of Corynebacterium glutamicum

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20190812 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 476 (24) ◽

pp. 3835-3847 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aliyath Susmitha ◽

Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri ◽

Harsha Bajaj

Keyword(s):

Protein Engineering ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Protein Structures ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

Surface Proteins ◽

Sortase A ◽

Peptide Cleavage ◽

New Findings

Most Gram-positive bacteria contain a membrane-bound transpeptidase known as sortase which covalently incorporates the surface proteins on to the cell wall. The sortase-displayed protein structures are involved in cell attachment, nutrient uptake and aerial hyphae formation. Among the six classes of sortase (A–F), sortase A of S. aureus is the well-characterized housekeeping enzyme considered as an ideal drug target and a valuable biochemical reagent for protein engineering. Similar to SrtA, class E sortase in GC rich bacteria plays a housekeeping role which is not studied extensively. However, C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, an industrially important organism known for amino acid production, carries a single putative sortase (NCgl2838) gene but neither in vitro peptide cleavage activity nor biochemical characterizations have been investigated. Here, we identified that the gene is having a sortase activity and analyzed its structural similarity with Cd-SrtF. The purified enzyme showed a greater affinity toward LAXTG substrate with a calculated KM of 12 ± 1 µM, one of the highest affinities reported for this class of enzyme. Moreover, site-directed mutation studies were carried to ascertain the structure functional relationship of Cg-SrtE and all these are new findings which will enable us to perceive exciting protein engineering applications with this class of enzyme from a non-pathogenic microbe.

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Narrative Language Markers of Arabic Language Development and Impairment

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 3472-3487

Author(s):

Natalia V. Rakhlin ◽

Nan Li ◽

Abdullah Aljughaiman ◽

Elena L. Grigorenko

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Standardized Test ◽

Language Disorder ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Developmental Language Disorder ◽

Standardized Measures ◽

Verb Agreement ◽

Language Groups ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity ◽

Omission Errors

Purpose We examined indices of narrative microstructure as metrics of language development and impairment in Arabic-speaking children. We examined their age sensitivity, correlations with standardized measures, and ability to differentiate children with average language and language impairment. Method We collected story narratives from 177 children (54.2% boys) between 3.08 and 10.92 years old ( M = 6.25, SD = 1.67) divided into six age bands. Each child also received standardized measures of spoken language (Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation, and Pseudoword Repetition). Several narrative indices of microstructure were examined in each age band. Children were divided into (suspected) developmental language disorder and typical language groups using the standardized test scores and compared on the narrative indicators. Sensitivity and specificity of the narrative indicators that showed group differences were calculated. Results The measures that showed age sensitivity included subject omission error rate, number of object clitics, correct use of subject–verb agreement, and mean length of utterance in words. The developmental language disorder group scored higher on subject omission errors (Cohen's d = 0.55) and lower on correct use of subject–verb agreement (Cohen's d = 0.48) than the typical language group. The threshold for impaired performance with the highest combination of specificity and sensitivity was 35th percentile. Conclusions Several indices of narrative microstructure appear to be valid metrics for documenting language development in children acquiring Gulf Arabic. Subject omission errors and correct use of subject–verb agreement differentiate children with typical and atypical levels of language development.

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