scholarly journals Genetic editing for improvement of fruit and small fruit crops

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
N. G. Tikhonova ◽  
E. K. Khlestkina
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Biotechnological Approach ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Present Systematic Review

Today the range of crops, which are studied and improved with the help of genetic editing technologies, in particular with CRISPR/Cas system, is actively expanding. High accuracy, ease of editing tools application and relative cheapness allow the use of this method in research in various fi elds of biology. The present systematic review summarizes the global experience of editing the genome of fruit and small fruit crops using the CRISPR/Cas9 tool and considers the prospect of using this newest biotechnological approach for crop improvement. The systematic review employed one of the most authoritative internet resources indexing the reviewed scientifi c publications, such as the Scopus database. By systematic search concerning 37 species of fruit and small fruit crops 115 publications were found, among which 26 described original research on CRISPR/Cas system application to fruit and small fruit crops. A total of 21 target genes have been edited in 8 crops. Some of the studies are consecrated to the approbation of the method or establishing/clarifying the functions of the target genes by their knockout. In the review we distinguished the publications describing application of gene editing tools for improving the properties of plants. By now 12 target genes have been successfully edited in fruit and small fruit plants. The main type of modifi cation is the knockout, which is aimed at negative regulators of the factors of resistance to pathogens or at changing the morphology of plants. In most cases the modifi ed plants have the desired characteristics and have been tested for resistance to pathogens by laboratory tests. It is discussed how much the target mutagenesis application to fruit and small fruit crops can be broadened in future.

scholarly journals Molecular marking and genetic certification: application in plant breeding, biotechnology and identification of horticultural crops

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
A. A. Yankovskaya ◽  
I. V. Knyazeva ◽  
M. T. Upadishev
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Small Fruit

The analysis of contemporary research on molecular marking and genetic certification for use in breeding, biotechnology and identification of horticultural crops is carried out. In Russia and abroad, active work is underway on the identification and certification of garden crops: apple, pear, various types of stone fruit crops, raspberry, strawberry, currant and gooseberry. Currently, the most effective and frequently used are SSR markers. Genetic certificates have been elaborated for many fruit and small fruit crops, which are used in breeding research, works on the study of genetic diversity, in variety diagnosis and diagnosis of pathogens and genealogy analysis. In previous studies using SSR markers, 16 apple varieties, 10 cherry varieties, 29 raspberry varieties and 12 pear varieties of ARHIBAN contemporary breeding were genotyped. The appearance of plant genetic certificates contributed to the development of marker-oriented breeding, making it possible to identify and select genotypes carrying target genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using only DNA analysis data without preliminary phenotypic evaluation. Molecular genetics certificate can serve as a reliable tool to protect the copyright of breeders. In conditions of Russian Federation it is necessary to expand researches of genomic analysis of fruit and small fruit crops, improve and unify the methods of DNA identification and molecular marking techniques, develop common requirements for the level of information content of markers, principles and methods of evaluation of planting material and collections in vitro. The researchers are faced with the task of creating a clear system of molecular-genetic identification and certification of planting material, which will allow to develop and introduce into production varieties with known characteristics, to control plant material at all stages of nursery and commercial distribution of varieties.

scholarly journals Development of a gRNA-tRNA Array of CRISPR/Cas9 in Combination with Grafting Technique to Improve Gene Editing Efficiency of Sweet Orange

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Tang ◽  
Shulin Chen ◽  
Huiwen Yu ◽  
Xiongjie Zheng ◽  
Fei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Traditional Breeding ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Sweet orange is one of the most popular fruit crops worldwide. Traditional breeding approaches in sweet orange is impracticable due to the apomixis and long juvenility, making it difficult to obtain hybrids and selection of ideal genotypes. The development of targeted genome engineering technologies made it possible for the precise modification of target genes. Recently, a more efficient gene editing tool has been emerged based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system (Bhaya et al. 2011). The development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology is promising to accelerate the process of genetic improvement in perennial crops.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Statuses as Determinants of Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV Infected Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuredin Nassir Azmach ◽  
Temam Abrar Hamza ◽  
Awel Abdella Husen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Socioeconomic and demographic statuses are associated with adherence to the treatment of patients with several chronic diseases. However, there is a controversy regarding their impact on adherence among HIV/AIDS patients. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the evidence regarding the association of socioeconomic and demographic statuses with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: The PubMed database was used to search and identify studies concerning about socioeconomic and demographic statuses and HIV/AIDS patients. Data were collected on the association between adherence to ART and varies determinants factors of socioeconomic (income, education, and employment/occupation) and socio-demographic (sex and age). Findings: From 393 potentially-relevant articles initially identified, 35 original studies were reviewed in detail, which contained data that were helpful in evaluating the association between socioeconomic/ demographic statuses and adherence to ART among HIV patients. Two original research study has specifically focused on the possible association between socioeconomic status and adherence to ART. Income, level of education, and employment/occupational status were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 7 studies (36.8%), 7 studies (28.0%), and 4 studies (23.5%) respectively out of 19, 25, and 17 studies reviewed. Sex (being male), and age (per year increasing) were significantly and positively associated with the level of adherence in 5 studies (14.3%), and 9 studies (25.7%) respectively out of 35 studies reviewed. However, the determinant of socioeconomic and demographic statuses was not found to be significantly associated with adherence in studies related to income 9(47.4%), education 17(68.0%), employment/ occupational 10(58.8%), sex 27(77.1%), and age 25(71.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the reviewed studies reported that there is no association between socio- demographic and economic variables and adherence to therapy. Whereas, some studies show that age of HIV patients (per year increasing) and sex (being male) were positively associated with adherence to ART. Among socio-economic factors, the available evidence does not provide conclusive support for the existence of a clear association with adherence to ART among HIV patients. There seems to be a positive trend between socioeconomic factors and adherence to ART in some of the reviewed studies.

Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Soybean : Regulated by ncRNA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YASIN JESHIMA KHAN ◽  
HUSNARA Tyagi ◽  
Anil kumar Singh ◽  
Santosh kumar. Magadum
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Plants respond through a cascade of reactions resulting in varied cellular environment leading to alterations in the patterns of protein expression resulting in phonotypic changes. Single cell genomics and global proteomics came out to be powerful tools and efficient techniques in studying stress tolerant plants. Non-coding RNAs are a distinct class of regulatory RNAs in plants and animals that control a variety of biological processes. Small ncRNAs play a vital role in post transcriptional gene regulation by either translational repression or by inducing mRNA cleavage. The major classes of small RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which differ in their biogenesis. miRNAs control the expression of cognate target genes by binding to complementary sequences, resulting in cleavage or translational inhibition of the target RNAs. siRNAs too have a similar structure, function, and biogenesis like miRNAs but are derived from long double-stranded RNAs and can often direct DNA methylation at target sequences.In this review, we focus on the involvement of ncRNAs in comabting abiotic stresses of soybean. This review emphasis on previously known miRNAs as they play important role in several abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, chilling and heat stress by their diverse roles in mediating biological processes like gene expression, chromatin formation, defense of genome against invading viruses. This review attempts to elucidate the various kinds of non-coding RNAs explored, their discovery, biogenesis, functions, and response for different type of abiotic stresses and future aspects for crop improvement in the context of soybean, a representative grain legume.

scholarly journals Biomarkers predictive of treatment response in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1759720X2110140
Author(s):  
Conor Magee ◽  
Hannah Jethwa ◽  
Oliver M. FitzGerald ◽  
Deepak R. Jadon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Psoriatic Disease ◽  
Subsequent Response

Aims: The ability to predict response to treatment remains a key unmet need in psoriatic disease. We conducted a systematic review of studies relating to biomarkers associated with response to treatment in either psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library from their inception to 2 September 2020, and conference proceedings from four major rheumatology conferences. Original research articles studying pre-treatment biomarker levels associated with subsequent response to pharmacologic treatment in either PsV or PsA were included. Results: A total of 765 articles were retrieved and after review, 44 articles (22 relating to PsV and 22 to PsA) met the systematic review’s eligibility criteria. One study examined the response to methotrexate, one the response to tofacitinib and all the other studies to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Whilst several studies examined the HLA-C*06 allele in PsV, the results were conflicting. Interleukin (IL)-12 serum levels and polymorphisms in the IL-12B gene show promise as biomarkers of treatment response in PsV. Most, but not all, studies found that higher baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with a better clinical response to treatment in patients with PsA. Conclusion: Several studies have identified biomarkers associated with subsequent response to treatment in psoriatic disease. However, due to the different types of biomarkers, treatments and outcome measures used, firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Further validation is needed before any of these biomarkers translate to clinical practice.

scholarly journals Blending Indigenous Sharing Circle and Western Focus Group Methodologies for the Study of Indigenous Children’s Health: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160940692110151
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Hunt ◽  
Nancy L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Community Advisory Board ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Sharing Circles

The primary objective of this systematic review was to investigate how Western focus groups and Indigenous sharing circles have been blended for the study of Indigenous children’s health. The secondary objective of this study was to propose recommendations for adapting focus groups to include elements of sharing circles. This systematic review was conducted using a systematic search of original research articles published between 2009 and 2020 that (a) focused on North American Indigenous children’s health and (b) used group-based qualitative methods including focus groups and sharing circles. Each of the articles was screened for relevance and quality. The methods sections were reviewed, subjected to qualitative content analysis, and codes were analyzed to identify common themes and synthesize results. We identified 29 articles, most of which followed a community-based participatory research approach. In these publications, most included a community advisory board, ethics approval was obtained, and in some cases, community members were included as research assistants. There was evidence that sharing circles and focus group methods had been blended in the recent Indigenous children’s health literature. This was particularly apparent in the authors’ approaches to recruitment, location, facilitation techniques, question format and reimbursement. Several groups have published results that describe approaches that successfully incorporated aspects of Indigenous sharing circles into Western focus groups, thus establishing a research method that is culturally safe and appropriate for the study of Indigenous children’s health.

Addressing Military Sexual Violence by Proposing a Social Media Influencer Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2199406
Author(s):  
Roberto Cancio
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Central Values ◽  
Reference Sections ◽  
Media Intervention ◽  
Present Systematic Review

Military sexual violence (MSV) is a prevalent issue that uniquely affects mission readiness. Although research on MSV and social media is growing, examinations of possible interventions like those employing social media in this population are scant. Given the growing interest in targeting MSV, the present systematic review was conducted. The PRISMA framework was used to conduct a systematic review of MSV and social media ( N = 71). Queries were limited to articles published between 2010 and 2020. SAGE Journals, PubMed, and JSTOR were utilized. Terms and potential combinations were entered into the databases in varying Boolean combinations. Additional recorders were identified for inclusion via the reference sections of relevant records. After removing duplicates from the query results, we selected records of suspected relevance by title and screened abstracts. Finally, articles with relevant abstracts were reviewed thoroughly to determine whether they met inclusion criteria for the review. The employments of military leaders in a social media intervention puts into practice the military’s central values and development of its leadership core. This intervention promotes group solidarity while maximizing conversations around meaningful messages. Findings in this review suggest military leaders could feasibly employ a cost-effective global intervention using social media, as a tool to help actively address MSV.

988 The Prevalence and Incidence of Gender Bias and Sexual Discrimination in Orthopaedics, and Mitigating Strategies: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Elbayouk ◽  
U Halim ◽  
A Ali ◽  
S Javed ◽  
C Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Sexual Discrimination ◽  
Orthopaedic Training ◽  
Orthopaedic Community ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The aim of this systematic review was to outline the prevalence and impact of Gender bias and sexual discrimination (GBSD) in orthopaedics, and to investigate interventions countering such behaviours. Method Original research papers pertaining to the prevalence and impact of gender bias or sexual discrimination, or mitigating strategies in orthopaedics, were suitable for inclusion. PRISMA guidelines were adhered to in this review. Results Of 570 papers, 27 were eligible for inclusion. A total of 13 papers discussed the prevalence of GBSD, whilst 13 related to the impact of these behaviours, and 6 discussed mitigating strategies. GBSD were found to be prevalent in the orthopaedic workplace, with all sources showing females to be the victims. The impact of GBSD includes poor workforce representation, lower salaries, barriers to career progression, and reduced academic output for females in orthopaedics. Mitigating strategies in the literature are focussed on encouraging females to apply for orthopaedic training programmes, by providing female role models, mentors, and educational interventions. Conclusions GBSD are highly prevalent in orthopaedic surgery, impacting females at all stages of their careers. Mitigating strategies have been tested but are limited in their scope. As such, the orthopaedic community as a whole is obliged to do more to tackle GBSD.

scholarly journals Improved Transformation and Regeneration of Indica Rice: Disruption of SUB1A as a Test Case via CRISPR-Cas9

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6989
Author(s):  
Yuya Liang ◽  
Sudip Biswas ◽  
Backki Kim ◽  
Julia Bailey-Serres ◽  
Endang M. Septiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Immature Embryo ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Submergence Stress ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Vector Delivery

Gene editing by use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has become a powerful tool for crop improvement. However, a common bottleneck in the application of this approach to grain crops, including rice (Oryza sativa), is efficient vector delivery and calli regeneration, which can be hampered by genotype-dependent requirements for plant regeneration. Here, methods for Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic transformation and regeneration of indica rice were optimized using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing of the submergence tolerance regulator SUBMERGENCE 1A-1 gene of the cultivar Ciherang-Sub1. Callus induction and plantlet regeneration methods were optimized for embryogenic calli derived from immature embryos and mature seed-derived calli. Optimized regeneration (95%) and maximal editing efficiency (100%) were obtained from the immature embryo-derived calli. Phenotyping of T1 seeds derived from the edited T0 plants under submergence stress demonstrated inferior phenotype compared to their controls, which phenotypically validates the disruption of SUB1A-1 function. The methods pave the way for rapid CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of recalcitrant indica rice cultivars.

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