scholarly journals Between Locality and Globality: The Problems of the History of Philosophy in Lithuania

Sententiae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Ruta Marija Vabalaite ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
National Language ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Philosophy

The article deals with the problem of the local and global significance of Lithuanian philosophy. We discuss questions related to the meaning of the very concept of Lithuanian philosophy and evaluation of its scope. A controversy whether to cover all philosophical works written in the territories of historical Lithuania or to include only the works of ethnic Lithuanians (or at least the works written in Lithuanian) is talked over. The problem of the priorities in determining the relevant sources of the history of philosophy in Lithuania is described by pointing to the complexity of an assessment as the importance of the text for the development of Lithuanian self-awareness or its social significance scarcely coincide with its impact on global philosophy. The question of the priority of the texts written in the national language versus the translations of the main heritage of Western philosophy is addressed. We proceed further with a description of the works and the authors related to Lithuania and at the same time relevant to the philosophy of Europe, or at least neighbouring countries. The characteristics of the creative opposition between Protestant and Counter-Reformation thinkers is given. Martinus Smiglecius book on Logics and the main figures in the reception of German classical philosophy are discussed. Finally, the philosophical aspects of Litvak Judaism and their research are referred to.

Habermas over genealogie, metafysica en godsdienst

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-277
Author(s):  
Henning Tegtmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Problem ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secular Society

Abstract Habermas on genealogy, metaphysics and religion Habermas’s impressive history of philosophy presents itself both as a comprehensive account of the history of Western philosophy from its beginning to the 19th century and as a genealogy of post-metaphysical thinking. In this paper I argue that this twofold goal creates a serious methodological problem. I also find Habermas’s understanding of metaphysics unclear and partly misguided. If that is correct it has consequences not only for the very notion of post-metaphysical thinking but also for the understanding of the dialogue between philosophy, religion, and modern secular society that Habermas advocates.

scholarly journals Подкарпатская Русь в составе Чехословакии: история, культура, национальная идентичность

Adeptus ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Ksenia Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
National Language ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Cultural Strategies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
First World

Subcarpathian Rus as a part of Czechoslovakia: history, culture, national identitySubcarpathian Rus was incorporated into the Czechoslovak Republic as a result of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). The following year Subcarpathian Rus being a part of Czechoslovakia was declared a self-governing autonomy with a certain number of democratic rights established by the Constitution. Among them was a right to use their national language. Codification of the Subcarpathian Ruthenian language has not yet been completed and it is an extensively discussed problem for contemporary linguists.After the First World War the Subcarpathian lands with its Ruthenian population was a poor farming region with a low level of ethnic self-awareness. Global economic and politic processes changed the situation dramatically and compelled the educated part of Subcarpathian Rus citizens into a discussion about their national language, culture and literature. The President of Czechoslovakia T. G. Masaryk participated in the discussion and was very interested in the cultural development of the region.Ruthenian society was split into two parts – pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian. The national composition of the region was very complicated. In order to understand the flow of national ideas in Subcarpathian Rus, the research presented here sets out to cover the history of the codification of the Ruthenian language, the creation of grammar books for schools, and to analyze the role of both the Russian and Ukrainian components in the cultural development of this region. This research also takes into consideration the complex analysis of Masaryk’s Slavonic policy and cultural strategies. Ruś Podkarpacka jako część Czechosłowacji: historia, kultura, tożsamość narodowa Ruś Podkarpacka weszła w skład Republiki Czechosłowackiej w wyniku traktatu podpisanego w Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). W następnym roku ogłoszono autonomię Rusi Podkarpackiej jako części Czechosłowacji. Ruś otrzymała szereg demokratycznych praw określonych przez Konstytucję. Jednym z nich było prawo do korzystania z własnego języka narodowego. Kodyfikacja języka Rusinów na Rusi Podkarpackiej nie została jeszcze zakończona i nadal jest problemem szeroko dyskutowanym we współczesnym językoznawstwie.Po pierwszej wojnie światowej tereny Rusi Podkarpackiej były ubogim regionem rolniczym o niskim poziomie samoświadomości etnicznej zamieszkującej go ludności rusińskiej. Globalne procesy gospodarcze i polityczne zmieniły w sposób radykalny sytuację i zmusiły wykształconą część obywateli Rusi Podkarpackiej do rozpoczęcia dyskusji na temat swojego języka, kultury narodowej i literatury. Prezydent Czechosłowacji T. G. Masaryk brał udział w tej dyskusji i popierał rozwój kulturowy regionu.W społeczeństwie rusińskim istniały dwie dzielące je orientacje: prorosyjska i proukraińska. Struktura narodowościowa regionu była bardzo złożona. Artykuł próbuje przybliżyć czytelnikowi problem przepływu idei narodowych na Rusi Podkarpackiej. W artykule omówiono kwestie historii kodyfikacji języka rusińskiego i tworzenia podręczników do gramatyki dla szkół. Oprócz tego przeanalizowana została rola rosyjskiego i ukraińskiego wkładu w rozwój kultury tego regionu. W badaniach uwzględniono kompleksową analizę słowiańskiej polityki i strategii kulturowych Masaryka.

scholarly journals The Image of Modern Russian Intelligentsia: A Representation of Self-Identification

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156
Author(s):  
Tatiana Terekhova ◽  
Elena Trofimova ◽  
Natalya Terekhova
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Narrative Psychology ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Modern Russian

The article gives an overview of researches, based on the methodological provisions of media psychology, psychosemiotics and narrative psychology, into the contemporary Russian intelligentsia, and determines the scientific and social significance of the intelligentsia as a «Russian specific phenomenon». Psychosemiotic and narrative analyses of the modern Russian intelligentsia were conducted on the basis of original texts of interviews with participants of the TV program «Posner». Psychosemiotic analysis has shown that modern mass media transform ideas about the contribution of the intelligentsia to the history of civilization, and its attitudes to the challenges of modernity. In the narrative, the dynamics of the States of the actors of the analyzed narrative text of the Respondent is established. It is determined that both methods largely complement each other, clarify and update the research of self-identification of the modern Russian intelligentsia. This article presents empirical results of psychosemantic representation of the image of the Russian intelligentsia. Ppsychosemantic analysis of public opinion regarding the image of the intellectual of the XIX–XX centuries and the image of the modern Russian intellectual was carried out using the author's specialized semantic differential. The sample consisted of the intelligentsia of the Angara region (scientists, musicians, artists, doctors, teachers) with a total number of 256 people. Based on the data obtained using a specialized semantic differential for assessing the images of the intelligentsia of the 19th and 20th centuries and the modern Russian intelligentsia, the leading factors that characterize the images of representatives of the intelligentsia of the 19th and 20th centuries are the following: social distance, voice of conscience, developed intellectual abilities, altruism, social elite, political leadership, patriotism; as for modern Russian intelligentsia they are: publicity, education, and social leadership. propensity to humanism, educated innovator, developed intellectual abilities, propensity to patriotism. There are differences in the images of the intelligentsia of the 19th and 20th centuries and modern Russian intelligentsia, which are manifested through the development of self-awareness, reflection on their place, role and purpose in life.

Socrates: A Very Short Introduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

Socrates has a unique position in the history of philosophy; had it not been for his influence on Plato, the whole development of Western philosophy might have been unimaginably different. Socrates wrote nothing himself so our knowledge of him is derived primarily from the engaging and infuriating figure who appears in Plato’s dialogues. Socrates: A Very Short Introduction explores Socrates’ life and his philosophical activity, before considering the responses his philosophical doctrines have evoked in the centuries since his death. It examines the relationship between the historical Socrates and the Platonic character, and explores the enduring image of Socrates as the ideal exemplar of the philosophic life.

Fenomenologi Sebagai Filsafat dan Usaha Kembali Ke Permulaan

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Thomas Hidya Tjaya
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
World Science ◽  
Phenomenological Movement ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Abstrak: Dalam pengantar pada karyanya Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty praktis mengidentikkan filsafat dengan fenomenologi sebagai usaha untuk mempelajari kembali bagaimana cara melihat dunia. Dalam upaya tersebut ia mengajak pembaca, mengikuti slogan khas fenomenologi Husserl, untuk kembali ke permulaan atau bendabenda itu sendiri. Yang menarik adalah bahwa permulaan yang dianalisis oleh Merleau-Ponty justru tubuh manusia, sebuah dimensi yang cenderung dipandang rendah dalam sejarah filsafat Barat. Ia tidak sendirian dalam hal ini, mengingat dalam fenomenologinya Levinas juga menekankan sensibilitas sebagai locus etika. Menurut penulis, gerakan fenomenologi menuju hal yang sensibel (the sensible) ini tidaklah mengubah hakikat filsafat sebagai usaha untuk mencari asal mula realitas. Realitas yang tersingkap dalam orientasi demikian justru menjadi lebih integral dan komprehensif daripada apa yang selama ini dikenal dalam sejarah filsafat dan sains. Meskipun demikian, orientasi pada pengalaman konkret manusia untuk menggali dasar realitas secara potensial menimbulkan masalah bagi fenomenologi itu sendiri yang selalu ingin kembali ke permulaan. Kata-kata Kunci: Fenomenologi, asal mula, permulaan, ada-dalam-dunia, sains. Abstract: In the Preface to his work Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty virtually identifies philosophy with phenomenology as a way of relearning to see the world. For this purpose he invites the reader, following the catchphrase in Husserl’s phenomenology, to return to the beginning or the things themselves. What is interesting is that the beginning that Merleau-Ponty analyzes is the human body, which belongs to a dimension that tends to be despised in the history of Western philosophy. He is not alone in this type of investigation, as Levinas also emphasizes sensibility as the locus of ethics. The author argues that the phenomenological movement towards the sensible does not alter the nature of philosophy as an attempt to seek for the nature of reality. The reality as disclosed in this analysis can be more integral and comprehensive than what is usually presented in the history of philosophy and science. The orientation towards the concrete dimension of human life in search for the foundation of reality, however, may cause a problem for phenomenology itself insofar as it always tries to return to the beginning. Keywords: Phenomenology, origin, beginning, being-in-the-world, science.

scholarly journals Hegel, Feminist Philosophy, and Disability: Rereading our History

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Feminist Philosophy ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Disability Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canonical Texts

<p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-CA">Although feminist philosophers have been critical of the gendered norms contained within the history of philosophy, they have not extended this critical analysis to norms concerning disability. In the history of Western philosophy, disability has often functioned as a metaphor for something that has gone awry. This trope, according to which disability is something that has gone wrong, is amply criticized within Disability Studies, though not within the tradition of philosophy itself or even within feminist philosophy. In this paper, I use one instance of this disability metaphor, contained within a passage from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel&rsquo;s <em>Philosophy of Right</em>, in order to show that paying attention to disability and disability theory can enable identification of ableist assumptions within the tradition of philosophy and can also open up new interpretations of canonical texts. On my reading, whereas Hegel&rsquo;s expressed views of disability are dismissive, his logic and its treatment of contingency offer up useful ways to situate and re-evaluate disability as part of the concept of humanity. Disability can in fact be useful to Hegel, especially in the context of his valorization of experiences of disruption and disorientation. Broadening our understanding of the possible ways that the philosophical tradition has conceived human beings allows us to better draw on its theoretical resources.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="NoSpacing">&nbsp;</p><p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-CA">Keywords: Hegel; contingency; history of philosophy; feminist Hegel scholarship</span></p><p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></p>

scholarly journals NON SIBI, SED OMNIBUS: MOKSLINGASIS PROFESORIAUS R. PLEČKAIČIO PAVELDAS

Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Marius P. Šaulauskas ◽  
Mindaugas Kubilius
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Research Standards

Straipsnyje aptariamas profesoriaus Romano Plečkaičio, iškiliausio Lietuvos filosofijos raidos tyrėjo, mokslinis palikimas. Lietuvoje ir pirmiausia Vilniaus universitete dėstytas bei plėtotas filosofines doktrinas ir pažiūras jis tyrė visuotiniame šimtmečiais besiplėtojančios filosofijos ir iš jos kylančios mokslo žinijos kontekste. Esminė prof. Plečkaičio metodologinė nuostata, teigianti Apšvietos mokslo idealų primatą, išliko nepakitusi per visą jo akademinės veiklos laikotarpį. Mokslo ir jo progresyvios raidos principų bei mokslingumo standartų esminė nepriklausomybė nuo ideologinių, religinių bei kitokių paramokslinių istorinių aplinkybių – šis motyvas buvo visų svarbiausių Plečkaičio veikalų – nuo visuotinės filosofijos istorijos tyrinėjimų iki tolerancijos teorijos – šerdis. Todėl ir Lietuvos filosofijos mokslo raidą nuo pat jos atsiradimo XVI a. pradžioje iki XXI a. pradžios jis nuosekliai suvokė kaip sudedamąją pasaulinės mokslo žinijos sklaidos dalį.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Plečkaitis, Lietuvos filosofijos istorija, Vilniaus universitetas.Non sibi, sed omnibus: The Sciential Legacy of Professor R. PlečkaitisMarius P. Šaulauskas, Mindaugas Kubilius SummaryProfessor Romanas Plečkaitis (1933–2009) is the most prominent figure in the scholarship of the history of philosophy in Lithuania. In the universal context of centuries long history of philosophy and whereof unfolding scientific knowledge he scrutinized the large variety of philosophical doctrines and views, which were taught and developed in Lithuania and, first and foremost, at Vilnius university. The fundamental methodological posture of prof. R. Plečkaitis, which persisted unshakably throughout his whole academic carrier, affirmed the unsurpassable supremacy of Enlightenment scientific ideals. At the heart of all his most important works embracing studies in history of western philosophy as well as theory of tolerance lies his conviction that the progressive advance of scientific edifice and its research standards must not depend on any ideological, religious or other parascientific circumstances. Therefore he consistently treated the development of the academic philosophy in Lithuania since its very the beginning in the XVI century up to the dawn of XXI century as a part and parcel of the growing universal knowledge of science.Keywords: Plečkaitis, Lithuanian history of philosophy, Vilnius University.

scholarly journals DAR KARTĄ APIE FILOSOFIJOS PRASMĘ

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Nerijus Čepulis
Keyword(s):  
Complete System ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jewish Descent

Tradicinė Vakarų filosofija kaip graikiškosios išminties puoselėjimas kartu yra ir buvimo, ir visumos, užbaigtumo siekis. Toks mąstymas ir totali jo pastanga būti, neretai tampanti prievarta, šiandien susilaukia vis daugiau nepasitikėjimo bei kritikos. Žydų kilmės fenomenologinės mąstymo krypties atstovas E. Levinas radikaliai pasipriešina totalybei kaip nuolatinei visuotinės sintezės pastangai visoje filosofijos istorijoje. Graikiškasis mąstymas visada siekė bet kokią patirtį, visa, kas prasminga, redukuoti į totalybę, užbaigtą sistemą, ir, nieko nepalikęs anapus savęs, tapti absoliučiu mąstymu. Levinas ieško alternatyvos. Totalybės sąvoką ir bet kokį sistemiškumą jo alternatyviame mąstyme praplėšia Begalybės idėja, leidžianti mąstyti kitaip anapus buvimo. Prieš pažvelgiant į pasaulį iš buvimo perspektyvos, yra būtina klausti apie patį buvimą, pradedant nuo kitko nei buvimas. Kas kita nei buvimas, arba Gėris, yra ankstesnis už buvimą ir suteikia šiam prasmę.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Levinas, Heideggeris, filosofija, totalybė, buvimas, metafizika, begalybė, gėris.ONCE AGAIN ON THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHYNerijus Čepulis SummaryTraditional Western philosophy as upholding of the Greek wisdom at the same time is also a striving to being, totality, and completeness. Such thinking and its total attempt to be, that often becomes violence, nowadays is receiving more and more incredulity and criticism. The phenomenological thinker of Jewish descent E. Levinas radically resists totality as a continuous attempt at a universal synthesis in a whole history of philosophy. The Greek thinking always attempted to reduce any experience, everything, that has significance, into a complete system, and without leaving anything outside itself to become an absolute thinking. Levinas looks for an alternative. The concept of totality and any systematization in his alternative thinking are ruptured by the concept of Infinity that enables us to think otherwise and outside of being. Before looking at the world from the perspective of being it is necessary to question the being itself by starting from the other than being. The other than being, or the Good, is prior to being and gives it significance.Keywords: Levinas, Heidegger, philosophy, totality, being, metaphysics, infinity, good.

Asceticism and Foolishness of Christ in Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav T. Faritov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Degree ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Holy Fool ◽  
The World ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

The article considers the phenomena of asceticism and foolishness for Christ in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The author substantiates the thesis that asceticism and foolishness for Christ are subjects of Nietzsche's philosophical reflections. The author also shows that the figures of the ascetic and the holy fool also act as “conceptual characters” of Nietzsche's philosophizing. The author suggests that Nietzsche himself felt a tendency towards self-identification with these characters and therefore tried to “dis-identify”, which he did not always succeed in. The article concludes that Nietzsche's position in relation to asceticism is ambiguous and internally contradictory. The philosopher exposed and criticized ascetic ideals, but this criticism is also directed at himself. Nietzsche himself, his character and way of thinking reveal a significant degree of kinship with ascetic views. Therefore, Nietzsche's criticism of asceticism is in many ways an attempt to overcome the ascetic in himself. For this task, Nietzsche appeals not only to the figures of an atheist and a pagan, but also to the image of a jester, a holy fool. The author substantiates the idea that one of the main distinguishing features of the holy fool's lifestyle is that he does not seem to be what he really is. A real fool, a real insane person is not a holy fool. The holy fool undertakes the feat of appearing to be a fool or insane, while he himself is not. In this way, the holy fool renounces the world and himself in the world, the state when his behavior corresponded to the norms and criteria of this world. Thus, a view of the world from a reverse perspective is achieved. Something close to this mode of thought and behavior is found in Nietzsche's philosophy. His philosophizing is deeply personal, but, at the same time, he constantly does not show the reader who he really is. Nietzsche's style is a constant play with masks and disguises. As a result of the study, the author concludes that Nietzsche's position in the history of European philosophy can be characterized as foolishness for Christ. His doctrine is formed during the crisis of European metaphysics and is the self-awareness of this crisis. Belief in reason, in the ability to comprehend God in terms of reason, characteristic of Western philosophy, is denied. This conviction in the omnipotence of reason was criticized already in Kantian philosophy, but criticized by means of reason itself. This was the peculiar “cunning of reason”, which, having preserved itself as a tool of criticism, subsequently triumphed in Hegel's philosophy. The claim of reason to absolute significance cannot be refuted by means of reason itself. Nietzsche understood this. He realized that breaking the impasse in which Western metaphysics found itself thanks to the deification of reason requires a completely different path.

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