scholarly journals Assessing Glacier Mass Budgets by Reconnaissance Aerial Photography

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (33) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LaChapelle
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Qualitative Interpretation ◽  
Snow Line ◽  
Kinematic Waves

AbstractGlacier reconnaissance in North America depends largely on aerial photography. Qualitative interpretation of such photography presently yields information on extent and yearly variations of existing glaciers, vigor of their activity, formation of kinematic waves, snow-line altitudes, residual annual snow accumulation, and recent climatic changes. Methods are proposed whereby such data can be combined with limited ground observations to obtain quantitative mass budget data.

scholarly journals Assessing Glacier Mass Budgets by Reconnaissance Aerial Photography

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (33) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LaChapelle
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Qualitative Interpretation ◽  
Snow Line ◽  
Kinematic Waves

AbstractGlacier reconnaissance in North America depends largely on aerial photography. Qualitative interpretation of such photography presently yields information on extent and yearly variations of existing glaciers, vigor of their activity, formation of kinematic waves, snow-line altitudes, residual annual snow accumulation, and recent climatic changes. Methods are proposed whereby such data can be combined with limited ground observations to obtain quantitative mass budget data.

SOME GLACIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF REMAPPING PROGRAMS ON SOUTH CASCADE, NISQUALLY, AND KLAWATTI GLACIERS, WASHINGTON

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Kinematic Waves ◽  
Meso Scale

Remapping programs on glaciers are undertaken to determine changes in ice thickness and volume, which supposedly reflect glacier response to changing climate. However, thickness changes, derived photogrammetrically, cannot be used to determine ablation or other specific mass budget quantities, or response characteristics, without concurrent measurements made on. the glacier surface, The varied nature of the difficulty is illustrated by the following examples: (1) data front South Cascade Glacier demonstrate that the rate of change of thickness is the vectorial combination of emergence velocity, specific net budget rate, and (in the accumulation area only) a compaction velocity; (2) limitations on the use of photogrammetric data to detect and interpret kinematic waves are illustrated by results from Nisqually Glacier; (3) changes in two lobes of Klawatti Glacier show that climatic changes cannot be extrapolated from single-glacier maps because of meso-scale meteorological complications.

scholarly journals Contemporary changes in the area of glaciers in the western part of the Nordenskjold Land (Svalbard)

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Chernov ◽  
A. Ya. Muraviev
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Snow Line ◽  
Area Te ◽  
Mountain Glaciation

Climate warming in Svalbard, starting in the 1920s, caused a signifcant reduction in the mountain glaciation of the Nordenskjold Land. Te most extensive changes took place in the Western part of this territory due to the influence of the warm Spitsbergen current creating here the high temperature background. In addition, due to elevation of the level of the climatic snow line, many glaciers have actually lost the area of accumulation. From 1936 to 2017, the area of glaciers in the Western part of this region decreased by 169.5 km2 or 49.5%. Large valley glaciers and numerous small glaciers have lost the greatest area. Te relative losses of the area of glaciers were revealed to be proportional to sizes of them. In average over the past 80 years, glaciers with areas smaller 0.5 km² reduced by 76%, while big glaciers with areas larger 5 km2 – by only 34%. At present, there are 152 glaciers with a total area of 172.73±9.31 km2 in the Western territory of the Land of Nordenskjold (West of the Bolterdalen valley). According to the aerial photography of 2008–2009, the total area of glaciation of the Land of Nordenskjold covers 428 km2. High present-day rates of the retreating of local glaciers are apparently caused by extreme thinning of glacial tongues. At the same time, shrinking of glaciers located in the West of the Peninsula turned out to be more intensive than that of glaciers in its center. Although the Eastern territories receive less precipitation than glaciers near the coast of the Greenland Sea, the Eastern glaciers were found to be more resistant to reduction due to higher locations of them.

scholarly journals World status of wild Rangifer tarandus populations

Rangifer ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mark Williams ◽  
Douglas C. Heard
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
World Population ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
The World ◽  
Strip Transect

We recognized 184 herds of wild Rangifer tarandus, 102 in North America, 55 in Europe, 24 in Asia and 3 on South Georgia. Seventy-five percent of the world population of 3.3 to 3.9 million animals occurred in nine herds. All seven herds larger than 120 000 animals were censused by some means of aerial photography and all were increasing. Herds between 20 000 and 120 000 were most often censused using aerial strip transect methods, while total counts were usually employed to census smaller herds. The most pronounced changes in Rangifer herd status between 1979 and 1985 occurred in North America where population "estimates for five herds increased by a total of about one million animals. Part of this increase is attributable to a change from visual to photographic surveys. Eighty-three percent of North American, 88% of European, and 68% of Asian herds were stable or increasing.

Time Scale and Ice Accumulation During the Last 125,000 Years as Indicated by the Greenland 018 curve

1972 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mörner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Ice Accumulation

SummaryThe 18 curve from the 1390 m long ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, shows climatic changes that are easily correlated with known glacial and non-glacial events of North America and north Europe and are thus indirectly dated. With a known chronology, the glacial dynamic changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet can be calculated for the last 125,000 years. It is concluded that the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet have changed drastically during this period and that these changes are directly related to major changes of climate and extension of the Wisconsin and Weichselian glaciations. Logarithmic time scales earlier applied to this curve must therefore be incorrect.

Climatic changes in western North America, 1950-2005

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (15) ◽  
pp. 2283-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan L. J. Booth ◽  
James M. Byrne ◽  
Dan L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Western North America

scholarly journals Sensitivity of chemical species to climatic changes in the last 45 kyr as revealed by high-resolution Dome C (East Antarctica) ice-core analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Udisti ◽  
Silvia Becagli ◽  
Silvia Benassai ◽  
Martine De Angelis ◽  
Margareta E. Hansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Last Deglaciation ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Chemical Profiles

AbstractTo assess the cause/effect relationship between climatic and environmental changes, we report high-resolution chemical profiles of the Dome C ice core (788m, 45 kyr), drilled in the framework of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Snow-concentration and depositional-flux changes during the last deglaciation were compared with climatic changes, derived by δD profile. Concentration and temperature profiles showed an anticorrelation, driven by changes in source intensity and transport efficiency of the atmospheric aerosol and by snow accumulation-rate variations. The flux calculation allowed correction for accumulation rate. While sulphate and ammonium fluxes are quite constant, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ underwent the greatest changes, showing fluxes respectively about two, three and six times lower in the Holocene than in the Last Glacial Maximum. Chloride, nitrate and methanesulphonic acid (MSA) also exhibited large changes, but their persistence depends on depositional and post-depositional effects. The comparison between concentrations and δD profiles revealed leads and lags between chemical and temperature trends: Ca2+ and nitrate preceded by about 300 years the δD increase at the deglaciation onset, while MSA showed a 400 year delay. Generally, all components reached low Holocene values in the first deglaciation step (18.0–14.0 kyr BP), but Na+, Mg2+ and nitrate show changes during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (14.0– 12.5 kyr BP).

scholarly journals Distribution of seasonal snow cover in central and western Himalaya

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (54) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil V. Kulkarni ◽  
B.P. Rathore ◽  
S.K. Singh ◽  
Ajai
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Seasonal Snow ◽  
Snow Line ◽  
Field Sensor ◽  
Normalized Difference Snow Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Seasonal Snow Cover

AbstractIndian rivers originating in the Himalaya depend on seasonal snow-cover melt during crucial summer months. The seasonal snow cover was monitored using Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) and using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) algorithm. The investigation was carried out for a period of 3 years (2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07) between October and June. A total of 28 sub-basins of the Ganga and Indus river basins were monitored at intervals of 5 or 10 days. Approximately 1500 AWiFS scenes were analyzed. A combination of area–altitude distribution and snow map was used to estimate the distribution of snow cover in altitude zones for the individual basins and for the western and central Himalaya. Hypsographic curve and snow-free area was used to estimate monthly snow-line elevation. The lowest snow-line altitude in the winters of 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07 was observed at 2480 ma.s.l. on 25 February 2005. In Ravi basin for the year 2004/05, snow accumulation and ablation were continuous processes throughout the winter. Even in the middle of winter, the snow area was reduced from 90% to 55%. Similar trends were observed for 2005/06 and 2007/08. In Bhaga basin, snowmelt was observed in the early part of the winter, i.e. in December, and no significant melting was observed between January and April.

scholarly journals The Mass Budget of Blue Glacier, Washington

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (41) ◽  
pp. 609-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LaChapelle
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Ablation Zone ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Freezing Level ◽  
Effect Relation

AbstractBlue Glacier has an area of 4.3 km.2, a volume of 0.57 km.3, a mean density of 0.88 g. cm.−3and an altitude range of 1,275 to 2,350 m. above sea-level. It is an active temperate glacier in a strongly maritime climate where the net budget gradient varies from 10 mm. m.−1in the ablation zone to 7 or 8 mm. m.−1in the accumulation zone. There is a very large snow accumulation each winter and a large snow melt each summer which exceeds by several times the ice melt. The annual mass budget is strongly influenced by altitudes of the freezing level during spring and autumn storms, for these determine whether the heavy precipitation falls as rain or snow. Recent glacier variations are quantitatively consistent with climate trends but there is no clear cause-and-effect relation. Since 1958 the glacier has been gaining mass by an average of 0.4 per cent per year.

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