scholarly journals Education, Employment, and Income: An Overview of Rural-Urban Gaps in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-661
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Le ◽  
Do Kim Chung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Since the time of Doi Moi, the Vietnamese government has implemented a variety of policies to foster more balanced economic growth and development between rural and urban sectors. Several government policies that have been enacted were in the fields of agricultural reform and rural development. However, uneven development between urban and rural areas still exists. Based on secondary data, this study shows the urban-rural gaps in terms of education, employment, and income. The paper points out that the higher the level of education a person attains, the more considerable the disparities between urban and rural inhabitants can be observed. This fact strongly influences the occupations and incomes of urban as well as rural workers. The recommended policies to reduce the gaps between urban and rural areas include enhancing credit access for rural people, particularly to the poor; improving access to education and job training opportunities for formal sector employment; and entrepreneurial support to start household businesses, which all serve to increase income opportunities for low-income groups in the rural sector.

scholarly journals Urbanisation and asthma in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the urban–rural differences in asthma prevalence

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1020-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Rodriguez ◽  
Elizabeth Brickley ◽  
Laura Rodrigues ◽  
Rebecca Alice Normansell ◽  
Mauricio Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundUrbanisation has been associated with temporal and geographical differences in asthma prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known of the mechanisms by which urbanisation and asthma are associated, perhaps explained by the methodological approaches used to assess the urbanisation-asthma relationship.ObjectiveThis review evaluated how epidemiological studies have assessed the relationship between asthma and urbanisation in LMICs, and explored urban/rural differences in asthma prevalence.MethodsAsthma studies comparing urban/rural areas, comparing cities and examining intraurban variation were assessed for eligibility. Included publications were evaluated for methodological quality and pooled OR were calculated to indicate the risk of asthma in urban over rural areas.ResultsSeventy articles were included in our analysis. Sixty-three compared asthma prevalence between urban and rural areas, five compared asthma prevalence between cities and two examined intraurban variation in asthma prevalence. Urban residence was associated with a higher prevalence of asthma, regardless of asthma definition: current-wheeze OR:1.46 (95% CI:1.22 to 1.74), doctor diagnosis OR:1.89 (95% CI:1.47 to 2.41), wheeze-ever OR:1.44 (95% CI:1.15 to 1.81), self-reported asthma OR:1.77 (95% CI:1.33 to 2.35), asthma questionnaire OR:1.52 (95% CI:1.06 to 2.16) and exercise challenge OR:1.96 (95% CI:1.32 to 2.91).ConclusionsMost evidence for the relationship between urbanisation and asthma in LMICs comes from studies comparing urban and rural areas. These studies tend to show a greater prevalence of asthma in urban compared to rural populations. However, these studies have been unable to identify which specific characteristics of the urbanisation process may be responsible. An approach to understand how different dimensions of urbanisation, using contextual household and individual indicators, is needed for a better understanding of how urbanisation affects asthma.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017064470.

scholarly journals Health Disparities between the Rural and Urban Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8056
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Jianmin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rural Elderly ◽  
Urban Elderly ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: China is becoming an aging society, and the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above is increasing. There is a dualistic urban–rural economic structure between urban and rural areas in China, but there are few comparative health studies on the self-assessed health (SAH) status of the elderly between urban and rural areas. The aim of this study is to explore the SAH status of the elderly in China, and to identify the health disparity between the urban and rural elderly. Methods: The data from the fourth wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2018 were adopted. A total of 9630 participants aged 60 and above were included in this study. SAH was used as the indicator, measuring the health status. Fairlie decomposition analysis was conducted to find the SAH disparity. Results: The proportion of good SAH of the rural elderly (24.01%) was significantly higher than the urban elderly (19.99%). The association of SAH was widely different between the rural and urban elderly. There was a stronger association between SAH and sleeping time in the urban elderly (Odds ratios (OR) = 3.347 of 4–8 hours; OR = 3.337 of above 8 hours) than the rural elderly (OR = 1.630 of 4–8 hours; OR = 2.293 of above 8 hours). Smoking and social activity were significant only in the urban elderly, while region and assets were significant only in the rural elderly. Drinking (11.45%), region (−33.92%), and assets (73.50%) were the main factors contributing to the urban–rural health disparities. Conclusions: This is the first comparative study examining SAH disparity, focusing on the elderly aged 60 and above in China. From the perspective of drinking, region, and assets, our study highlighted substantial urban–rural health disparities, and provided evidence for policy making on narrowing the health gap between urban and rural areas in China.

scholarly journals Risk Factor Analysis of Hypertension Occurrence Based on Urban-Rural Location in Indonesia (IFLS Data Study 5)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 494-502
Author(s):  
Bara Bangun Ningharto ◽  
Ayik Mirayanti Mandagi ◽  
Rochmad Ardiansyah Pratama ◽  
Iswana Zahraa Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines hypertension as a "silent killer" disease because the most of hypertension has not signs or symptoms. Nationally, Indonesia in 2016, the prevalence of hypertension is also higher in urban areas by 31.7% than in rural areas by 30.2%, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing with the increasing of ages. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of hypertension and to determine the most influential factor at risk in the incidence of hypertension based on differences in the location of urban-rural respondents. The research design used in this study was observational analytics based on secondary data from the Indonesia Life Survey 5. The population study is the Indonesian community while the total sample as a whole amounted to 14,824. Conclusion: factors that influence the incidence of hypertension in urban and rural areas are BMI, age, education, marital status and smoking status.

scholarly journals Sarajevo-Romanija Region: A Fluid Space between the Rural and Urban

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Goran Mutabdzija
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social Objective ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

AbstractIn this paper, emphasis is placed on the complexity of rural-urban relations and their reflection on the important socio-geographical processes, from de-agrarian and migration to the creation of new settlements and strengthening nodality individual centres. A clear polarization in urban and rural areas is more difficult due to the lack of adequate statistical indicators or deployment of institutions with different degree of importance, population density and distance from major city, providing sufficiently clear evidence of the degree of urbanity of local communities. This can be best seen in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) which is sparsely populated country with an average of 74 inhabitants/km2. Since there is a clear correlation between this indicator and sustainable development, increasing urbanization rates, which can stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty, is set as the primary social objective. Many developing countries looking for a way better governance of rural-urban relations, as one of the elements of inclusive growth, as a crucial element in the development of any society through innovation (industry) and harmonious territorial relations (urban-rural). Since BiH has a negative historical heritage but also unfavourable indicators of the degree of urbanization (40%), macroeconomic stability (29% of the GDP of the EU average) and the degree of innovation (44% compared to Switzerland) it is clear that should be analyzed and rural-urban relations as one of the signposts along the way of creating a better and healthier society.

scholarly journals Informal Sector and the Economy in Sri Lanka: A Survey of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Senanayake S. M. P. ◽  
Wimalaratana W. ◽  
Premaratne S. P.
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Vertical Linkages ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

It is customary to include all economic activities that are not officially regulated as informal sector activities. The usual definitions used to distinguish the informal sector from the formal one appear to be problematic or fussy at their edges. This dichotomy is not mutually exclusive as often thought but is in fact interdependent in many respects. It is also argued that informal enterprises often move upwards in a hierarchy of organizational forms and finally end up as formal sector units through vertical linkages. The informal sector provides jobs for very vulnerable low-income groups in rural and urban sectors while contributing to the GDP immensely in developing countries. This paper critically examines the nature of the informal sector in Sri Lanka and studies the links between the informal sector and its economy. The analysis entirely employs secondary data and information. The findings of the study demonstrate that the domestic (traditional) agriculture and related activities in Sri Lanka are dominated by the informal sector, which in turn is further strengthened by underworld activities. The fear of tax burden, bribes, bureaucratic bungling, archaic rules and regulations, and lack of dividends in formal activities drive many people from the formal sector to the informal one. The informal sector provides jobs and reduces unemployment and underemployment, but in many cases the jobs are low paying and job security is poor. It bolsters entrepreneurial activities, but at the detriment of state regulations’ compliance, particularly regarding tax and labor regulations.

More similarities than differences: poverty and social exclusion in rural and urban locations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Bailey ◽  
Maria Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Places ◽  
Main Message ◽  
Different Levels

Urban and rural locations may have different levels of poverty or social exclusion but also different combinations of problems or forms of exclusion. Understanding these differences is important both for the allocation of resources but also for the development of appropriate policies or interventions. Overall, this chapter argues that the similarities between urban and rural areas are greater than the differences. There are substantial levels of poverty in urban and rural locations although most measures show higher levels in more urban locations. There are notable differences between measures, however, with low income measures inflating estimates of poverty in more rural locations compared with other measures, notably those based on deprivation. Contrary to expectations in much of the literature, we do not find strong differences in the forms of exclusion in different areas: some aspects are worse in urban locations (notably neighbourhood problems and subjective well-being), while others are worse in rural places (notably transport and access to services). The experience of poverty is equally shaming in urban and rural locations. The main message for policy is the need to focus on core national policies to tackle poverty and exclusion in rural and urban locations alike.

The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Eldersveld
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Major Change ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Future ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The New Deal

In recent years, party theorists have been much concerned over the validity of the sectional interpretation of American politics. One contention is that sectionalism, if still valid, is being modified, or supplemented, by an urbanrural party alignment which bodes major change for the future. This intuition is of comparatively recent vintage, certainly not a product of the study of political trends before the New Deal, although one writer has attempted to construe a specific earlier election in terms of the tension between urban and rural areas. In the 1920's, however, most analysts decried the urban-rural thesis. Professor Holcombe, writing in 1924, asserted that “whatever may be the cause of the existing partisan alignment in national politics, it is not primarily a conflict between rural and urban interests.” And Stuart Rice concluded in 1928, after specialized studies of voting trends, that “antithetical” facts belie any interpretation of urban-rural election divisions which suggested a clearly defined cleavage.The literature on this subject which has appeared since 1932, however, has persistently suggested a new urban-rural modification of the pattern of presidential politics. In 1933, Professor Holcombe commented on the “radically different … urban politics of the future.”

An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiaodie Yuan ◽  
Xueping Tan ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

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