scholarly journals BUILD MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDINGS OF THE KING DANYLO ROMANOVYCH’S CASTLE IN THE CITY OF CHOLM

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
L. Gazda ◽  
◽  
M. Bevz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The castle of King Daniel (Danylo -in Ukrainian) in the Cholm (today the city of Chełm in Poland) has survived to this day only in the form of archaeological remains of foundations and walls. A significant archaeological layer is formed here as a result of the decline and gradual degradation of the complex. He retained a large amount of construction substance, architectural details, artifacts of the real-life of medieval times. Of particular importance to us are archaeological materials that reveal the construction and architectural features of King Daniel's residences. These materials are unique because, unfortunately, we do not have any other monuments that would show the King's construction activity. The complexes of the High and Low castles in the cityof Lviv were wholly dismantled in the 19th century. In other towns laid down by King Daniel -in Kremenets, Danyliv, Dorohychyn, Kamianets, Bakota, Kalmius, studies from objective reasons are difficult or impossible. Archeological studies have been carried out in the Cholm by specialists of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences since 2010. The castle site is centrally located on the so-called High Hill -Wysoka Górka. The results of archaeological research give a unique opportunity to navigate the nature of the architecture and material culture of the court of Danylo Romanovych in the mid and second half of the 13th century. The obtained archaeological results are significant for modeling the architecture of the residence. Also, results allow identifying the buildings from the materials and construction technologies used. Materials obtained during archaeological excavations on Wysoka Górka in Cholm in the area of Daniel Romanovych’s 13th century residential-sacral complex have been subject to examination. They come in the forms of bricks and glazed tiles, as well as sizeable shapeless and purposeless accumulations indicating post-manufacturing remains. The materials are white, green and multi-coloured. They refer to Halytsian alabasters and green glauconite from Cholm which were originally used there (before the fire of 1256) –the fact mentioned in the Halych–Volhynia Chronicle. The white materials examination was performed. They were diagnosed by means of a SEM microscope and x-ray diffraction. Furthermore, a micro area chemical analysis was conducted by means of SEM microscope with EDS module. The conducted examination indicated that the materials in question were manufactured using other than ceramic technologies, but similar to the ones used to produce silicate materials nowadays. As raw materials chalk and biogenic silica obtained from horsetail were used. The petrification procedure was conducted in hydrothermal conditions. As a result of this alchemical experiment, a material structurally similar to marble or massive limestone was obtained. The successful production of the materials translated into the possibility of the implementation of the ideological assumptions of the structures constructed under the explicit influence of the style of the 12-14century Tuscan School.This publication prepared in the framework of theproject "Northern part of the princely residential complex in the Сhelm" ("Północna część książęcego zespołu rezydencjonalnego w Chełmie") under the number 2014/13 / B / HS3 / 04930, funded by the National Science and Research Center and realized by the Institute of Archelogy and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw under the promotion of prof. A.Buko.

Pałacu w Igołomi dzieje najnowsze / The manor house in Igołomia and its later history

2020 ◽  
pp. 331-358
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Tunia ◽  
Marzena Woźny
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
History Of ◽  
Manor House ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

Architecturally dominating Igołomia village in Kraków district on the Vistula River is a neoclassical manor house with an English-style park surrounding it, erected at the beginning of the 19th century. After several changes of ownership, in 1950 it was taken over by the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences for the purposes of its Archaeological Museum. For several years, the manor house served as a base for excavation research in Igołomia and the surrounding area, including the production center of “grey ware”, wheel-made pottery of the Roman period, and a project known as the Millennium research, aimed at exploring the beginnings of the Polish state and thus celebrating its 1000-year anniversary. In 1954, the manor house came into the possession of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Polish Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the PAS). After renovation in the 1960s, an Archaeological Laboratory was organised there, which became the basis for ongoing research on the prehistoric settlement of the nearby west Lesser Poland loess upland and archaeological excavations in many other, sometimes distant, areas.

scholarly journals Jašiūnų dvaras kaip Lietuvos istorijos rašymo erdvė

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-328
Author(s):  
Reda Griškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Dual Nature ◽  
Archival Collection ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

JAŠIŪNAI MANOR AS A SPACE FOR WRITING LITHUANIAN HISTORY The aim of this article is to discuss the Jašiūnai manor (Pol. Jaszuny; Russ. Яшуны; Vilniaus Governorate, Vilnius County), owned by the historian, journalist, poet, translator and collector Michał vel Michał Wincenty Feliks Baliński (1794–1864). The manor will be discussed not only as a cultural hub for intellectuals in a general sense, but also as a unique space for writing Lithuanian history. The term “space” is understood here in the broad sense, as of the manor—as well as in the more narrow sense, as of the library itself (the historian’s office). Especially important for this research was the latter concept of a “space within a space”, the “historian’s workshop”, and its epicenter—the archive (manuscript collection). The aim of the research was to reconstruct the story of the emergence and fate of this collection of documents including its contents, sources, and most importantly its thematic direction and distinctiveness. The research showed that the largest collection of historical documents once housed in the archive of the Jašiūnai manor library is now kept in the Jagiellonian Library (Krakow). This material remains important to the history of the city of Vilnius, Vilnius University, and Lithuania’s academic history. Supplementary elements include attention to the Radvila family, the period of Steponas Batoras’s rule, and the history of the Szubrawcy (rascals) Society. This last component can be considered as an integral part not only of the history of Vilnius city but also of its university. The dual nature of the Jašiūnai archive is not necessarily an asset. When the library and archive of Jan vel Jan Chrzciciel Władysław Sniadecki vel Śniadecki (1756–1830) was transferred to the manor, Baliński’s own collection, which initially focused on the history of Lithuanian cities and Szubrawcy Society (especially of the latter), wound up relegated to the background. Keeping in mind the “competition for libraries” among the intellectual manors of Lithuania in the first half of the 19th century as they sought to distinguish themselves, it is very possible to conclude that the former University rector’s installment in the manor can today be viewed as a “historical error”. Thus Jašiūnai lost some of its playfulness and distinctiveness in the context of other intellectual manors of that time. The situation would have been different if the Auszlawis (such was Balinski’s pseudonym in the Szubrawcy Society) collection had been associated not with Jan Sniadecki, but rather with the documentary legacy of Sotwaros (i.e. Jędrzej Sniadecki vel Śniadecki [1768–1838]), especially his documentation of the Szubrawcy. All the more so since the egodocuments of Balinski suggest the idea that its real hero was not Sniadecki the Elder, but Sniadecki Jr. Analysis of the Balinski archival collection only confirmed that which was shown by the previously executed so-called common biographical research of this historian and lord: he was relegated to the background by circumstances. That is to say, relegated to a life lived in the shadow of Jan Sniadecki’s personality and to the importance of the Szubrawcy ideology, especially in the early and last periods of his life. The Jašiūnai document collection housed in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences shows that the latter circumstance was fully understood by Tadeusz vel Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski (1858–1925) and his peers. From here stems another “archival” conclusion regarding the uniqueness of the Wroblewski Library in our cultural and historical geography. The circumstances surrounding the transferral of the document collection from Jašiūnai remain unclear to this day, however it is very likely that Baliński’s will and testament was not taken into consideration. This shows that the owner of Jašiūnai did not have a Continuator for his work, and this can be seen in the ad te ipsum fragility of the collection.

scholarly journals Potential of the Radiocarbon Method for Dating Known Historical Events: The Case of Yaroslavl, Russia

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 615-624
Author(s):  
A V Engovatova ◽  
G I Zaitseva ◽  
M V Dobrovolskaya ◽  
N D Burova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Methodological Question ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The City

We address here the methodological question of potentially using the radiocarbon method for dating historical events. The archaeological investigations in Yaroslavl (central Russia) provide an example. The Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IARAS) has been conducting excavations at the site for many years, and many archaeological complexes dating to different times have come to light. The most interesting of these are connected with the founding of the city by Prince Yaroslav the Wise in AD 1010 (the first fortifications) and with the devastation of the city by the Tatar Mongols in 1238 (evidenced by sanitary mass burials of Yaroslavl's inhabitants). We have conducted a certain experiment, a “reverse” investigation of the chronology of the events. The dates of the events are known from chronicles, archaeological materials, and dendrochronological data for several assemblages. We have taken a large series of 14C samples from the same assemblages, dated them in 2 different laboratories, and compared the data. The accuracy of the 14C dates proved to be compatible with dates found via the archaeological material. The article shows the potential for 14C dating of archaeological assemblages connected with known historical events. The results of the research conducted by the authors serve as an additional argument for the broader use of the 14C dating method in studies of archaeological sites related to the Middle Ages in Russia.

scholarly journals Material Culture of Byzantine Sugdeja in the 12th – Early 13th Centuries (To the Question of Chronological Indicators)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Vadim Maiko ◽  
Irina Teslenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
The City

Introduction. The focus of this study is on the material culture of one of the major cities of south-eastern Taurika Sugdeja in the 12th and early 13th centuries, as well as archaeological sources that allow to highlight stratified archaeological complexes and horizons of that time. Special attention is paid to the justification of chronological indicators presented by household objects, decorations, objects of Christian cult and imported red clay glazed ceramics. The latter, based on modern chronological developments and the archaeological situation, is the most important indicator. It is common to combine this pottery into a group of Middle Byzantine Production (MBP). Methods. The standard methods, which are usually involved for the study of archaeological materials, are used in the work: stratigraphic, typological, and comparative. Analysis. The materials from decades of excavation in Sudak, which are stored in archives and museum repositories now, have been studied again. As a result, 5 sites with layers of the 12th – early / first half of the 13th centuries have been located in the different part of the medieval site, including the port area, as well as more than two dozen finds of the MBP were attributed. Results. The newly obtained data allowed us to conclude that Sugdeja occupied a rather large area during the studied period and the city continued to maintain contacts with the Central Byzantine lands during all this time. Moreover, the findings of different stylistic and chronological types of ceramics indicate the presence of such contacts both during the reign of the Komnenoi and Angeloi, and after the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204.

scholarly journals Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová ◽  
Michal Gelnar ◽  
Simona Randáková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Blue Glass ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

scholarly journals Państwowe Muzeum Zoologiczne wobec powstania Polskiej Akademii Nauk: droga do powołania Instytutu Zoologicznego PAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Wojciech Zabłocki
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
The State ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
Zoological Museum ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
Post War ◽  
The University ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The City

The State Zoological Museum and the Establishment of the Polish Academy of Sciences: The Beginnings of the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences The State Zoological Museum, established in 1928, inherited and developed the legacy of the Zoological Cabinet of the University of Warsaw (existing since 1818). The Cabinet’s collection had been gathered for decades and belonged to eminent personages not only in Poland but also in Europe. The Museum and its collections were threatened many times: first by a great fire in 1935, then by the German attack on Warsaw in 1939 and subsequent occupation, as well as by the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising and the destruction of the city. After the post-war reconstruction of the Museum, it was time to function in a new political reality, in which the most significant change for this institution was the establishment of the Polish Academy of Sciences. A planned inclusion of the State Zoological Museum in the structures of the newly-founded Polish Academy of Sciences meant that the scientists had to face a dilemma: in exchange for research funds and career development opportunities, they were expected to show favour to the communists and readiness to implement the idea of socialism. In the background of this process, numerous scientific conferences took place, where controversial visions of the future of biological sciences clashed. This process resulted in the transformation of the State Zoological Museum into the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

scholarly journals Byzantine Complex of the First Half of the 13th Century in the Port of Sugdea

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Vadim Maiko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Key Words ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
House Building ◽  
Written Sources

Introduction. Studying the material culture of provincial-Byzantine cities of the Eastern Taurica on the eve of their capture by the Golden Horde troops in the second quarter of the 13th century is one of the current problems of the Byzantine archaeology of the peninsula. The purpose of the work is to clarify the features of the methods of house-building, basic elements of ceramic complexes, other components of the material culture of Sugdea objects. The archaeological context and dating of the complex allowing connecting them with the events in the history of the city known on written sources are essentially important. Methods. The method of the detailed comparative analysis of all components of the published archaeological complex is the basis for the work. The author draws the conclusion about the features of the provincial-Byzantine culture of the East Crimea during the considered period on the basis of the comparison to other synchronous complexes of Sugdea. Analysis. The researcher considers all elements of the specific archaeological complex including, first of all, methods of house-building, the stratigraphy situation, the structure of ceramics and individual finds. Results. As a result of the detailed consideration of all elements of the published complex and the comparative analysis it is possible to draw the conclusion that the material culture of this city is one of the versions of the provincial-Byzantine culture of the peninsula of the first half of the 13th century. It is formed in the early 13th century and stops the existence already in the second quarter of this century. Key words: port of Sugdea, first half of the 13th century, provincial-Byzantine culture, stratigraphy, chronology.

STUDY OF MONUMENTS OF SACKS IN THE EASTERN ARAL SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Akhmedzhan Sh. Yusupov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Geographical Environment ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The City

The article provides a scientific analysis of the study of the sites of Saks in the Eastern Aral Sea region. It is noted that the ruins of the city and other archaeological sites located in the eastern part of the Aral Sea and inthe middle part of the Syr Darya were first described historically and geographically in the late 19th -early 20th centuries. It is shown that the geographical environment, warm and humid air, an abundance of fresh water in the Eastern Aral Sea region have long created favorable conditions for human life, influencing the economy, lifestyle and material culture of the ancient population of the Lower Syrdarya and played an important role in historical development. A large group of Saka monuments was discovered in the Jetiosor oasis adjacent to the Eskidarya valley of the Syrdarya. It is located north of the Inkardarya and Dzhanidarya rivers, southwest of the modern city of Dzhusali. In the southern part of the delta of the Lower Syrdarya (tributaries of the Inkardarya), settlements and mounds of the first Saka culture (South Tagisken, Uygarak) were identified, it was revealed that the pastoralists led a semi-nomadic lifestyle and lived in settlements that were not surrounded. defensive walls. The importance of expanding archaeological materials in promoting scientific issues and developing new topics on the history of the Saks of the Aral Sea is emphasized. They are a determining factor in the dynamics of the development of knowledge about the historical past.In particular, it is argued that the comparison of written sources and the results of archaeologicalresearch is important in the process of historical reconstruction

scholarly journals Brot für die Hauptstadt. Niederösterreich und die Nahrungsversorgung Wiens

2021 ◽  
pp. 451-477
Author(s):  
Jonas Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Key Points ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Bread for the Metropolis. Lower Austria and Vienna’s Food Supply. This chapter analyses the food supply to the city of Vienna during the first half of the 19th century, with a focus on two key points: first, it will be argued that the period before the introduction of industrial means of transportation has been largely neglected by historians when it comes to the history of Vienna’s food supply and the Lower Austrian industries involved. Second, the chapter shows that this story can only be told as a history of growing cross-border interconnections and commodity flows. The study thus analyses the food or commodity chain of grain. It concludes that well before 1850, bread consumption in Vienna and flour production in the city’s southern environs were essentially integrated into international commodity chains, profiting from streams of raw materials from relatively distant regions and ecosystems on the empire’s periphery.

scholarly journals THE EXCAVATION IN VYSHGOROD IN 1936

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-151
Author(s):  
K. M. Kapustin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Church

The archives and archaeological materials from excavations in Vyshgorod in 1936 are analysed in the paper. This year the large-scale excavations were conducted on the territory of the old city: near the church of st. Borys and Hlib, two sites in the northeast part of the hillfort and few trenches in different parts of the town. The obtained results correlate with the reports of the narrative sources and indicate the significant development of the city in the period from the 11th to the mid-13th century. The rapid development of the city occurs at that time: the mausoleum of Sts. Borys and Hlib (explored in 1935—1936) becomes the main architectural dominant of the city area. A city square with dwellings and outbuildings were located around the church. The analysis of the archival materials and artefacts from the excavations in 1936 made it possible to clarify and re-examine the allegations established in the works of the mid-20th century. The author proves that discovered objects have different chronology. For example, dwellings, outbuilding, pits and sacral building of the 11th—13th centuries are pit 1 (site 1), the foundations and remains of the walls of the church of Sts. Borys and Hlib (site 1; site W) and oven 1 (site 4). The ones dated by the middle of the 11th and the 12th centuries are building 1 (site 1) and pit 1 (site 4). Structures of the 12th and 13th centuries are pit 2 (site 1) and oven 1 (site 4); of the second half of the 13th—14th centuries are building 1 (site «W»), building 1, pit 2 (site 4). Finally, dated by the 17th—19th centuries are building 2, burials 1, 2 (site 1) and burials 1—19 (site 4). The cultural layers and objects exclusively of Kyiv Rus time were found on the territory of suburbs (pottery furnaces 1 and 2 in a trench at the south of the hillfort; burials 1—3 in trenches on the territory of the Doroshenko estate). In general, the obtained results confirm and at some moments substantially detail our knowledge on the historical development of the city during the Middle Ages and Modern times.

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