The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Belgium: the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations and the First Envoys

2021 ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Alla Namazova
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Military Career ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Selection Of

The author analyses the initial period of the history of diplomatic relations between Russia and the Kingdom of Belgium, from 1853 onwards. The essay is based on the study of diplomatic documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The author focuses on Russia’s important role in the international recognition of the independence of Belgium: after the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the former was one of the great powers which guaranteed, through international legal acts, the existence of a young neutral Belgian state. The close dynastic ties between the House of Romanov and the royal family of Belgium, House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, especially between the Romanovs and the first King of the Belgians, Leopold I. The latter took up a military career in the Imperial Russian Army (1812–1815), gained a certain degree of credibility at the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg; the personal correspondence established between the two ruling Houses helped to strengthen Russian-Belgian relations. Official documents of this period demonstrate that Brussels was strategically important as an information centre where information from the nearest European capitals was accumulated. That is why the Russian Foreign Ministry approached the selection of diplomatic personnel for the Russian representation in Brussels with special care, as evidenced by the guidelines of the Foreign Ministry to envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary cited in the article. The author also gives close attention to the life and work of the Belgian envoy in St. Petersburg, Count Camille de Briey, and the first Russian envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary in Brussels in 1853–1869, namely Count Mikhail Khreptovich and Prince Nikolay Orlov, as well as Alexandr Rikhter, who contributed to the development of friendly relations between the two countries.

CIVIL GOVERNOR M.M. OREUS IN THE SERVICE IN THE VYBORG (FINLAND) PROVINCE IN 1799–1804

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
T.V. BOGDANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of the article is to review the activities of the civil governor M.M. Oreus in the service in the Vyborg (Finland) province in 1799–1804. The guarantee of an effective mechanism of admin-istration creation as for over than 200-year period of the Russian Empire existence, as for modern conditions, it was and still is the effectiveness of the government policy on the ground. Based on this key task, the most important condition for its implementation at different stages of the development of the country was the effective selection of personnel for the post of a governor. It was the governor responsible for everything happened in his province, and the government expected him to under-stand the tasks assigned to him and take definite steps to solve them. The urgent management problem in these conditions was the strength of administrative resources capable of retaining their effective power in cases of emerging extraordinary situations, including which, will be discussed in this article. Emergency situations in the border areas occurred regularly and required the ob-servance of certain administrative traditions that influenced the success of the governor's initiatives in state tasks implementation. It will be all the more important to consider the history of the life and activities of one of the governors of the Finland (Vyborg) province, Maxim Maksimovich Oreus, who was at the head of this territory from December 14, 1799 to April 9, 1804.

scholarly journals Russian Historians' Review Of Diplomatic Relations Between The Emirates Of Bukhara And The Russian Empire In Colonial Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Sunnatillo Hamraev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The first research on the history of diplomatic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire began in the XIX century. It is expedient to study how the diplomatic relations between the two countries were studied by Russian historians in the XIX and early XX centuries through historical research. This article discusses the general features of research in this period and the issues that are in their focus.

scholarly journals Construction of the Grand Ducal Residences: The Role of August Persons in Preparation and Realization of Ceremonies under Nicholas I and Alexander II

2020 ◽  
pp. 763-773
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Yefimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Organizational Issues ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article considers one of the aspects of interaction of the august personages with the employees of the Ministry of the Imperial Court during the construction of grand ducal residences. Although there are numerous architects’ biographies, publications on the history of palaces construction, ceremonies in the Russian Empire, Imperial court of the Russian Empire as a phenomenon, many issues are lacking in the historiography. The author examines the role of the Romanov family members in preparation and realization of ceremonies, such as laying of the foundation stones and consecration of palaces, considering these events as a symbolic start and finish of the construction. Reasons behind the chronological framework of the article, which is limited to the epochs of Nicholas I and Alexander II, are specifically stipulated. The author argues that under Nicholas I, when the residences for the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna were being constructed (they proved to be the only ones finished in this period), it was the Emperor who set the date of the ceremonies, while all organizational activities were carried out by the Construction Commission under the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. However, the future owner, when participating in the celebrations, symbolically gifted construction workers on her behalf in addition to the official awards and payments distributed by the employees of the Court Department. The article states that under the next sovereign, Alexander II, the future owners of the residences, the grand dukes, were promoted to the first roles. They made decisions both on the date and time of the ceremonies and on organizational issues, passing their orders to the employees of the Construction Bureau of the Ministry of the Imperial Court. The author notes that with acquisition of their functions of organizers, the august customers also gained financial responsibility that manifested in payment to ceremonies participants and distribution of symbolic gifts.

THE HISTORY OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS IN BUKHARA AND RUSSIA IN THE RESEARCH OF THE 20-50s OF THE XX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Sunnatillo Khamraev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

The study of the history of diplomatic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire is one of the most important issues in the history of Uzbekistan. This article presents an analysis of research on the study of this issue in the early Soviet period, i.e. in the 20-50s of the twentieth century. In addition, the aspects and approaches that have been given great attention by researchers to the diplomatic relations between the two countries are analyzed. The article reveals the goals and interests of both parties in diplomatic relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Russian Empire, highlights all diplomatic missions and embassies of the Bukhara Emirate before it became a protectorate of the Russian Empire, uses archival materials and sources on the subject, approaches to diplomatic relations, it was emphasized that it is advisable to conduct them on the basis of such principles as ideological orientations

scholarly journals "I HAVE EXPERIENCED ALL THE BEAUTIES OF RUSSIAN PRISONS": MOISEI GINZBURG‘S EXILE TO PINEGA

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
V. V. Akimchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Field ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Revolutionary Situation

To date, there are no studies in Russian and foreign historiography that would objectively cover the individual stages of the biography of the Russian and Soviet philosopher, historian and publicist Moisei Isaakovich Gintsburg (Dayan) (1877-1940). A significant body of his scientific heritage remains not involved in the research field, which is represented by developments on the history of the Jews, the study of the archaeological monuments of the Crimea and the issues of museum affairs in the USSR, which actualizes the topic of this study. The article analyzes in detail the initial period of biography M. I. Gintsburg, associated with revolutionary activities in the early twentieth century. Based on the analysis of a new corpus of archival sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, the period of M. I. Gintsburg's stay in exile in the territory of the Arkhangelsk province in 1903-1905 is restored. In synthesis with the documents that we have identified in the collections of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, we were able to characterize the period of his political and revolutionary activity in the ranks of the General Jewish Workers Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Bund). The classification of the obtained data allowed us to restore the ideas about the political views of M. I. Gintsburg in the context of the brewing revolutionary situation in the Russian Empire. The new archival documents discovered and involved in the research field, as well as the description of the processes and phenomena described above, made it possible to supplement and interpret a new body of informative material on the history of key historical processes in the territory of the Russian Empire during the revolutionary upheavals of the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals Material testimonies of the history of diplomatic relations between the Russian Empire and Ethiopia in the St. Petersburg collections

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Gusarova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
External World ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

Relations between Russian Empire and Ethiopia have a long-lasting history. They became much more active in the last quarter of 19th century, when the international situation has changed and became tense. During this period the vast territories of northeastern part of African continent transformed in a kind of scene of international plans realization of World Empires and their colonial interests. Ethiopia managed to avoid colonial occupation of its territories. Consequently, it was again isolated from the external world. Having no support from abroad and being in hard conditions Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II (1889–1913) looked towards the Russian Empire, close to Ethiopia in the matters of the Christian Orthodox faith.

The Russian Ambassador in Turkey A.P. Butenev

2021 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Elena Kudriavtseva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Apollinary Petrovich Butenev was at the head of the Russian embassy in Constantinople from 1830 till 1843. These were the years of the most stable Turkish-Russian relations in the first half of the 19th century. As the envoy to Constantinople, A. Butenev was one of the most significant Russian representatives abroad, while the position in Constantinople was one of the most important postings in the Russian Foreign Ministry service since the city was a kind of international political centre that had a huge impact on the life of the whole of Europe. A. Butenev’s diplomatic endeavours never generated a lot of interest among Russian historians, even though many scholars thoroughly analyzed the period of the Russian-Turkish relations during his service in Constantinople multiple times. The 1830s and 1840s are marked by several important events in foreign policy in which the Russian envoy was directly involved. First of all, А. Butenev played a decisive role in the drafting of the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi that was signed in 1833. The Bosphorus expedition of 1833 was a unique military and political operation of its time, unparalleled in the history of Russian diplomacy. Usually, the success of the expedition is associated with the names of A.F. Orlov and N.N. Muravyov, while the chance to conclude this treaty that was extremely beneficial for Russia belongs to A. Butenev. This is indicated by numerous internal memoranda and reports he sent to St. Petersburg. With his experience in diplomatic affairs, political weight in the international circles, and the ability to make independent decisions, Apollinary Petrovich Butenev adequately and successfully represented the interests of his homeland in the crucial period when the Russian Empire formulated and implemented its concept of the Eastern policy.

scholarly journals Formation of the System of General Courts of the Russian Empire: St. Petersburg Judicial District during the Formation and Reorganization of 1865-1878

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (91) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
A. A. Sapunkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
District Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Selection Of

The article considers the history of the formation of the system of General courts of the post-reform St. Petersburg judicial district on the territory of three provinces of the Russian Empire: St. Petersburg, Novgorod and Pskov. The system of formation of General district courts (judicial chamber, 6 district courts) and subsequent reorganization of the district structure was studied. In 1878 was disbanded on 2 County court (Ustyinsky bilozers'kyi) and simultaneously open the Cherepovets district court, were reallocated border jurisdiction within the County and transferred part of the territory in the jurisdiction of the Moscow judicial district. System interaction in the opening of "new ships" with the re-formation of the bodies of the Imperial law to the court (prosecutors and judicial investigators) or the judiciary (bailiffs, lawyers, notaries). Little-studied issues are pointed out: mergers and disbanding of pre-reform courts, unrealized plans to open judicial bodies: 1) selection of buildings for the district courts in St. Petersburg province in the cities Luga, Peterhof, Gdov, Yamburg and New Ladoga; 2) the comments of the Minister of justice against plans by the placing district courts in the province of Novgorod in the cities of Cherepovets and Somyn; 3) unrealized remarks by the interior Minister with a proposal to include the Tikhvin uyezd, Novgorod province to the jurisdiction of the St. Petersburg district court, and Gdov County of St. Petersburg province to the jurisdiction of the Pskov regional court. The legal framework regulating the system of formation of the post-reform St. Petersburg judicial district was studied. We used archival materials that were not introduced into scientific circulation in publications on this topic. The final conclusion is that the collected material makes it possible to develop a systematic understanding of the process of implementing the judicial reform of 1864.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT IN TURKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Mamarazok Tagaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medicine Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the article, after the conquest of the Russian Empire in the province, hospitals were opened for the Russian military and turned them into a hospital. Opened hospitals in Tashkent, Samarkand and Kattakurgan and outpatients for women and men. However,the local population, fearing doctors in uniform, did not want to contact them and turned to healers and paramedics

TERMEZ AS THE FORPOST OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Jalalitdin Mirzaev ◽  
◽  
Abdusalom Khuzhanazarov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article discusses the history of Termez as an outpost of the Russian Empire on the border with Afghanistan

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