The method for study of vertical gas-liquid flow with foaming agent

The issue of operation water-cut and "self-kills" wells is one of major aspects in gas production. One of the methods of solving this problem is the introduction of foaming agent into the well. The effectiveness of these technologies requires a theoretical and experimental study of gas-liquid flow with surfactants. We have analyzed existing works and have found out that experimental research in this area was carried out at atmospheric pressure. At the same time, the pressure in the well varies with the length of the wellbore and can affect the properties of foaming agent. The article presents a description of a facility for the study of gas-liquid flows with foaming agents at different pressure values. A method of conducting experiments on the facility, simulating a section of the production tubing of a vertical gas well, has been developed. The relations allowing calculating the volume contents of the phases in the gas-liquid flow with surfactants are proposed.

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Study on the effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on gas-liquid flow characteristics at low gas flow rates and gas pressure

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126601014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 266 ◽

pp. 01014

Author(s):

A. Yu. Yushkov ◽

V. A. Ogai ◽

I.A. Koroleva ◽

Moh'd M. Amro ◽

Frederick Rose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pressure Gradient ◽

Large Scale ◽

Foam Stability ◽

Initial Pressure ◽

Gas Production ◽

Optimal Concentration ◽

Small Scale ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Production Tubing

Cenomanian gas deposits account for about 80% of natural gas production in Russia. Today, mature Cenomanian gas fields are depleted by more than 75% on average, the reservoir pressure in the productive formation zone has decreased by almost 90% compared to the initial pressure and in some places reaches 1.0-1.5 MPa. Reduction of pressure in the pay zone leads to active intrusion of water from the aquifer. The liquid is loading the well, and gas production decreases. The technology of gas well operation with foaming agent is widespread in the world, which is characterized by a high level of efficiency, including economic. The use of technology leads to a solution to the liquid loading and requires a preliminary selection of the optimal concentration of surfactants. The optimal concentration should ensure the creation of a relatively stable foam and provide a minimum pressure gradient in the production tubing. The article presents the results of studies of CTAB foaming agent influence on the process of liquid removal and pressure gradient in production tubing. Sequential studies to determine CMC, foamability, foam stability, and pressure gradient under foam flow were conducted on small-scale and large-scale facilities. These results can be reliable when using CTAB foaming agent, foaming agents based on it, or other cationic foaming agents in Cenomanian gas wells under the condition of reservoir water inflow. Besides, the effect of pressure on the optimal concentration of the foaming agent was also studied in this work.

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Experimental facility for the study gas-liquid flows and foams

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2019-3-86-95 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 86-95

Author(s):

Anton Yu. Yushkov ◽

Vladislav A. Ogai ◽

Nikita E. Portniagin

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Gas Production ◽

Experimental Facility ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Gas Well ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows ◽

High Level ◽

Water Gas

Currently, a large number of Cenomanian gas storages inWestern Siberiaare at the final stage of development. Gas production from such storage is accompanied by the accumulation of different types of liquid at the bottomhole. One of the methods of solving this problem is the introduction of a foaming agent into the well. To date, there are no computational models that allow us to predict with a high level of accuracy the pressure loss in the tubing of a gas well working with surfactant in the flow. The existing few computational models were created on the basis of bench studies under atmospheric conditions, and the results obtained by them have significant errors. For the study and modelling of gas-liquid flows with surfactant taking into account the influence of pressure, temperature, water-gas ratio and other key parameters, an "Experimental facility to simulate gas-liquid flow and dynamic processes in the tubing of a gas well" was developed and implemented.

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Velocity bias in intrusive gas-liquid flow measurements

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-24231-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

B. Hohermuth ◽

M. Kramer ◽

S. Felder ◽

D. Valero

Keyword(s):

Liquid Flow ◽

Breaking Waves ◽

Correction Method ◽

Force Balance ◽

Bubble Velocity ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows ◽

Velocity Bias

AbstractGas–liquid flows occur in many natural environments such as breaking waves, river rapids and human-made systems, including nuclear reactors and water treatment or conveyance infrastructure. Such two-phase flows are commonly investigated using phase-detection intrusive probes, yielding velocities that are considered to be directly representative of bubble velocities. Using different state-of-the-art instruments and analysis algorithms, we show that bubble–probe interactions lead to an underestimation of the real bubble velocity due to surface tension. To overcome this velocity bias, a correction method is formulated based on a force balance on the bubble. The proposed methodology allows to assess the bubble–probe interaction bias for various types of gas-liquid flows and to recover the undisturbed real bubble velocity. We show that the velocity bias is strong in laboratory scale investigations and therefore may affect the extrapolation of results to full scale. The correction method increases the accuracy of bubble velocity estimations, thereby enabling a deeper understanding of fundamental gas-liquid flow processes.

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MAIN CAUSES OF STOPPING GAS WELLS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF DEPOSITS

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2017-3-85-89 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. V. Panikarovskii ◽

V. V. Panikarovskii

Keyword(s):

Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flow Rate ◽

Formation Water ◽

Gas Wells ◽

Well Production ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Production Wells ◽

Fluid Production ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Production Tubing

The analysis of well operation at the Yamburgskoye field was carried out. It has been established that the number of self-kill wells depends on the velocity of the gas-liquid flow in the well production tubing. However, in most production wells, the gas-liquid flow rate was below the minimum for fluid production from the wellbore. One of the effective methods to combat self-kill of wells is processing well bottom-holes with compositions of solid and liquid surfactants. The developed surfactant compositions make it possible to remove a condensation liquid with an admixture of formation water from wells, without adversely affecting the gas gathering network and the booster complex.

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Experimental Analysis of Gas–Liquid Flows in a Centrifugal Rotor

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4045857 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Henrique Stel ◽

Edgar M. Ofuchi ◽

Rafael F. Alves ◽

Sergio Chiva ◽

Rigoberto E. M. Morales

Keyword(s):

Liquid Flow ◽

Experimental Analysis ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Centrifugal Pumps ◽

Phase Dynamics ◽

Wide Range ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows

Abstract This work presents an experimental analysis of gas–liquid flows in a centrifugal rotor prototype. Pressure rise curves are evaluated considering a wide range of liquid and gas flowrates and different rotating speeds. An innovative apparatus including a dynamic sealing system, back illumination, and filming in a rotating frame of reference is employed to visualize gas–liquid flow patterns at different operating conditions. Volume fraction measurement and bubble-size evaluation are also taken into account. The experimental apparatus allowed analyzing details of the gas-phase dynamics inside the rotor channels. That includes preferential bubble paths and zones of agglomeration, gas pocket formation, coalescence and breakup, and the effect of flow pattern transition on different degrees of performance degradation that centrifugal rotors are subject to when working with gas–liquid flows. Also, important information about the effect of the gas flowrate and the rotating speed on the performance of the assumed rotor prototype could be gathered. Discussions in this work should contribute to comprehend the behavior of gas–liquid flow in centrifugal pumps, a topic that is still far from being well understood. Qualitative and quantitative data here presented could also be valuable to guide the development of numerical models to solve this problem.

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Experimental Visualization of Gas-Liquid Flow Patterns in a Centrifugal Rotor

Volume 3B: Fluid Applications and Systems ◽

10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5029 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Henrique Stel ◽

Edgar Minoru Ofuchi ◽

Rafael Fabrício Alves ◽

Sergio Chiva ◽

Rigoberto E. M. Morales

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Liquid Flow ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

Centrifugal Pumps ◽

Gas Volume Fraction ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows ◽

Complex Phenomena ◽

Gas Volume

Abstract Centrifugal pumps operating with gas-liquid flows can undergo severe performance degradation. This can be attributed to an effect of the gas phase on the liquid flow orientation in the pump impeller channels, which induces additional hydraulic losses that negatively affect the delivered head and flow rate. Effort to investigate the effect of many operating parameters on the pump performance under multiphase flows can be found on numerous experimental investigations. Few studies, however, bring together flow visualization to understand the physics behind the behavior of centrifugal pumps with gas-liquid flows. One issue is that pumps involve rotating parts, metallic casing and limited visual access, sometimes making it hard to interpret flow patterns and to understand complex phenomena, such as bubble breakup and coalescence. Such issues usually lead to unsatisfactory image quality, which in turn makes it difficult to extract quantitative data from the obtained images, such as gas volume fraction and bubble size distribution. In an attempt to overcome many difficulties of previous investigations, this work presents an experimental study aimed to visualize gas-liquid flow patterns in a centrifugal rotor prototype using a novel approach. The experimental apparatus uses a plane and transparent rotor, assembled with an intake pipe and a discharge chamber by means of a dynamic seal system that dismisses the use of an enclosing pump casing. This makes possible to use back illumination of the impeller for visualization, which in turn is done by using a camera attached to the impeller axis for filming in a rotating frame of reference. This setup, which is new in the open literature, provides high image contrast and sharpness for clear interpretation of the flow patterns found inside the rotor channels for a wide range of operating conditions. This advantage, in turn, allows using image processing for quantitative assessment of gas volume fraction distributions. Pressure rise versus flow rate curves are measured together to investigate the rotor performance degradation associated with the gas-liquid flow patterns for a range of liquid and gas flow rates. Information obtained with the designed experimental setup at controlled conditions help not just to bring further understanding to the complex phenomena involved with multiphase flows in rotating devices, but also in the direction of validating a numerical model for reliable simulations of gas-liquid flows in centrifugal pumps, which is lacking in the current literature.

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Gas-Liquid Flow in a Vertical Pipe Equipped with a Double Helical Swirl Separator Element

Jurnal Inotera ◽

10.31572/inotera.vol5.iss2.2020.id110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 92-99

Author(s):

Ryan Anugrah Putra ◽

Akhlisa Nadiantya Aji Nugroho ◽

Aditya Ramadhona ◽

Erick Wisnu Kuncoro Baroto

Keyword(s):

Fluid Dynamics ◽

Liquid Flow ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Superficial Velocity ◽

Separation Condition ◽

Vertical Pipe ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows ◽

Separation Behavior

Two different gas-liquid flow behavior downstream a double helical swirl element inside a vertical pipe was observed in our preliminary experiment. The present Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study confirms that the dynamics of gas-liquid flows inside the swirl separator is highly influenced by the liquid superficial velocity. The separation behavior in this work at a liquid superficial velocity of 0.1 m/s was the worst both axially and radially since the gas core cannot be sustained up to the outlet. The separation condition was improved by the increase of the liquid superficial velocity. The best separation condition in this study was achieved at the liquid superficial velocity of 1.0 m/s where the dense gas core can be maintained up to the outlet.

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Crisp and Fuzzy Classifiers in the Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Diagnostics

Image Processing & Communications ◽

10.2478/v10248-012-0069-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 385-394

Author(s):

Paweł Fiderek ◽

Tomasz Jaworski ◽

Robert Banasiak ◽

Jacek Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Pattern Recognition ◽

Flow Pattern ◽

Liquid Flow ◽

Confusion Matrix ◽

Clustering Algorithms ◽

Prediction Performance ◽

Two Phase ◽

Fuzzy Classifiers ◽

Gas Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flows

Abstract The following paper presents results of common clustering algorithms use, both crisp and fuzzy, for flow pattern recognition of two-phase gas-liquid flows observed in horizontal pipeline. Obtained results of HCM, FCM, and kNN clustering algorithms were presented in a form of confusion matrix and compared via its prediction performance.

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