scholarly journals Semantic environment of the Noun Child in John Dewey’s Monograph “The Child and the Curriculum”

2020 ◽  
pp. 355-367
Author(s):  
E.I. Vernoslova ◽  
Yu.I. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Roget's Thesaurus

The article dwells upon the semantic environment of the noun child as the most frequently used noun in J. Dewey’s monograph “The Child and the Curriculum”. Distributive analysis and continuous sampling methods applied to the noun “child” highlight lexical units semantically related to the noun “child”. The syntactic functions of the selected lexical units, their semantic classes according to the classification in Roget’s Thesaurus and the intersection areas of semantic classes are studied. The lexical units from the environment of the word “child” are allocated to semantic areas and subject rows. The structure of lexical units from the environment of the noun “child”, their semantic classes, semantic areas and subject rows, as well as the intersection areas of semantic classes are studied depending on the syntactic functions of the noun “child”. The results of the analysis are compared with the pedagogical ideas presented in the monograph under study, which allows making linguistically grounded conclusions concerning the topic of J. Dewey’s monograph. The description of a child in the framework of the monograph under study is analyzed and the nature of the described activity of the child is defined. The study of belonging of lexical units from the environment of the noun ’child’ to semantic classes, thematic rows, and semantic areas of words allows obtaining a collective image of a child and drawing conclusions about the practical application of J. Dewey’s ideas.

Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gökçeada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (6) ◽  
pp. 993-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. TÖLÜ ◽  
F. ALATÜRK ◽  
A. ÖZASLAN PARLAK ◽  
A. GÖKKUŞ
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Nw Turkey ◽  
Sarcopoterium Spinosum ◽  
Goat Farming

SUMMARYExtensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gökçeada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gökçeada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10–15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gökçeada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 2·67 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 0·53 of their time grazing in daylight, 0·30 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 0·17 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 10·6 times/day. The sheep mostly (0·66) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.

scholarly journals Comparison of Single-Point and Continuous Sampling Methods for Estimating Residential Indoor Temperature and Humidity

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Johnston ◽  
Brianna M. Magnusson ◽  
Dennis Eggett ◽  
Scott C. Collingwood ◽  
Scott A. Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

scholarly journals Observing Brief and Irregular Behaviour of Animals⁠ —The Validity of Short Observation Periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9770
Author(s):  
Thore Wilder ◽  
Joachim Krieter ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
Kathrin Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Efficient Sampling ◽  
Biting Behaviour ◽  
Observation Period

There are efficient sampling methods to accurately estimate behaviour with a moderate or long duration. For short behaviour, observing animals continuously is recommended although there is no recommended minimum observation time. In most studies, sampling method and observation time per day is determined by practical considerations. Thus, this study analysed the validity of behavioural observations in different observation periods using continuous sampling (CS) or time sampling (TS) based on biting behaviour. Tail-biting and ear-biting of weaned piglets in six pens were continuously observed for 12 h per day for 4 days to form a reference. Shorter observation periods of CS and TS were simulated by taking subsets of this reference. The amount of behaviour per hour of each observation period was compared to the reference and to other observation period of the same kind and length. Four different measurements were defined to calculate accuracy scores (AS; 0–1; higher values are better). Comparison to the reference shows better AS for observation periods with longer observation time in total (0.5 h of CS: 0.2; 6 h of CS: 0.6). Additionally, TS covers longer time periods without decreasing AS. However, focus on activity time results in an overestimation of irregular behaviour. Comparing AS among observation periods of the same kind and length show overall low agreement. This study indicated problems of different observation periods of CS and TS to accurately estimate behaviour. Therefore, validity of behavioural observations should be analysed in greater detail to determine optimal sampling methods.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Microbiological Monitoring Results from Three Types of Sampling Methods after Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Su Ma ◽  
Lili Feng ◽  
Ziyi Jiang ◽  
Xian Gao ◽  
Xisha Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Microbiological Monitoring ◽  
Biopsy Channel ◽  
Intermittent Sampling ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Monitoring Quality ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscope

Objective. Compare the effects of three sampling methods on the microbiological monitoring results after reprocessing of gastrointestinal endoscopes, providing scientific basis for improving the monitoring quality of gastrointestinal endoscope cleaning and disinfection. Method. Gastrointestinal endoscopes after reprocessing were selected randomly at the gastrointestinal endoscopy center of a tertiary hospital in Shanghai from October 2018 to February 2019. The endoscopes selected were all sampled in three different methods under continuous sampling and intermittent sampling respectively. Methods used includes, the biopsy channel group (Group A), the entire channel group (Group B), and the disc brush group (Group C). Then the colony forming units (CFU/piece) were counted in the laboratory. Results. A total of 12 endoscopes were sampled by using continuous sampling approach, in which the detection rate of bacteria in disc brush group (33.3%) and entire channel group (33.3%) was higher than biopsy channel group (8.3%). Among the 12 endoscopes sampled with intermittent approach, the detection rate of bacteria from high to low was the disc brush group (50%), the entire channel group (41.7%), and the biopsy channel group (8.3%). Conclusion. Different sampling methods will lead to the difference of microbiological culture results after reprocessing of gastrointestinal endoscope, indicating that the improved sampling method is beneficial to objectively reflect the endoscope cleaning and disinfection effect, and improve the monitoring quality of endoscope disinfection.

BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING IN THE FIELD: CONTINUOUS FOCAL VERSUS FOCAL INTERVAL SAMPLING

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Rose
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Foraging Success ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Basic Activity ◽  
Sampling Regime ◽  
Interval Sampling ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractI compared data collection rates for continuous and interval focal samples during a two-year, single-observer field study of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. I also compared the basic activity budgets generated by the two sampling methods, estimates of numbers in proximity, and rates at which additional ad libitum observations could be recorded. I collected 1238 hours of focal data (620 hr continuous, 618 hr interval). I found focal interval sampling to be 25% more time efficient, despite higher rate of sample loss, partly because interval samples are easier to obtain in difficult conditions. I found no evidence that interval sampling provided better opportunities for ad libitum observation than continuous sampling. Overall, the two methods yielded similar estimates of activity budgets. However, continuous sampling resulted in somewhat higher estimates of time spent eating, while interval data gave somewhat lower estimates of time spent foraging (looking for or handling food items) and moving, resulting in lower estimates of foraging success. Interval sampling also yielded slightly lower estimates of time spent vigilant. I attribute these patterns to two major effects: (1) errors of omission (missing rare behaviors of short duration) during interval samples and (2) a greater tendency toward conditional sampling bias (under-representing behaviors due to difficult sampling conditions such as rapid travel) under a continuous sampling regime.

scholarly journals Artificial Termite-Fishing Tasks as Enrichment for Sanctuary-Housed Chimpanzees: Behavioral Effects and Impact on Welfare

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2941
Author(s):  
Maria Padrell ◽  
Federica Amici ◽  
Maria Pau Córdoba ◽  
Albert Giberga ◽  
Antonio Broekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Models ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Solitary Behavior

Artificial termite-fishing tasks are a common enrichment for captive great apes, promoting species-typical behaviors. Nonetheless, whether these activities are linked to changes in other behaviors and whether these changes persist over time has seldom been investigated. We assessed whether the use of an artificial termite-fishing task was linked to changes in the solitary behavior and social dynamics in two groups of sanctuary-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Specifically, we compared chimpanzee behavior during eight enrichment sessions distributed over a two-month period, with similar periods before and after the introduction of the enrichment. Data were collected from combined interval and continuous sampling methods and were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. We found that participation increased across sessions and that both enrichment and participation predicted an increase in tool use and feeding and a decrease in inactivity, which were all maintained throughout the sessions. Furthermore, participation was positively associated with social proximity, revealing a gathering effect of the task. However, neither enrichment nor participation were linked to changes in abnormal, self-directed, affiliation-related or aggression-related behaviors. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that artificial termite-fishing is a suitable enrichment for captive chimpanzees, maintaining the subjects’ interest and promoting species-typical behaviors, with no negative effects on social activities.

scholarly journals Reflection of the linguistic picture of the world in Udmurt phraseology (on the material of the “Celestial sphere” theme group)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Kondratieva ◽  
Tatiana A. Krasnova
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
National Character ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Cognitive Aspect ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Key Word ◽  
The World ◽  
Celestial Sphere

Introduction. Тhe phraseological fund of any language reflects specific features of the cultural and national view of the world, and each phraseological unit contributes to the formation of a common linguistic picture of the world. The influence of this source gives the language a vivid national character. The focus of this article is on all types of phraseological units (from idioms to proverbs and sayings) containing the lexemes belonging to the thematic group «Heavenly sphere (including the air sphere)» as a key word and having parallels in the folklore tradition of the Udmurt people. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of the materials from the lexicographic work “Expressive means of the Udmurt language” (1996) as well as phraseological units from the book “Aid in recording Udmurt phraseology” (2003) by G. N. Lesnikova and proverbs from the anthology “Ingur: anthology of Udmurt folklore” (2004). The research is carried out through the complex of methods, such as the descriptive and continuous sampling methods as well as the technique of situational and contextual analysis, which allows to consider the situationally determined connections of paroemia and paroemiac expressions. The use of these methods makes it possible to reveal the correlation between the language as a system and the cognitive aspect of the language material under study. Results and Discussion. It was revealed that for the system of the Udmurt language as the basic units of the group under study, we can distinguish static in ‘sky’, where everything has its place and order, and dynamic töl ‘wind’, which characterizes a force, a very strong flow, having both creative and destructive power. A set of key phraseological units with the components shundi ‘sun’, tolez’ ‘moon’, gudiri ‘thunder’, pilem ‘cloud’, kiz’ili ‘star’ also allows to identify the national specifics and worldview of the Udmurt people. Conclusion. The broadest range of meanings is represented by the lexeme “tol” meaning ‘wind’. Among the considered phraseological units, the lexeme gudyri ‘thunder’ has the minimum distributive load, which, apparently, can be explained by the specifics of the natural phenomenon itself. In some cases, the semantic load of the studied units has direct parallels with the images and motives presented in certain genres of Udmurt folklore. The peculiarity of the representation of these phraseological units is based on the figurative meanings of words.

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION AND CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT OF OTANTHROPONYMIC GODONYMS AND AGORONYMS IN STOCKHOLM

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
ULYANA P. PRIRODINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Method ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
The People ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Aspect ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
The City

This article is devoted to the consideration of otanthroponymic godonyms and agoronyms of Stockholm, containing the components-gata , -gränd , -väg , -torg , - plan , -backe taking into account semantics and cultural content. In the linguistic aspect, the definition of semantic classes, which are formed under the influence of extralinguistic factors, the identification of the cultural and historical specifics of geographical names is necessary for the formation of a general idea of the Swedish toponymic system and the disclosure of its distinctive characteristics. The sociocultural relevance of the work is due to the interest in the problem of studying toponyms as specific signs - carriers of information of an ethnocultural nature, alowing to reveal the peculiarities of the mentality of the people. The choice of material for the practical part of the work is motivated by the important role of urban objects in the life of society. The city, being the center of the nationʼ s life, reflects its cultural and ethnic characteristics. Active economic and international relations, intercultural communication are carried out through the city. The analysis of urban objects allows us to conclude that the Swedes strive to emphasize their identity, individuality, connection with the mythological past. The material for analysis was selected by continuous sampling from a modern detailed map of the city and written sources. The study uses general scientific and linguistic methods capable of interpreting diverse factual material: observation, description. In necessary cases, the comparison method and elements of etymological analysis are connected to the study of the material.

scholarly journals PRIMARY TAXIS: PROTOTYPES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
IRINA V. ARKHIPOVA ◽  
◽  
SVETLANA V. SHUSTOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Modern Fiction

The article considers the issues of prototypical semantics actualization of the primary taxis in statements with prepositional deverbatives. The focus is made on statements with prepositional deverbatives with taxis-forming prepositions während, seit, vor, nach, bis, in, bei, mit in the temporal meaning. Such statements, related to the sphere of primary (chronological, logically unconditioned) taxis, are characterized by taxis-chronological meanings of simultaneity and non-simultaneity without accompanying adverbial elements of logical conditioning (mode of action, purpose, concession, condition, cause, following, etc.). Modern fiction and non-fiction excerpts taken from German corpora served as the material for the study. Continuous sampling methods was used to select 1500 tokens containing the prepositions that were further analyzed using onomato-semasiological approach. The obtained results enabled to draw several conclusions. First, in sentences with the temporal preposition während and the heterogeneous taxis prepositions in, bei, mit in the temporal meaning, the primary taxis categorical situations of simultaneity are actualized...

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