scholarly journals Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (III) ◽  
pp. 12-31
Author(s):  
Tamanna Bibi ◽  
Amjad Amin ◽  
Jabbar ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Married Woman ◽  
Family System ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Family

This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.

Socio economic determinants of child labour in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Nabeela Begum ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
Hina
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Education Organization ◽  
Children Education

This study examines the determinants of child labour in Mardan and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of children engaged and did not engage in child labour were obtained from Labour Education Organization Mardan. Age of the children and family size are positively and education is negatively and significantly associated with the probability of children participation in labour market. The probability of child labour is more with the household income although with a very low coefficient value which is contrary to our expectations and may ne indicative that child labour could be a major source of household income. This study suggests that subsidies may be provided to families for their children education. Family size is also positively related to the child labour, therefore steps may be taken towards encouraging small family sizes and thereby reducing the child labour.

scholarly journals Labour Market and Self-Employment: The Israeli Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-108
Author(s):  
Iyad Snunu
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Employment Choice ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The One

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the labour market from the perspective of self-employment. It investigates the phenomenon of this form of employment from several aspects: on the one hand, it examines the factors influencing the choice of Israelis to be self-employed among Arabs and Jews in Israel, and, on the other hand, it examines the extent to which human capital and family background characteristics determine the employment choice. The main aim of the paper is to characterize the phenomenon of self-employment in the labour market. By using 2008 data Israel Census, hypotheses concerning the effect of demographical variables on self-employment are formulated and tested, using logistic regression. The results support the research hypotheses, and the most notable predictors of self-employment are discussed. Thus, we conclude that family background, gender, age, number of children and an interaction between nationality and occupation are the most significant predictors of self-employment. Many factors affect the self-employment status of citizens of Israel, with the single strongest predictor being gender – males in Israel are more likely to be self-employed. Also, more urbanized areas such as Tel-Aviv and the Centre, have higher self-employment rate than less populated areas such as the South.

scholarly journals Rural Nonfarm Employment, Income, and Inequality: Evidence from Bhutan

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dil Bahadur Rahut ◽  
Pradyot Ranjan Jena ◽  
Akhter Ali ◽  
Bhagirath Behera ◽  
Nar Bahadur Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Nonfarm Employment

Using the 2012 Bhutan Living Standard Survey, this paper finds that rural nonfarm activities comprise 60.7% of rural household income in Bhutan and this contribution increases with higher income and education levels. The poor and less educated participate less in the nonfarm sector. When they do, they are self-employed in petty nonfarm activities, which require little investment and little or no skills. Accounting for endogeneity and sample selection issues, we estimate the determinants of participation in nonfarm activities and nonfarm incomes. We find that a household's education and labor supply play an important role in accessing more remunerative nonfarm employment. Interestingly, we find that women play an important role in self-employment in nonfarm activities. Decomposition shows that nonfarm income has a disequalizing effect and farm income has an equalizing effect, indicating the need to increase the endowment of poor households to enable them to access the lucrative rural nonfarm sector. Further decomposition reveals that self-employment in petty nonfarm activities reduces inequality.

scholarly journals Tra corte, casa e monastero La vita di una donna nel Giappone del Medioevo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Negri
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Family System ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Realistic Description ◽  
Consequent Increase

In Japanese history the establishment of the ie, or family system, on which patriarchal authority was based, represents one of the most important turning points. The ie that came into being from the late eleventh century onwards, differs from the uji that had characterised previous eras, not so much on account of its patriarchal system but because it would place the married couple in prime position. The family, previously made up of a man engaging in occasional relationships with a number of women, would gradually become a more stable nucleus comprising of a husband with a wife who enjoyed a legally recognised position of privilege compared with all the other concubines. After her husband’s death, she would naturally become a sort of substitute figure, often gaining considerable authority and prestige. With the threat of the Mongolian invasions (from 1274 and 1281) and the consequent increase in limitations on women’s inheritance rights, many widows were forced to take vows as a sign of loyalty and tangible proof of their choice not to remarry if they were to secure their husband’s property. The literary production of Nun Abutsu (1225 ca.-1283 ca.) written in a period which led to the inevitable breakdown of the economic, social, and political balance of Japan, offers a realistic description of women’s ambitions, duties and concerns in an era of great transformation. In a close reading of her major works Abutsu no fumi (The letter of Abutsu, 1264 ca.), Utatane (Fitful slumbers, XIII century) and Izayoi nikki (The Diary of the sixteenth night moon, 1280 ca.), the book casts light on some important issues in Japanese women’s history: the gradual shift from uxorical to virilocal marriage, the consequences of this process for inheritance patterns, the meaning of women’s participation in the intellectual life of their time.

scholarly journals Determinants of the Supply of Women in the Labour Market: A Micro Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 755-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Neoclassical Theory ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Micro Analysis ◽  
Labour Power

Neoclassical economists consider education to be one of the key determinants of women entering the labour market. The higher the level of education, the greater is women's participation in the labour market. [Becker (1980); Mincer (1980)]. However, the structuralist school does not look at it so simply. In their view there are many other factors besides education which compel women to· sell their labour power. [Benham (1980); Strober (1980)]. The principal factor compelling women to sell their labour is income. Therefore, according to the structuralist school the lower is women's household income, the greater is their compulsion to enter the labour market. How does this square with neoclassical theory? The structuralist school states that household income is the primary determinant of women's sale of labour power. Therefore, in a society divided by income groups lower income class women will tend to sell their labour power more. However, within each income group an increase in education will increase the supply of women's labour and its returns. Due to inadequate data, relatively little analytical work on this issue has been undertaken so the present study is an attempt to explore why some married women are engaged in earning activities, while some of them are not. Our sample consists of ever-married women, because normally they are considered independent, and their status is equal to their male partners. So they have relatively more choice in entering the labour market compared to unmarried women. A comparison of this kind will help us to identify the factors besides education in determining women's supply of labour in the market.

Grandchildren as Support and Care Providers to Disabled Older Adults in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merril Silverstein ◽  
Ling Xu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Family System ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Personal Assistance ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Increased life expectancy in China implies that adults increasingly survive long enough to see their grandchildren reach adulthood and take on elevated importance—even as smaller family size reduces the number of children and grandchildren available. This article examined the prevalence with which older adults received support and care from grandchildren and the family conditions under which the likelihood of this assistance is enhanced. The data for our analysis derived from the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, limited to 13.4% of respondents (n = 1,551) who reported requiring personal assistance to perform daily activities. Logistic regression revealed that grandparents were more likely to receive assistance from grandchildren when they had no son available or had daughters who did not provide assistance. Results were consistent across urban and rural regions. These findings support the compensatory or substitution role of grandchildren as sources of support and care for their grandparents within a gendered family system. Implications for policies and services serving older people in China are discussed.

scholarly journals Family taxation and labour market participation incentives in Italy

2012 ◽  
pp. 189-217
Author(s):  
Arnstein Aassve ◽  
Maria Grazia Pazienza ◽  
Chiara Rapallini
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Current System ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
The Family ◽  
French Family ◽  
The Individual

The potential implications of using the family as opposed to the individual as the unit of taxation are not clear. This applies both to work incentives and distributional outcomes. In this paper we evaluate the effects of a hypothetical reform of Italian income taxation both on labour supply incentives and on redistribution of income between families with different composition and income levels. In particular, we analyze the potential effects of a shift from the current system of individual taxation to a system of family taxation similar to the French family-splitting approach by implementing a tax-benefit model. Based on data from the Bank of Italy Survey of Household Income and Wealth, our simulations show a reduction in the degree of progressivity and a disincentive for the labour supply of additional earners within the family.

scholarly journals The Effects of Western Culture on the Family System of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Overview

sjesr ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Rubina Naz ◽  
Dr. Hashmat Begum ◽  
Dr. Sardaraz Khan
Keyword(s):  
Family System ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Muslim Culture

The present study aims to explore the effects of Western culture on the family system of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Every culture in the world is diversified. Culture is an invisible thing, but its effects can be seen and felt. The most significant changes of the society often come through its cultural norms. This paper discourses the influences of Western culture on the Muslim culture of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted, and data was collected from books, journals, newspapers, and the internet. Results revealed that there were significant effects of Western culture on the family system of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The research concluded that the influences of Western culture come through education, media, the internet, and cell phones.

scholarly journals Defamilisation measures and women's labour force participation – a comparative study of twelve countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby C.M. Chau ◽  
Sam W.K. Yu ◽  
Liam Foster ◽  
Maggie K.W. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relevance of two interpretations of defamilisation (“freedom of the family” and “freedom of women from the family”) to the search for effective measures for strengthening women's participation in the paid labour market. Based on these two interpretations, two types of defamilisation measures (care-focused and women's economic) are identified. Two defamilisation indices are developed respectively covering twelve countries. The importance of the two types of defamilisation measures in assisting women to access employment are discussed from two angles. The input angle refers to the extent to which countries are committed to the provision of these defamilisation measures. The output angle is about the relationship between these defamilisation measures and the degree of women's participation in the paid labour market. Through conducting these analytical tasks, this paper also contributes to the examination of the relationship between types of welfare regimes and the provision of defamilisation measures.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF PARENTS RECEIVING FAMILY 500+ CHILD SUPPORT IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Dorota Kmieć
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Educational Benefit ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Family

The purpose of this study is to analyse the professional activity of parents who receive the Family 500+ educational benefit. Eligibility for this benefit in the first three years of the programme was dependent on family income and the number of children. Research shows that the highest level of professional activity was among parents who had one child and they did not receive a child benefit. Parents who received a 500+ benefit and had two or more children were more active in the labour market than parents with one child. An increase was also found in the number of economically inactive people not seeking work for reasons related to running a home and caring for family members, especially among people living in the countryside.

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