scholarly journals BRIEF RESULTS OF WORKS ON THE SITE VAVILINO 1 IN 2020

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (387) ◽  
pp. 319-323
Author(s):  
Т. B. Mamiror ◽  
◽  
S. R. Kuandyk ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Siliceous Rocks ◽  
Neolithic Monuments

he article provides brief information about the results of the field works in 2020 at the stratified Stone Age site in Western Kazakhstan - Vavilino 1. The sites of the Stone Age, with a preserved cultural layer, are very rare for the territory of Kazakhstan, and in particular for the studied region. The works of 2018 and 2019 showed the destruction of the upper cultural layer of the site as a result of anthropogenic impact, the excavation in 2020 was expanded by another 12 sq. m eastward, were obtained more than four hundred stone artifacts, fragments of ceramics and animal bones. The first horizon up to 25 (30) cm thick was saturated with eluvium and gaize; artifacts of yellowish-gray quartzitic sandstone, siliceous raw materials of dark gray and light gray shades, single fragmentary bone remains and ceramics were found in the layer. The main percentage of artifacts in the first horizon is represented from quartzite sandstone - 173 specimens. (94%). The tool kit (39 pieces) is represented by the following items: scrapers on flakes and blades (9 pieces), mainly of end types (7 pieces). Fragments of blades with secondary processing along the edges are representative (14 pieces), or 34% of tools. Highlighted in a set are an burin on straight retouched truncation, reamers on a plates and flakes (3 pieces). A single chisel reshaped from a fragment of a core, notched tools on blades and a technical chip (3 pieces), a massive pebble side-scraper, a tool with a spike, chips with retouch, and fragments of tools (5 pieces). Artifacts from siliceous rocks are few in number - 11 specimens (6%), of which 5 tools, all of them endscrapers. On one, measuring 14.3x16.0x3.9 mm, the left edge was retouched with back retouch. The second horizon, 25 (30) cm to 60 (70) cm thick, includes 238 artifacts, 211 specimens from quartzite sandstone (88.6%) and 27 specimens (11.4%) from siliceous rocks. The technique of primary reduction from quartzite sandstone is represented by a double-sided core for removing short spalls, technical spalls, and ribbed plates. The tool kit (37 pieces) is represented by the following items: two end-scrapers on a plate, one end-scraper on a flake, and one side scraper on a flake; fragments of plates with retouch (8 pieces); an angular cutter, a drill on a fragment of a plate, two cutting tools, the first knife with a natural backing, the second with a serrated blade; scrapers on a flake (2 pieces); a chopping tool, the rest are whole flakes and their fragments with secondary processing. From siliceous rock, 10 tools, three end-scrapers, a round scraper on a flake, a chisel, fragments of plates and flakes with secondary processing along the edges were found. Despite the accident rate of the site and the destruction of most of the cultural layer by anthropogenic impact, the study of the site is of great importance for understanding the cultural processes in the Neolithic-Eneolithic era in the Volga-Ural interfluve. The stratigraphy of the excavation showed that the areas in the east and south are the most destroyed. However, in the southern direction, despite the destroyed upper layer, the thickness of the cultural layer increases to 70 cm, which is of interest for increasing the excavation area in the southern, as well as the western part of the site, which is less affected by economic activity. At the site, a bone fragment was used to obtain the first radiocarbon date 7483 ± 23 BP (Hela-4507) (cal 6355- 6335 BC), which indicates the early Neolithic age of the object. Work on Vavilino 1 has just begun, a small stone and ceramic inventory has been obtained, which has similar features to the Neolithic monuments of the Steppe Volga region (Algai, Irrigated 1), the date obtained includes this monument in the circle of the Early Neolithic monuments of the Steppe Volga region, however, additional dating is required and obtaining more massive material, which can solve to some extent the issues of the origin and cultural features of the Early Neolithic in the Volga-Ural interfluve. The article was prepared with the financial support of the KN MES RK (IRN of the project AR05134087 "Stone Age of the North-Eastern Caspian Region").

scholarly journals HOARDS OF THE STONE AGE AS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Yu. B. Serikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials

Hoards are a rare and informative type of archaeological sources. Different definitions of hoards are given in dictionaries and in special literature: “hoards-treasures”, “hoards of the caster”, “trading hoards”, “household hoards”, “cult hoards”, “sacrificial hoards”, “votive hoards”, “ceremonial-votive hoards”, “hoards-offerings”, “production hoards”, “hoards of raw materials”, “hoards of the master”, “hoards-satchel sets”, etc. Hoards are often found by accident and usually not by archaeologists. At the same time, the hoard is not always passed to specialists in full. A finder of the hoard can remove one or more items from it or, on the contrary, add items lying nearby to the hoard. All these factors reduce the degree of information content of hoards found by random people. The location of the hoard in relation to the relief and borders of the archaeological site is not always fixed. Also, the mineral raw materials of products from the hoard are not always described. Some researchers do not provide images of all the finds from the hoard in their publications and do not indicate the metric indicators of the items in the hoard. Quite often, any accumulation of finds on the site is considered as a hoard without additional arguments. But the accumulation of objects in the cultural layer of sites may be not a hoard, but a production set at a home workshop. It is proposed to refer to the actual hoards, first of all, the hoards found outside the cultural layer of settlements (sites). Hoards are also tightly packed products, which indicates that they were in some kind of container. Accumulations of products buried in a hole and covered with a stone or slab can also be called hoards. In other cases of the accumulation of items interpreted by the author as a hoard, the word “hoard” must be taken in quotation marks. Failure to comply with special requirements for the study and publication of hoards reduces the information capacity of hoards as archaeological sources.

scholarly journals Mesolithic monument Novaya Kazanka 1 in the Northern Caspian region (materials of 2005)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Olga Anatoljevna Artukhova ◽  
Talgat Basarbaevich Mamirov ◽  
Yerlan Yersainovich Klyshev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Siliceous Rock ◽  
Western Shore

This paper provides information about exploring of the Stone Age at the site Novaya Kazanka 1 in sand dunes on the western shore of Lake Soraidyn by employees of Institute of Archeology named after A.Kh. Margulan. They worked on the monument in 2003 and 2005. 8 accumulations of stone artifacts were allocated on the monument. The pits laid at the site showed the absence of the buried cultural layer. Stone artifacts were made mainly of two types of raw materials - siliceous rock and quartzite sandstone. The typological description of the stone collection of accumulations at the Novaya Kazanka 1 site indicates their chronological diversity ranging from purely Mesolithic complexes to mixed Meso-Neolithic ones. The technique of primary splitting is represented by unit nuclei and fragments of small dimensions. The tools are represented by scrapers, mostly end-plates on fragments of plates, lamellar flakes, plates and fragments of retouched plates, geometric microliths (segments, trapeziums, and triangles) and others. The stone inventory of the accumulations at the Novaya Kazanka 1 site does not contradict the conclusions about the correlation of the monuments near Lake Soraidyn with the monuments of the Istai group of the Seroglazov culture, which is expressed both in raw materials preferences and in the technique of primary splitting, as well as in the collection of stone implements.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION ABOUT TWO CULTURAL-CHRONOLOGICAL GROUPS OF FLINT INVENTORY OF THE KRASNY GORODOK SITE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
K.M. Andreev ◽  
◽  
K.I. Borodulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
Late Mesolithic ◽  
Stable Shape

The Krasny Gorodok site, explored in the late 1980s, has long attracted the attention of specialists in the Neolithic. There archaeologists discovered a small but very interesting collection of ceramics. At the same time, the flint complex of the site raised several questions even at the stage of primary comprehension of the material, and researchers made assumptions about the presence of two cultural-chronological groups of flint materials in the complex of the site. In connection with the expansion of the source base on the Early Neolithic and Mesolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region, as well as the acquisition of a significant array of natural science data, it became necessary to verify the conclusions drawn by more than a quarter of a century ago. In particular, the question of the homogeneity of the flint collection of the site and the possibility of identifying an early admixture remains relevant. During the reanalysis of the flint collection of the Krasny Gorodok site, about 600 units of stone artifacts were examined. This complex was divided into two groups depending on the color and quality characteristics of the flint. The first group is represented by artifacts made of high-quality flint of gray color and its various shades. The second group includes artifacts made of low-grade colored flint, mainly brown and of various shades of brown, without a stable shape. The first group is characterized by a large orientation towards obtaining plates of a regular shape and their relatively high specific gravity (23%). In addition, this type of raw material was used to make all the angular cutters on the plates found at the site and, in general, most of the tools were made from plate blanks. The collection of tools made of colored flint is less indicative, however, one can state a lesser orientation towards obtaining plates from this type of raw material and, predominantly, their irregular shape, while few tools were made on flakes and chips. In our opinion, the marked differences between the first and second groups of stone products from the site are of a cultural and chronological nature. The first group of flint, in terms of raw materials, shape and technique of making tools and applying retouching on them, can be attributed to the era of the late Mesolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region. The second group, in terms of the nature of the raw materials and the morphology of tools, belongs to the Early Neolithic.

scholarly journals Absolute chronology of ceramics of the Lugovskoy type

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Andreev ◽  
Alexander Alekseevich Vybornov ◽  
Marianna Alekseevna Kulkova ◽  
Dmitriy Yurievich Khramov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Existence Time

The ceramics of the Lugovskoy type is represented by small straight-walled, weakly profiled or rounded canals with a flat or flat-concave bottom. The surface of the vessels is carefully smoothed, the external one is clogged. The fragments of ceramics have a visually dense molding material; the original plastic raw materials are silty clay, which sometimes contain an admixture of sand, shell or organic matter. The bulk of the vessels are ornamented only with horizontal bands of pits or pearls, sometimes along the neck of the vessels. The formation of the Lugovskoy type is associated with the interaction of the Elshanskaya and Lower Volga populations, while the Elshanskaya component was dominant. The existence of the Lugovskoy type dishes belongs to the end of the early Neolithic period of the forest-steppe Volga region and characterizes the second stage of the development of the Elshanskaya culture. The problem of the absolute chronology of the Lugovskoy ceramics hasnt been studied yet. As a rule, the dating obtained for vessels of this type were considered in the context of the general chronology of the Elshanskaya culture and did not receive an appropriate interpretation in special works. To fill this gap is the main task of this paper. During the analysis of a representative series of radiocarbon determinations, it was established that the existence time of the dishes of the Lugovskoy type can be determined within the end of the first - second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. At the same time, with an increase in the radiocarbon date bank, the expansion of the chronological framework for the development of the final stage of the early Neolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Geeta Pokhrel ◽  
Yousoo Han ◽  
Douglas J. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

scholarly journals THE VARIANT OF THE TRANSITIONTO THE ENEOLITHIC IN THE LOWER VOLGAREGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Выборнов ◽  
Н.C. Дога ◽  
М.А. Кулькова
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga

Территория Нижнего Поволжья имеет важное значение для изучения культурогенеза. Особенно это касается переходных периодов. Исследователи относят прикаспийскую культуру к позднему неолиту или раннему энеолиту. Сравнение количества памятников, мощности слоев, жилищ, числа находок на стоянках не свидетельствует в пользу их увеличения по сравнению с поздненеолитическими. Ни появившиеся признаки (воротничок, гребенчатый штамп, сырье для изготовления орудий и др.), ни даже наличие элементов производящего хозяйства у носителей прикаспийской культуры не служат периодизационным критерием. Ведущим признаком перехода от неолита к энеолиту должны быть изменения в технологии изготовления орудий труда. Это прослеживается в появлении техники усиленного отжима. Учитывая отсутствие признаков металлообработки, прикаспийскую культуру следует относить к переходу от неолита к энеолиту. The area of the Lower Volga region is crucial for the studies of culturogenesis, especially, the transition periods. Scholars refer the Caspian culture to the Late Neolithic or the Early Eneolithic. The comparison of these two periods demonstrates that in the Early Eneolithic the number of sites, thickness of layers, dwellings, number of finds at the sites did not increase. There are a number of attributes (a collared rim, combed stamp, raw materials for manufacturing tools, etc.), but they are not technology-based. Presence of elements of producing economy in the area inhabited by representatives of the Caspian culture population is not used as a periodization criterion. Changes in the technology of manufacturing tools and implements must be used as the main evidence of the transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic. This transition manifests itself in the emergence of high pressure technology. Considering a lack of metalworking evidence, the Caspian culture should be referred to the period of transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic.

scholarly journals The site Vavilino 1 on the right bank of the Derkul River in Western Kazakhstan (materials of 2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Talgat Basarbaevich Mamirov
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bone Remains ◽  
Excavation Area

The paper is devoted to preliminary data from a study of the Vavilino 1 site in Western Kazakhstan. The monument was first opened by N.M. Malov in 1986, later he picked artifacts from the surface in 1988. In 1991 N.L. Morgunova carried out excavations on the site, which showed the importance of this monument study to understand the Neolithic Volga-Ural interfluve. The monument is located on the right bank of the Derkul River and is currently classified as an emergency. In 2018, employees of the Institute of Archeology named after A.Kh. Margulan in the framework of the Stone Age study in Western Kazakhstan started to work on the monuments of Yeshkitau, Derkul 1 and Vavilino 1. At the Vavilino 1 site a small excavation area - 16 square meters was made, more than a thousand stone artifacts were received; fragments of ceramics and bone remains of animals were poorly diagnosed. Excavations have shown the presence of a 15-20 cm thick cultural layer belonging to the Neolithic time. The upper layer of the monument with a capacity of up to 30 cm was destroyed by anthropogenic activities in the past century. The material from the cultural layer is not numerous; tip scrapers, fragments of plates with retouching, geometrical microliths, prismatic nucleus for plates, etc. are typologically distinguished.

scholarly journals Materials of the early Neolithic of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka site (point 222) on the Upper Don

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229
Author(s):  
Roman Viktorovich Smolyaninov ◽  
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kulichkov ◽  
Elizaveta Sergeevna Yurkina
Keyword(s):  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mixed Complex ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Left Tributary ◽  
Clay Ceramics ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Neolithic Cultures

This paper analyzes materials located in the floodplain of the Matyra River (left tributary of the Voronezh River) of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka (point 222) in the Gryazinsky District of the Lipetsk Region. It was investigated in 1963, 1964, 1967 and 1968 by Vsevolod Levenok. The materials of three early Neolithic cultures of VI Millennium BC were revealed here. The materials of the Yelshanskaya culture are represented by corollas and bottoms of 12 vessels. Almost all dishes, except one bottom and several walls, have no ornament, with the exception of one or two rows of conical pit. All ceramics are well smoothed. Ceramics were made from silty clay. The location of materials in the cultural layer confirms the earlier occurrence of the Yelshanskaya culture ceramics. The ceramics of the Karamyshevo culture is represented by fragments from three vessels. The dishes are predominantly decorated with small oval pricks composed in horizontal and vertical rows. Ceramics were made from silty clay. Ceramics of the Srednedonskaya culture are represented by corollas and rounded bottoms of 15 vessels. It is decorated with triangular prick or small comb prints. Ceramics were made from silty clay. At Yarlukovskaya Protoka site 304 stone artifacts were discovered, mainly of flint. This industry could be described as flake-blade technique. The monument is a mixed complex - stratigraphic and planigraphic readable observations of stone inventory location could not be done.

scholarly journals Silicon Metallurgy and Ecology Problems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Yolkin ◽  
A. V. Sivtsov ◽  
D. K. Yolkin ◽  
A. I. Karlina
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Furnace Productivity ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Furnace Gases ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Modern silicon production technology is associated with a risk of negative environmental impact due to the fact that in addition to the final product, other reaction products are formed, including dust, from the incomplete use of charge materials. Gases released during silicon smelting in ore-thermal furnaces are characterized by the content of a large amount of fine dust. Dust consists of 94–96% of silicon dioxide. As a result of the use of sulfur-containing raw materials in furnaces as sulfur reducing agents, sulfur compounds in the form of SO2 are present in the furnace gases entering for purification, and nitrogen oxides are also present. The developed silicon recovery smelting technology reduces the technological energy consumption and increases the furnace productivity in proportion to the amount of carbon replaced by silicon carbide. Replacing carbon with silicon carbide reduces the dust content and the amount of exhaust furnace gases, and changes their composition. Thus, reducing the amount of pollutants reduces their anthropogenic impact on the environment. Keywords: silicon, gas cleaning dust, gas capture system, microsilica

scholarly journals Raw material optimization and stone tool engineering in the Early Stone Age of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (162) ◽  
pp. 20190377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Key ◽  
Tomos Proffitt ◽  
Ignacio de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Olduvai Gorge ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Material Optimization ◽  
Early Stone Age

For more than 1.8 million years hominins at Olduvai Gorge were faced with a choice: whether to use lavas, quartzite or chert to produce stone tools. All are available locally and all are suitable for stone tool production. Using controlled cutting tests and fracture mechanics theory we examine raw material selection decisions throughout Olduvai's Early Stone Age. We quantify the force, work and material deformation required by each stone type when cutting, before using these data to compare edge sharpness and durability. Significant differences are identified, confirming performance to depend on raw material choice. When combined with artefact data, we demonstrate that Early Stone Age hominins optimized raw material choices based on functional performance characteristics. Doing so flexibly: choosing raw materials dependent on their sharpness and durability, alongside a tool's loading potential and anticipated use-life. In this way, we demonstrate that early lithic artefacts at Olduvai Gorge were engineered to be functionally optimized cutting tools.

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