scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION ABOUT TWO CULTURAL-CHRONOLOGICAL GROUPS OF FLINT INVENTORY OF THE KRASNY GORODOK SITE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
K.M. Andreev ◽  
◽  
K.I. Borodulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
Late Mesolithic ◽  
Stable Shape

The Krasny Gorodok site, explored in the late 1980s, has long attracted the attention of specialists in the Neolithic. There archaeologists discovered a small but very interesting collection of ceramics. At the same time, the flint complex of the site raised several questions even at the stage of primary comprehension of the material, and researchers made assumptions about the presence of two cultural-chronological groups of flint materials in the complex of the site. In connection with the expansion of the source base on the Early Neolithic and Mesolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region, as well as the acquisition of a significant array of natural science data, it became necessary to verify the conclusions drawn by more than a quarter of a century ago. In particular, the question of the homogeneity of the flint collection of the site and the possibility of identifying an early admixture remains relevant. During the reanalysis of the flint collection of the Krasny Gorodok site, about 600 units of stone artifacts were examined. This complex was divided into two groups depending on the color and quality characteristics of the flint. The first group is represented by artifacts made of high-quality flint of gray color and its various shades. The second group includes artifacts made of low-grade colored flint, mainly brown and of various shades of brown, without a stable shape. The first group is characterized by a large orientation towards obtaining plates of a regular shape and their relatively high specific gravity (23%). In addition, this type of raw material was used to make all the angular cutters on the plates found at the site and, in general, most of the tools were made from plate blanks. The collection of tools made of colored flint is less indicative, however, one can state a lesser orientation towards obtaining plates from this type of raw material and, predominantly, their irregular shape, while few tools were made on flakes and chips. In our opinion, the marked differences between the first and second groups of stone products from the site are of a cultural and chronological nature. The first group of flint, in terms of raw materials, shape and technique of making tools and applying retouching on them, can be attributed to the era of the late Mesolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region. The second group, in terms of the nature of the raw materials and the morphology of tools, belongs to the Early Neolithic.

scholarly journals Absolute chronology of ceramics of the Lugovskoy type

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Andreev ◽  
Alexander Alekseevich Vybornov ◽  
Marianna Alekseevna Kulkova ◽  
Dmitriy Yurievich Khramov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Existence Time

The ceramics of the Lugovskoy type is represented by small straight-walled, weakly profiled or rounded canals with a flat or flat-concave bottom. The surface of the vessels is carefully smoothed, the external one is clogged. The fragments of ceramics have a visually dense molding material; the original plastic raw materials are silty clay, which sometimes contain an admixture of sand, shell or organic matter. The bulk of the vessels are ornamented only with horizontal bands of pits or pearls, sometimes along the neck of the vessels. The formation of the Lugovskoy type is associated with the interaction of the Elshanskaya and Lower Volga populations, while the Elshanskaya component was dominant. The existence of the Lugovskoy type dishes belongs to the end of the early Neolithic period of the forest-steppe Volga region and characterizes the second stage of the development of the Elshanskaya culture. The problem of the absolute chronology of the Lugovskoy ceramics hasnt been studied yet. As a rule, the dating obtained for vessels of this type were considered in the context of the general chronology of the Elshanskaya culture and did not receive an appropriate interpretation in special works. To fill this gap is the main task of this paper. During the analysis of a representative series of radiocarbon determinations, it was established that the existence time of the dishes of the Lugovskoy type can be determined within the end of the first - second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. At the same time, with an increase in the radiocarbon date bank, the expansion of the chronological framework for the development of the final stage of the early Neolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS IN THE FOREST STEPPE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
В.А. Гущина ◽  
Е.А. Кутихина
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Calendula Officinalis ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
Material Productivity

Регуляторы роста растений являются одной из самых перспективных групп пестицидов, достоинства которых состоят в том, что они безвредны, экологически безопасны и высокоэффективны при низких нормах расхода биологически активных веществ полифункционального действия. Препаратом, обладающим такими свойствами, является Циркон, производимый на основе растительного сырья эхинацеи пурпурной. В связи с этим, целью исследований является установление влияния способов применения Циркона на сырьевую продуктивность календулы лекарственной сорта Кальта в условиях неустойчивого увлажнения лесостепи Среднего Поволжья. На черноземно-луговой почве в 2018-2020 гг. коллекционного участка ФГБОУ ВО Пензенский ГАУ заложен однофакторный опыт по способам использования препарата. Самым засушливым по условиям увлажнения (ГТК – 0,61) был первый год проведения эксперимента, два следующих – характеризовались недостаточным увлажнением. Сбор сырья по годам исследований продолжался 43, 63, 87 дней соответственно. В среднем за три года стимулирование семян и растений Цирконом увеличило количество соцветий на 5…18 шт./растение, причем их максимум наблюдался от сочетания обработок. Наиболее продуктивными 63,3 г были растения, где дважды использовали препарат Циркон. Масса соцветий в контроле составила 48,4 г/растение. От некорневой подкормки она увеличилась на 5,2 г, а от предпосевной обработки семян на 12,1 г. Урожайность сырья, высушенного при температуре 45…50 ºС, находилась в пределах 1,79…2,72 т/га. Двукратное использование Циркона увеличило сырьевую продуктивность на 0,93 т/га. При однократном применении препарата урожайность возросла до 1,94…2,58 т/га. Причем обработка семян перед посевом оказалась более эффективной, чем некорневая подкормка. Plant growth regulators are one of the most promising groups of pesticides, the advantages of which are that they are harmless, environmentally safe and highly effective at low consumption rates of biologically active substances of multifunctional action. The preparation that has such properties is Zircon. It is produced on the basis of plant raw materials of Echinacea purpurea. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to establish the influence of Zircon-using methods on the raw material productivity of Calendula officinalis of the Kalta variety in the conditions of unstable moistening of the Middle Volga region forest-steppe. In 2018-2020, a single-factor experiment on the methods of using the preparation was conducted on the chernozem-meadow soil site of the Penza State Agrarian University. The first year of the experiment was the driest in terms of moisture conditions (HTC – 0.61). The next two years were characterized by insufficient moisture. Gathering raw materials during the years of research lasted 43, 63, 87 days, respectively. Over three research years, the Zircon stimulation of seeds and plants increased the number of inflorescences by 5...18 pcs./plant. It must be noted that their maximum was observed in a combination of treatments. The most productive (63.3 g) were plants where the Zircon preparation was used twice. The inflorescence mass in the control option counted to 48.4 g/plant. With foliar nutrition, it increased by 5.2 g, and with pre-sowing seed treatment – by 12.1 g. The yield of raw materials, dried at a temperature of 45 ... 50°C, counted in the range of 1.79...2.72 t/ha. The double application of Zircon increased the raw material productivity by 0.93 t/ha. With a single preparation application, the yield increased to 1.94...2.58 t/ha. It must be noted that the pre-sowing seed treatment was more effective than foliar fertilization.

scholarly journals LOW- GRADE STRUCTURES OF NOBLE AND NON- FERROUS METALS AND METHODS OF THEIR SELECTIVE SEPARATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Tatyana ALEXANDROVA ◽  
◽  
Anastasia AFANASOVA ◽  
Nadezhda NIKOLAEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Rare Metals ◽  
Flotation Process

There is a worldwide trend of increasing the share of extraction and processing of low-grade minerals, but their extraction and processing volumes are still low. There are several reasons for this: high mining and transportation costs, imperfect techniques and technological difficulties in enrichment and processing of refractory and low-quality minerals. Due to the depletion of reserves of easily beneficiated raw materials and to compensate for the growing shortage of high-quality minerals, the Russian mining industry development strategy provides for the involvement of new and unconventional types of deposits into production. Examples of such deposits are deposits of carbonaceous raw materials (black shale, refractory sulphide carbon-bearing ores, impactites, etc.) containing carbon of varying degrees of metamorphism. On the basis of the most modern mineralogical, physical, nuclear and chemical methods of research of composition, structure and properties of the carbonaceous raw materials at the micro- and nanolevel, the composition of the productive mineral matter, physical, chemical and thermodynamic laws of separation of valuable mineral components and the basic technological processes to obtain the finished product for valorization of the unconventional carbonaceous mineral raw materials were determined with maximum reliability. One of the possible reasons of difficulty of beneficiation of carbonaceous raw materials is the fine phenocrysts in graphite which can be solved by using the flotation process. Contrast of surface properties of minerals with similar technological properties can be increased by application of different energy effects (MEMI, MIO, microwave, electrochemical treatment etc.) at successive stages of raw material transformation, regulation of pulp conditioning conditions (duration and intensity of agitation, heat treatment of pulp) as well as by development and application of selective reagent regimes. The special feature of flotation as a method of extraction of noble and rare metals is the ability to extract valuable metals not only in their native free form, but also in close association with sulphides and carbon. Flotation with the use of intensifying influences made it possible to transfereven low-sized structures of noble and rare metals, which are not extracted by conventional methods of cyanidation, gravitation enrichment and amalgamation, into the concentrate. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the flotation process is preliminary modification of the additive which is introduced in addition to the main reagents of the sinter - “carrier material”.

Synthesis of NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw material

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anar Kareeva ◽  
Uilesbek Besterekov ◽  
Perizat Abdurazova ◽  
Ulzhalgas Nazarbek ◽  
Irina Pochitalkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract The article presents the results of studies of the process of obtaining NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw materials with P2O5 of about 18%. Phosphate raw materials were leached with a mixture of nitric-phosphoric acids with the addition of potassium carbonate, which serves as a source of potassium in the final product. The main parameters determined were the content of the main nutrients P2O5:N:K2O, temperature and time of the leaching process. According to the graphical method, the “apparent” activation energy of the heterogeneous process is found, which is equal to 3.8 kJ/mol indicates the intradiffusion nature of the process. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis were used for a comprehensive study of raw materials and final products.

scholarly journals Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12826
Author(s):  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Iron Sulphides ◽  
The Heat Balance ◽  
Nickel Lead

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

scholarly journals Complexes with Flat-Bottomed Ceramics in the Neolithic from the Don to the Irtysh: A Chronological Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Vadim S. Mosin
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Points Of View

Purpose. The aim of the work is to analyze the chronology of Neolithic complexes containing flat-bottomed ceramics in the European part of Russia and the Ural-Siberian region, as well as an attempt to highlight patterns in the development of Neolithic Ural-Siberian cultural traditions amidst complexes with flat-bottomed ceramics of the Volga region. Results. Researches of Baraba culture of the early Neolithic of Western Siberia: Tartas-1, Ust-Tartas-1, Vengerovo-2, with radiocarbon dates 8th – 7th thousand BC made it possible to re-address the problem of complexes with flat-bottomed ceramics, especially in the Trans-Ural region and Western Siberia and, perhaps, to reconsider some established points of view. One of the first centers of the autochthonous origin of the Neolithic at the end of VIII – beginning of VII millennium BC is the Baraba cultural tradition of the West Siberian forest-steppe. Also, the autochthonous center for the origin of the Neolithic was the territory of the Northern Caspian region and the Lower Volga region in the first half of the 7th millennium BC. In the middle of the 7th millennium BC in the Volga-Urals region, due to direct migration of the population from the territory of the Aral-Caspian, an Elshan cultural tradition appears. In the second half of the 7th millennium BC the Neolithic of the Trans-Urals is being formed. Technology of Koshkino and Kozlovo cultural pottery traditions was most likely borrowed from the population of the Aral-Caspian, relations with which have been established since the Mesolithic. Conclusion. The obtained results give grounds to identify several centers of origin of the Neolithic in the territories of European Russia, the Urals and Western Siberia with flat-bottomed ceramics at the end of 8th – first half of 7th millennium BC and round-bottom ceramics in the middle of the 7th millennium BC. The oldest among them are sites of the Baraba forest-steppe.

scholarly journals A record thermoelectric efficiency in tellurium-free modules for low-grade waste heat recovery

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonglin Bu ◽  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
Yixin Hu ◽  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Siqi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat Recovery ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermoelectric Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade Heat

AbstractLow-grade heat accounts for >50% of the total dissipated heat sources in industries. An efficient recovery of low-grade heat into useful electricity not only reduces the consumption of fossil-fuels but also releases the subsequential environmental-crisis. Thermoelectricity offers an ideal solution, yet low-temperature efficient materials have continuously been limited to Bi2Te3-alloys since the discovery in 1950s. Scarcity of tellurium and the strong property anisotropy cause high-cost in both raw-materials and synthesis/processing. Here we demonstrate cheap polycrystalline antimonides for even more efficient thermoelectric waste-heat recovery within 600 K than conventional tellurides. This is enabled by a design of Ni/Fe/Mg3SbBi and Ni/Sb/CdSb contacts for both a prevention of chemical diffusion and a low interfacial resistivity, realizing a record and stable module efficiency at a temperature difference of 270 K. In addition, the raw-material cost  to the output power ratio in this work is reduced to be only 1/15 of that of conventional Bi2Te3-modules.

scholarly journals ПЕРВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНОЙ ХРОНОЛОГИИ МЕЗОЛИТА ЛЕСОСТЕПНОГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Andreev ◽  
◽  
O. Andreeva ◽  
M. Kulkova ◽  
M. Oinonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
Mesolithic Period

The article analyzes the recent absolute dates of the Mesolithic forest-steppe Volga region, gives their interpretation. The Mesolithic period, according to the latest radiocarbon data, originates in the forest-steppe Volga region no later than the middle of the 9th millennium BC. and exists until the middle of the 7th millennium BC, while at the final stage, apparently, the Mesolithic inhabitants coexist with the early Neolithic alien population.

scholarly journals Efficiency of mineral fertilizers for growing Althaea officinalis L. under conditions of irrigation

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
N. Pryvedeniuk ◽  
L. Hlushchenko ◽  
V. Тrubka
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Second Year

In the Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine, a study was carried out to establish the effect of mineral fertilizers and drip irrigation on the yield of dry raw material. It was found that irrigation significantly increases productivity of althaea, by eliminating the deficit of soil moisture in critical periods of growth and development. The yield increase caused by the use of drip irrigation in the first year of vegetation of the crop was 1.27–1.98 t/ha for dry grass, for leaves — 0.69–1.17 t/ha, for roots 0.22–0.39 t/ha. For the second growing season, the yield increase was: 1.52–4.7 t/ha for grass, 0.46–1.35 t/ha for leaves and 1.5–2.76 t/ha for roots. It was also found that increase of the mineral fertilizers main application dose caused increase of the yield. The highest yield of dry raw material of the culture was obtained in both the first and second years of the growing season with the introduction of N180P180K180. With the application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N180P180K180 under conditions of drip irrigation, the yield of dried althaea grass was 8.09 t/ha, leaves — 3.88 t/ha, roots — 3.08 t/ha, which exceeded the option without fertilizers and without irrigation by 4.08 t/ha for grass, 2.04 t/ha for leaves, 1.44 t/ha for roots. The highest yield was obtained in the second year of vegetation using the variant with the application of the highest dose of mineral fertilizers under drip irrigation, where the yield of dry grass was 15.78 t/ha, leaves — 4.42 t/ha, roots — 6.24 t/ha. On the plantation of the second year of vegetation in the variant without irrigation and without fertilizers, the yield of raw materials was the lowest. It was 6.85 t/ha for grass, 1.88 t/ha for leaves and 2.12 t/ha for roots.

scholarly journals Dwellings of the late Mesolithic and early Neolithic in the Mari Volga Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Aleksander Sergeevich Kudashov
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Difference ◽  
House Building ◽  
Ground Structures ◽  
Late Mesolithic ◽  
Landscape Zone

The paper studies the construction of residential buildings in the Stone Age of the Mari Volga Region. We have analyzed buildings on the settlements of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic periods of the Mari Volga Region. The main principles of house building of the Mesolithic era of the Mari Volga Region are highlighted. In view of the fact that the complexes under consideration are located in the same landscape zone, a number of indicators may be similar. However, there will be differences on several points of comparison that may lead to discussions. For example, such an indicator as the prevalence of finds in the inter-dwelling space or their absence. In total, 38 structures of the Mesolithic and 35 structures of the Early Neolithic era were analyzed. To summarize, seven indicators of housing construction were selected. It is characteristic that in the Mari Volga Region most of the Neolithic sites are multilayered, however, none of the Mesolithic sites in the region has yet been found to contain early Neolithic ceramics. You can trace the difference in buildings more clearly. The presence of ground structures on the Neolithic settlements is obvious, while the local Mesolithic ones are ubiquitous semi-dugouts. Having a topographic distribution of settlements and short-term sites, a planigraphy of dwellings, as well as a presence of separate industrial and residential buildings in the Early Neolithic and Late Mesolithic, we face the problem of chronological division of the Neolithization process in the forest belt.

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