scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE RINSING OF SALTED LANDS TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (444) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
J. S. Mustafayev ◽  
◽  
A. T. Kozykeeva ◽  
K. B. Abdeshev ◽  
L. V. Kireycheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Hydrogeochemical Process

The theoretical justification of the environmentally friendly saline leaching technology is based on a model of the evolutionary hydrogeochemical process of the natural system, which describes mass transfer in sedimentary formations during geological time, where it occurs via the molecular diffusion mechanism through the aqueous phase, namely, a portion of the dissolved salts is removed from the soil layer proportional to the amount of their solid phase enclosed within this layer. To implement the developed flushing method, saline soil flushing technologies are proposed in practice, where the water supply to the check with a furrow is regulated by feeding it to the checks in pressure mode until it is completely moistened, and then the water supply is reduced to work in a non-pressure mode, i.e. water flow rate the check is reduced until it is equal to the filtration coefficient of the soil. Moreover, the developed technology for washing saline soils based on the «soft» control of the hydrogeochemical process, which is based on the concept of the laws of natural evolutionary soil processes in the interpretation described above: the soil as an open system has stability, self-regulation and is in translational dynamic equilibrium. To implement in practice the developed methods and technology for flushing saline lands, the proposed methodology for determining the parameters of flushing technology with irrigation technique using furrows from two opposite outlet furrows of row crops, which allow to determine the irrigation time and predict the regime of soil moisture with high reliability and reliability.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Dynamic Binding of Replication Protein A to ssDNA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Mondal ◽  
Arnab Bhattacherjee
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Replication Protein A ◽  
Replication Protein ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Dna Processing

AbstractReplication protein A (RPA) serves as hub protein inside eukaryotic cells, where it coordinates crucial DNA metabolic processes and activates the DNA-damage response system. A characteristic feature of its action is to associate with ssDNA intermediates before handing over them to downstream proteins. The length of ssDNA intermediates differs for different pathways. This means RPA must have mechanisms for selective processing of ssDNA intermediates based on their length, the knowledge of which is fundamental to elucidate when and how DNA repair and replication processes are symphonized. By employing extensive molecular simulations, we investigated the mechanism of binding of RPA to ssDNA of different lengths. We show that the binding involves dynamic equilibrium with a stable intermediate, the population of which increases with the length of ssDNA. The vital underlying factors are decoded through collective variable principal component analysis. It suggests a differently orchestrated set of interactions that define the action of RPA based on the sizes of ssDNA intermediates. We further estimated the association kinetics and probed the diffusion mechanism of RPA to ssDNA. RPA diffuses on short ssDNA through progressive ‘bulge’ formation. With long ssDNA, we observed a conformational change in ssDNA coupled with its binding to RPA in a cooperative fashion. Our analysis explains how the ‘short-lived,’ long ssDNA intermediates are processed quickly in vivo. The study thus reveals the molecular basis of several recent experimental observations related to RPA binding to ssDNA and provides novel insights into the RPA functioning in DNA repair and replication.Significance StatementDespite ssDNA be the common intermediate to all pathways involving RPA, how does the latter function differently in the DNA processing events such as DNA repair, replication, and recombination just based on the length of ssDNA intermediates remains unknown. The major hindrance is the difficulty in capturing the transient interactions between the molecules. Even attempts to crystallize RPA complexes with 32nt and 62nt ssDNA have yielded a resolved structure of only 25nt ssDNA wrapped with RPA. Here, we used a state-of-the-art coarse-grained protein-ssDNA model to unravel the detailed mechanism of binding of RPA to ssDNA. Our study illustrates the molecular origin of variations in RPA action during various DNA processing events depending on the length of ssDNA intermediates.

scholarly journals Bench-Scale Experiments on Effects of Pipe Flow and Entrapped Air in Soil Layer on Hillslope Landslides

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Tanaka ◽  
Taro Uchida ◽  
Hitoshi Nagai ◽  
Hikaru Todate
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Drainage Capacity ◽  
Entrapped Air ◽  
Model Slope

Soil pipes are commonly found in landslide scarps, and it has been suggested that build-up of pore water pressure due to clogged soil pipes influences landslide initiation. Several researchers have also suggested that entrapped air in the soil layer increases the pore water pressure. We carried out bench-scale model experiments to investigate the influence of soil pipes and entrapped air on the build-up of pore water pressure. We installed a water supply system consisting of an artificial rainfall simulator, and used a water supply tank to supply water to the model slope and artificial pipe. We used two types of artificial pipe: A straight pipe, and a confluence of three pipes. Furthermore, we placed a layer of silica sand on top of the model slope to investigate the effect of entrapped air in the soil layer on the build-up of pore water pressure. Silica sand is finer than the sand that we used for the bulk of the model slope. Our results indicate that, although artificial pipes decrease the pore water pressure when the amount of water supplied was smaller than the pipe drainage capacity, the pore water pressure increased when the water supply was too large for the artificial pipe to drain. In particular, the confluence of pipes increased the pore water pressure because the water supply exceeded the drainage capacity. The results also indicate that entrapped air increases the pore water pressure in the area with relatively low drainage capacity, too. Based on these results, we found that although soil pipes can drain a certain amount of water from a soil layer, they can also increase the pore water pressure, and destabilize slopes. Furthermore, entrapped air enhances the trend that the pore water pressure can increase in the area with relatively low drainage capacity, as pore water pressure increases when too much water is supplied, and the artificial pipe cannot drain all of it.

Design and Construction of a High Speed Inter-Row Cultivator

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 4914-4918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh ◽  
Zargham Fazel-Niari ◽  
Gholamhosein Shahgoli ◽  
Malek Bavafa
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Field Displacement ◽  
Finished Surface ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Excellent Method ◽  
Structural Research

In many parts of the world, row crops are treated with herbicides. Because of environmental concerns, crop cultivation is suggested as an excellent method of weed control. The object of this study was to design and construct a high speed inter-row cultivator. The speed of plowing has a significant effect not only on the depth of plowing but on factors which affect the quality of soil preparation such as loosening of the upper soil layer, cutting roots of the previous crops, covering and plowing in of weeds, leveling the finished surface of the field, displacement of the son layer and so on. In this study, the designed and constructed cultivator has a toolbar, unit frame, disk coulter and a flat sweep. The unit frame is attached to a tractor mounted tool bar by a suspension linkage. The suspension linkage allows the unit frame to move up and down relative to a tool bar that the cultivator unit is attached to. The numerical analysis was performed with COSMOS/M 1.71 FEM software (Structural Research and Analysis Corporation, CA).

Solid-phase diffusion mechanism for GaAs nanowire growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann I. Persson ◽  
Magnus W. Larsson ◽  
Stig Stenström ◽  
B. Jonas Ohlsson ◽  
Lars Samuelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Nanowire Growth ◽  
Phase Diffusion ◽  
Gaas Nanowire

scholarly journals Risk in Water Supply System Crisis Management

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Reliability Level ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Continuous Work

Risk in Water Supply System Crisis Management Water supply system belongs to the so called critical infrastructure of cities, and it should be a priority task for waterworks and even for the local authorities to ensure the suitable level of its safety. This system is characterised by its continuous work and requires high reliability level for its operating as well as for its safety, it is unique and its particular elements have different functions and simultaneously they interact forming an integral whole. The main aim of this paper is to present problems associated with water supply system safety management in a crisis situation.

Bis-phosphonio-isophosphindolide Copper Complexes

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1244-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Gudat ◽  
Andreas W. Holderberg ◽  
Nikolaus Korber ◽  
Martin Nieger ◽  
Martin Schrott
Keyword(s):  
Copper Complexes ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Lone Pair ◽  
Binuclear Complexes ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Bonding Parameters ◽  
Stability Of Complexes ◽  
The Stability

Bis-triphenylphosphonio-isophosphindolide salts 1[X] react with Cu(I)-halides CuX to give isolable products of composition [(1)Cu2X3 ]. X-ray crystal structure analyses confirmed that for X = Br, Cl dinuclear complexes [(μ-1 )(μ-X)Cu2X2] with μ2, η1(P)-bridging cations 1 are formed, while for X = I a solid phase containing a salt (1)2[Cu4I6] and a complex [(1)2Cu4I6] with a terminal η1(P)-coordinated ligand 1 was obtained. The bonding parameters in the two types of complexes suggest that l i s a hybrid between a phosphenium cation and a phospholide anion whose π-system is less nucleophilic than the phosphorus lone-pair.31P NMR studies revealed that in solution in all cases binuclear complexes [(1)Cu2X3] are in dynamic equilibrium with small amounts of mononuclear species and free 1. The same equilibria were detected in the system 1[OTf]/CuOTf. NMR studies of ligand exchange reactions indicated that the stability of complexes [(1)Cu2X3 ] increases in the order X = OTf < I < Br, Cl, and titration of [(1)Cu2Br3] with Et4NBr allowed to determine the equilibrium constant of the complex formation reaction.

scholarly journals Organization of land use of territory of village of councils based on the landscape

2016 ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Fedir Kiptach ◽  
Iryna Koynova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Total Community

The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Nova Syniava community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytskyi region were described and analyses of land structure were made. Accordingly, land structure is characterized by ecologically destabilizing lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, open-casts, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They cover 80,6 % (in particular, arable lands – 71,8 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilizing lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) cover a small percentage – 19,4 of total research area. Therefore, erosive soils cover a significant percentage – 51,3 % of total area. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in arable horizon of soils (0–30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 0,5–0,6 %. First step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems were justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilized lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 52,4 % of the total community area. In particular, 16,1 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27,9 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 8,4% is recommended to use for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with total exclusion of row crops. 38,8 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (6,6 %), grasslands (17,0 %), shrubs and forest belts (0,31 %), forests (11,7 %), swamps (1,09 %), lands covered by water (1,2 %). Other 8,8 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1,2 %), roads (2,0 %), opencasts (0,8 %) and exterior use lands (4,8 %). Key words: forest steppe, landscape systems, land-use, lands, crop rotations.

scholarly journals Water Consumption and Water Leakage Alert Using IoT

2019 ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Anand. P ◽  
Devipreetha. K ◽  
Haripriya. R
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Controlling System ◽  
Current Water ◽  
And Control

Managing water consumption is important for life preservation. Knowing water consumption at homes can have a great impact on water saving. There is a global water crisis due to increasing population growth, climate change, increasing consumption. Giving a report about the state of the planet’s water, especially in developing countries, the report describes the outlook for future generations as worries. To visually check water taps in the house consumes time and requires a family member to be at the house. To remotely do so, we propose a system that monitors, alerts the user and allows the user to control the water flow through taps whenever there is an unusual reading of the water usage at home. The Water Flow Monitoring and Controlling System is an android- based mobile application. It is equipped with external hardware to sense a tap’s water flow rate and control which means turning on or off the water supply line whenever necessary. Registered users can login and view their house’s current water flowage from the mobile application. The external hardware updates the water flow rate at every specified time to a database through the Internet connection. If the users decide to turn on or off the water supply taps at their homes, it can be done through the on or off button provided in the mobile application. A user’s on or off instruction is set within the database. The hardware receives this instruction and performs the desired action.

Weathering profiles, mass-balance analysis, and rates of solute loss: Linkages between weathering and erosion in a small, steep catchment

2002 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 1143-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Prestrud Anderson ◽  
William E. Dietrich ◽  
George H Brimhall
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Denudation Rate ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Denudation Rates ◽  
Uplift Rates ◽  
Balance Analysis

Abstract In a headwater catchment in the Oregon Coast Range, we find that solid-phase mass losses due to chemical weathering are equivalent in the bedrock and the soil. However, the long-term rate of mass loss per unit volume of parent rock is greater in the soil than in the rock. We attribute this finding to the effects of biotic processes in the soil and to hydrologic conditions that maximize contact time and water flux through the mineral matrix in the soil. This result stems both from earlier work in which we demonstrated that rock and soil contribute equally to the solute flux and from arguments presented here that the basin is in dynamic equilibrium with respect to erosion and uplift. The silica flux of 10.7 ± 7.1 t·km−2·yr−1 from the basin is several times larger than the flux from older soils elsewhere, but comparable to the flux from sites with similar physical erosion rates. This result argues that physical denudation or uplift rates play an important role in setting the chemical denudation rate. Physical processes appear to influence chemical-weathering rates in several ways. First, they limit chemical evolution by removing material, thus setting the residence time within the weathered rock and the soil. Second, bioturbation mixes rock fragments into the more reactive soil and maintains high soil porosity, allowing free circulation of water. Because the weathering in the soil is more intense than in the rock, we argue that the chemical denudation rate will diminish where uplift rates—and, hence, physical-denudation rates—are great enough to lead to a bedrock-dominated landscape. Chemical denudation rates will increase with physical-denudation rates, but only as long as the landscape remains mantled by soil.

scholarly journals Giant sumpweed (Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.): seed stocks, seedling dynamics, methods control

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
O. Kurdiukova ◽  
O. Tyshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Soil Infestation

Goal. To assess the degree of danger of contamination of the sowing layer and an increase in stocks of Giant sumpweed seeds in the soil, the timing and dynamics of seedlings emergence, to develop a control pathway aimed at their reduction. Methods. The studies were carried out by route-expeditionary surveys and field experiments. The potential soil contamination was determined washing weed seeds from soil samples. Weeds were counted in 4—6-single repetitions. Results. In ruderal biotopes, the infestation of 0—20 cm of the soil layer by weed seeds has not changed since 2009 and amounted to 244.6—384.1 thousand pcs./m2. At the same time, the infestation of soils with Giant sumpweed seeds increased 2.0—2.7 times. In crops of cultivated plants, the total weediness of the soil increased by 1.8—3.5 times, and Giant sumpweed — by 4.7—12.1 times and reached 25.0—85.0 and 14.5—15.5 thousand pcs./m2, respectively. Seed germination of Giant sumpweed was observed only in the spring and early summer periods. In the Dry and Southern Steppe, Giant sumpweed emerged in the middle-end of March, in the Northern Steppe — during April, Forest-Steppe — from early May to early June. In crops of cultivated plants the density of young crops of Giant sumpweed did not exceeded 23—62 pcs./ m2, and on uncultivated lands — from 636 to 862 pcs./m2. On uncultivated lands the effective control in crops of Giant sumpweed was carried out by mowing weeds, in crops of cereals — by herbicides of leaf action in the tillering stage, late arable crops by pre- and after emergence harrowing combined with inter-row cultivation. Conclusions. Potential soil infestation by seeds of Giant sumpweed in ruderal biotopes since 2009 increased by 2.0—2.7 times, and in crops of cultivated plants — by 4.7—12.1 times and reached 25.0—85.0 and 14.5—15.5 pcs./ m2 thousand, respectively. Seed germination of Giant sumpweed occurred only in spring and early summer. The number of seedlings on ruderal areas reached 636—862 plants/m2, and in crops — 23—62 plants/m2. Effective control of Giant sumpweed on uncultivated lands was achieved by mowing weeds, in sowing of grain crops with leaf herbicides in the tillering phase, row crops — by pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing in combination with inter-row cultivation.

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