scholarly journals Effects of Grape Wine and Apple Cider Vinegar on Oxidative and Antioxidative Status in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atıf Can Seydim ◽  
Zeynep Banu Guzel-Seydim ◽  
Duygu Kumbul Doguc ◽  
M. Cagrı Savas ◽  
Havva Nilgun Budak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Surface Culture ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
Grape Wine

Background: Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the rates of free radical production and elimination via endogenous antioxidant mechanisms such as antioxidant enzymes; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). Antioxidants widely available in fruits, vegetables, seeds have been possessed a broad spectrum of biological, pharmacological and therapeutic properties against oxidative stress. Consumption of fruits and vegetables are essentials much as their products such as fruit juices, wines and vinegars, which contain significant amount of polyphenolic compounds. Vinegar is produced mainly from different varieties of wine by two fermentation process, ethanol and acetic acid fermentations. Followed by wine production there are mainly two vinegar production methods. One is surface also known as traditional method. The second method is submerging technique involving submerged culture where the oxygenation has been greatly improved (industrial method).Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the effects of grape and apple cider vinegar consumption against oxidative stress in high cholesterol-fed rats.Methods: Fifty-four male, adult Wistar albino rats were included in the study. Rats were divided into six groups of nine. 1 mL of 2.5% cholesterol (at 5pm) and 1 mL of different vinegar samples (at 9 am) were administered daily for 7 weeks by oral gavage. Control-diet group (CNT) received 1mL of normal saline solution concurrently with the experiment groups. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and blood samples were collected. The erythrocyte samples were washed three times in normal saline (0.9%, v/w) and then hemolyzed with 2mL of cold bidistillated water. CAT activity was measured following the method of Aebi. MDA was determined by the double heating method of Draper and Hadley. GSH-Px activity was measured according to the method of Paglia and Valentine [19]. SOD activity was analyzed according to the method of Woolliams et al.[20] Both were analyzed in Beckmann Coulter AU 5800 autoanalyzer by using RANDOX kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd. Ardmore, Crumlin, UK). Vinegars were obtained after the grape and apple vinegar fermentations using surface culture method and industrial submerge methods. Grape and apple juices were immediately inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.02%) for ethanol fermentation for 30 day at 25°C. After the completion of the ethanol fermentation, acetic acid fermentation of wines was initiated with the addition of two-year aged vinegar (1:3 ratio) using surface technique at 25°C and continued for 60 days at 25°C.Vinegars produced by the industrial submerge method for 24 hours at 25°Cwere transported to theDepartment of Food Engineering laboratories from the Carl Kuhne Vinegar Plant located in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Total antioxidant activity of vinegar samples were measured by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethlybenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods.Results: Levels of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD in CHCNT group were significantly decreased while MDA levels were significantly increased when compared to CNT group. Levels of MDA which is the end-product of lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased in the apple cider vinegar administered groups (TAV and IAV) when compared to the CHCNT (P<0.05). MDA levels of grape wine vinegar administered groups were decreased (TGV, IGV), however the difference was not significant. GSH-Px levels were significantly increased in both TGV and TAV groups, which were fed with the vinegars produced by traditional surface methods (P=0.03, P=0.001 respectively) as compared to the CHCNT. GSH-Px levels of rats fed with vinegars produced with industrial submerge methods (IGV, IAV), showed no significant difference when compared to CHCNT group. SOD levels of TGV, IGV, TAV, IAV were significantly increased as compared to CHCNT group (p<0.05). TEAC and ORAC values of vinegar samples (TGV and TAV) produced with surface methods were higher than other samples. ORAC and TEAC values of TAV sample was 5.89 µmol trolox/ml and 5.5 mM, respectively.Conclusions: Present research showed that high cholesterol diet increased lipid peroxidation and consumed the antioxidant enzymes. Although the degree of the effect of vinegars on antioxidant enzyme activity differs, the use of vinegar especially the ones produced by surface culture methods have seem to have favorable effect in vivo. These findings are in concordance with the ORAC and TEAC values of vinegars.Keywords: Oxidative stress, grape vinegar, apple cider vinegar, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT)

Immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes in testis of rams submitted to long-term heat stress

Zygote ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-435
Author(s):  
Thais Rose dos Santos Hamilton ◽  
Gabriela Esteves Duarte ◽  
José Antonio Visintin ◽  
Mayra Elena Ortiz D’Ávila Assumpção
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Testicular Cells

SummaryLong-term heat stress (HS) induced by testicular insulation generates oxidative stress (OS) on the testicular environment; consequently activating antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The aim of this work was to immunolocalize antioxidant enzymes present in different cells within the seminiferous tubule when rams were submitted to HS. Rams were divided into control (n = 6) and treated group (n = 6), comprising rams subjected to testicular insulation for 240 h. After the testicular insulation period, rams were subjected to orchiectomy. Testicular fragments were submitted to immunohistochemistry for staining against SOD, GR and GPx enzymes. We observed immunolocalization of GPx in more cell types of the testis after HS and when compared with other enzymes. In conclusion, GPx is the main antioxidant enzyme identified in testicular cells in an attempt to maintain oxidative balance when HS occurs.

scholarly journals Effect of Cross-Sex Hormonal Replacement on Antioxidant Enzymes in Rat Retroperitoneal Fat Adipocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Pérez-Torres ◽  
Verónica Guarner-Lans ◽  
Alejandra Zúñiga-Muñoz ◽  
Rodrigo Velázquez Espejel ◽  
Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Hormonal Replacement

We report the effect of cross-sex hormonal replacement on antioxidant enzymes from rat retroperitoneal fat adipocytes. Eight rats of each gender were assigned to each of the following groups: control groups were intact female or male (F and M, resp.). Experimental groups were ovariectomized F (OvxF), castrated M (CasM), OvxF plus testosterone (OvxF + T), and CasM plus estradiol (CasM + E2) groups. After sacrifice, retroperitoneal fat was dissected and processed for histology. Adipocytes were isolated and the following enzymatic activities were determined: Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR). Also, glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured. In OvxF, retroperitoneal fat increased and adipocytes were enlarged, while in CasM rats a decrease in retroperitoneal fat and small adipocytes are observed. The cross-sex hormonal replacement in F rats was associated with larger adipocytes and a further decreased activity of Cu-Zn SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR, and GSH, in addition to an increase in LPO. CasM + E2exhibited the opposite effects showing further activation antioxidant enzymes and decreases in LPO. In conclusion, E2deficiency favors an increase in retroperitoneal fat and large adipocytes. Cross-sex hormonal replacement in F rats aggravates the condition by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Rats After 60 Days of Hypergalactosemia or Hyperglycemia

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Otsyula ◽  
Matthew S. King ◽  
Tonya G. Ketcham ◽  
Ruth A. Sanders ◽  
John B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Glutathione Disulfide ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

Two of the models used in current diabetes research include the hypergalactosemic rat and the hyperglucosemic, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Few studies, however, have examined the concurrence of these two models regarding the effects of elevated hexoses on biomarkers of oxidative stress. This study compared the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase and the concentrations of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and thiobarbituric acid reactants (as a measure of lipid peroxidation) in liver, kidney, and heart of Sprague-Dawley rats after 60 days of either a 50% galactose diet or insulin deficiency caused by streptozotocin injection. Most rats from both models developed bilateral cataracts. Blood glucose and glycosy-lated hemoglobin A1c concentrations were elevated in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Streptozotocin diabetic rats exhibited elevated activities of renal superoxide dismutase, cardiac catalase, and renal and cardiac glutathione peroxidase, as well as elevated hepatic lipid peroxidation. Insulin treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats normalized altered markers. In galactosemic rats, hepatic lipid peroxidation was increased whereas glutathione reductase activity was diminished. Glutathione levels in liver were decreased in diabetic rats but elevated in the galactosemic rats, whereas hepatic glutathione disulfide concentrations were decreased much more in diabetes than in galactosemia. Insulin treatment reversed/prevented all changes caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Lack of concomitance in these data indicate that the 60-day galactose-fed rat is not experiencing the same oxidative stress as the streptozotocin diabetic rat, and that investigators must be cautious drawing conclusions regarding the concurrence of the effects of the two animal models on oxidative stress biomarkers.

scholarly journals The activity of antioxidant enzymes in colorectal adenocarcinoma and corresponding normal mucosa.

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk ◽  
Tomasz Wielkoszyński ◽  
Łukasz Krakowczyk ◽  
Brygida Adamek ◽  
Marzena Zalewska-Ziob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

Oxidative stress is one of several factors which contribute to the development of colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of the study was an assessment of the activity of antioxidant enzymes in tumour and corresponding normal distal mucosa in a group of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Samples of tumour and corresponding normal mucosa were obtained during a resection of colorectal cancer from 47 patients aged between 26 and 82 years. The average distance of corresponding normal distal mucosa from the tumour was 4.49 cm. Activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) were measured in tissue homogenates. The patients were grouped according to the tumour stage (Duke's staging), grading, localization, and size of tumour, as well as age and sex. Statistical analysis was performed. The activity of SOD and GPx was considerably increased, while the activity of GST decreased significantly in tumour as compared with normal mucosa. GR activity in colorectal cancer was evidently higher in tumours of proximal location compared with the distal ones. The distance of corresponding normal distal mucosa from the tumour was analyzed and related to all assayed parameters. A decreased GST activity was observed in corresponding normal mucosa more than 5 cm distant from the tumour in patients with CD Duke's stage. The higher activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in tumour compared to corresponding normal mucosa could indicate higher oxidative stress in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.

scholarly journals Characterization of Oxidative Stress in Various Tissues of Diabetic and Galactose-fed Rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Strother ◽  
Tonya G. Thomas ◽  
Mary Otsyula ◽  
Ruth A. Sanders ◽  
John B. Watkins III
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Hepatic Glutathione ◽  
Reduced And Oxidized Glutathione

Rats fed a galactose-rich diet have been used for several years as a model for diabetes to study, particularly in the eye, the effects of excess blood hexoses. This study sought to determine the utility of galactosemia as a model for oxidative stress in extraocular tissues by examining biomarkers of oxidative stress in galactose-fed rats and experimentally-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: experimental control; streptozotocin-induced diabetic; insulin-treated diabetic; and galactose-fed. The rats were maintained on these regimens for 30 days, at which point the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as levels of lipid peroxidation and reduced and oxidized glutathione were determined in heart, liver, and kidney. This study indicates that while there are some similarities between galactosemic and diabetic rats in these measured indices of oxidative stress (hepatic catalase activity levels and hepatic and renal levels of oxidized glutathione in both diabetic and galactosemic rats were significantly decreased when compared to normal), overall the galactosemic rat model is not closely parallel to the diabetic rat model in extra-ocular tissues. In addition, several effects of diabetes (increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, increased superoxide dismutase activity in kidney and heart, decreased renal and increased cardiac catalase activity) were not mimicked in galactosemic rats, and glutathione concentration in both liver and heart was affected in opposite ways in diabetic rats and galactose- fed rats. Insulin treatment reversed/prevented the activity changes in renal and cardiac superoxide dismutase, renal and cardiac catalase, and hepatic glutathione peroxidase as well as the hepatic changes in lipid peroxidation and reduced and oxidized glutathione, and the increase in cardiac glutathione. Thus, prudence should be exercised in the use of experimentally galactosemic rats as a model for diabetes until the correspondence of the models has been more fully characterized.

scholarly journals Characteristics of lipid peroxidation processes and factors of the antioxidant defense system in chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
O. V. Smirnova ◽  
V. V. Tsukanov ◽  
A. A. Sinyakov ◽  
O. L. Moskalenko ◽  
N. G. Elmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase

Background. The problem of gastric cancer remains unresolved throughout the world, while chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) increases the likelihood of its development by 15 times. In the Russian Federation, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is among the highest, with it prevailing among males. One of the leading mechanisms in molecular pathology of membranes is lipid peroxidation (LPO). The severity of oxidative membrane damage depends on concomitant diseases, contributing to emergence and progression of pathological processes and development of cancer. Currently, the problem of LPO is unsolved in biological systems.The aim of this study was to investigate the state of LPO and antioxidant defense system in CAG and GC. Materials and methods. The parameters were studied in 45 patients with CAG and 50 patients with GC. The control group included 50 practically healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal complaints, who did not have changes in the gastric mucosa according to the fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS) findings.Results. In patients with CAG, an increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase was found in the blood plasma compared with the control group. In patients with CAG, lipid peroxidation was activated, and the malondialdehyde level increased by 3.5 times relative to normal values. At the same time, the body fought against oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. All patients with GC showed pronounced oxidative stress in the blood plasma in the form of a 45-fold increase in malondialdehyde. The activity of the main antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was reduced in GC. Catalase was activated, which indicated pronounced oxidative stress, significant damage to blood vessels, and massive cell death. Glutathione-related enzymes (glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and the antioxidant protein ceruloplasmin were activated, which also indicated significant oxidative stress and severe intoxication in patients with GC.Conclusion. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, an in-depth study of lipid peroxidation and factors of the antioxidant defense system can be used to correct therapy and prevent cancer and can serve as markers of progression and prognosis in gastric cancer. 

scholarly journals Nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation products, and antioxidants in primary fibromyalgia and correlation with disease severity

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Shukla ◽  
Siddharth Kumar Das ◽  
Abbas Ali Mahdi ◽  
Shweta Agarwal ◽  
Sukhanshi Khandpur
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Primary Fibromyalgia

Summary Background Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by altered pain perception with chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain. The relationship between nitric oxide, oxidative stress and the severity of FMS has not been studied. This study evaluated NO levels in plasma, LPO products and antioxidants in Red Cell lysate in patients of FMS and correlated it with disease severity. Methods 105 FMS patients who fulfilled 1990 ACR Criteria and 105 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited over two years from 2013 to 2015. Antioxidative enzyme activity was assessed by the estimation of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Nitric oxide in plasma, MDA marker of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the lysate was donen for estimating oxidative stress. FIQR was used to assess the severity of fibromyalgia. Results The catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly low in patients than controls (p<0.001). Plasma NO levels and LPO were also significantly high (p<0.05). NO and LPO levels showed a significant positive correlation with FIQR (r: 0.57, 0.8 and p: <0.001) whereas a negative correlation was observed between antioxidants (Cat, GR and GPx, but not SOD) and FIQR. Conclusions Low antioxidants and raised LPO in RBC lysate in patients with FM together with high plasma NO correlated with the severity of FMS.

Oxidative stress profile during postpartum period in Surti goats

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvi D. Manat ◽  
Sandhya S. Chaudhary ◽  
Virendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Sanjay B. Patel ◽  
Kuldeep Kumar Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Stress Profile ◽  
Blood Samples

Present study was conducted to investigate postpartum oxidative stress in 20 Surti goats. Blood samples were collected on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th and 45th days postpartum and analysed for Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and uric acid. SOD differed significantly between 0, 14th and 21st day postpartum. GPx was significantly low on 14th day and then increased significantly (P<0.01) up to 45th day. Significant (P<0.01) difference was observed between days except 0 and 21st. LPO increased significantly (P<0.01) from 0 to 14th day and then decreased non-significantly up to 45th day. Reduced glutathione was significantly (P<0.05) higher on 0 day. Uric acid was lowest on 0 day and highest on 45th day however they were non-significantly different on 7th, 14th, 30th and 45th day. It can be summarized that on 14th day post kidding, the values of SOD, GPx and GSH were lowest while LPO was highest. Uric acid was significantly (P<0.01) low on the day of kidding. Thus it may be concluded that in Surti goats the period from 0 day to 14th day postpartum is most stressful and critical care should be taken during this period. GPx, SOD along with LPO and GSH can be used as marker of stress during postpartum period.

Oxidative stress in the testis of hyperglycemic rabbits treated with repaglinide

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-546
Author(s):  
Anna Gumieniczek ◽  
Hanna Hopkała ◽  
Marcin Pruchniak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Protein Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Diabetic Rabbits

AbstractIn the present study, the induction of oxidative stress was examined in the testis of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. In addition, the protective effect of repaglinide, an oral anti-diabetic, at a dose of 1 mg daily was studied after four and eight weeks of the treatment. For these purposes, the levels of superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and protein carbonyl groups (PCG) were quantified. Hyperglycemia resulted in significant increases in the antioxidative enzymes, Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSSG-R after four and eight weeks, respectively. There was also an increase in GSH level, and a decrease in the level of AA. These effects were accompanied by an elevation in testicular LPO levels and PCG levels. Repaglinide was found to normalize the activity of GSSG-R and levels of GSH and AA, and blunted the increased lipid peroxidation, however no decrease in PCG levels were observed. In conclusion, some oxidative changes provoked in the testis of rabbits by hyperglycemia, were found to be reduced with repaglinide treatment at therapeutic dose.

Effects of Yukmi, an Herbal Formula, on the Liver of Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAM) Exposed to Oxidative Stress

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Sang Kim ◽  
Chang Su Na ◽  
Sok Cheon Pak ◽  
Young Gon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Oxidant Damage ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mice

The effects of Yukmi (Decoction of six plants including rehmannia), an herbal formula, were studied on liver oxidant damage induced by paraquat (PQ) administered intravenously in the senescence accelerated mice (SAM-P/8). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase as two major antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels were determined for six days. Data show that the activities of hepatic SODs and catalase were increased by oral administration of Yukmi extracts following PQ pretreatment. Herbal medicine effectively blocked the PQ-induced effects on liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. For the histopathological changes in SAM-P/8 liver, Yukmi extracts inhibited PQ-induced damage to the hepatic mitochondria and their membranes. Data suggest that Yukmi extracts may be useful in protecting against oxidative damage.

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