Explosive strength-related isokinetic parameters in high-level sprinters and long-distance runners: The relative power index

Change-of-direction (CoD) ability is an important determinant of athletic performance. Muscle strength is among the most important determinants of CoD ability. However, previous studies investigating the relationship between CoD ability and muscle strength focused mostly on flexor and extensor muscle groups, or used multi-joint exercises, such as jumps, squats or mid-thigh pull. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between CoD ability and strength of ankle, knee, hip and trunk maximal and explosive strength. The participants (n = 327), consisting of male and female basketball players, tennis players and long-distance runners completed isometric strength assessments and CoD testing (90° and 180° turn tests). The times of both CoD tests were associated with muscle strength (peak torques and the rate of torque development variables), with correlation coefficients being mostly weak to moderate (r = 0.2–0.6). Strength variables explained 33%, 62% and 48% of the variance in the 90° turn task, and 42%, 36% and 59% of the variance in the 180° turn task, in basketball players, long-distance runners and tennis players, respectively. Hip and trunk muscle strength variables were the most prevalent in the regression models, especially hip adduction and abduction strength. Our results suggest that the strength of several lower limb muscles, in particular of the hip abductors and adductors, and trunk muscles, but also hip rotators, extensors and flexors, as well as knee and ankle flexors and extensors should be considered when aiming to improve CoD performance.

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Effects of Plyometric Training on Endurance and Explosive Strength Performance in Competitive Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a1f44c ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽

Cristian Álvarez ◽

Carlos Henríquez-Olguín ◽

Eduardo B. Baez ◽

Cristian Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plyometric Training ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Strength Performance ◽

Explosive Strength

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Hormonal and Neuromuscular Responses to High-Level Middle- and Long-Distance Competition

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0539 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 839-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández ◽

Carlos Ma Tejero-González ◽

Juan del Campo-Vecino

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Free Cortisol ◽

Before And After ◽

Neuromuscular Responses ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

High Level

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of high-level competition on salivary free cortisol, countermovement jump (CMJ), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the relationships between these fatigue indicators in a group of elite middle- and long-distance runners.Method:The salivary free cortisol levels and CMJ height of 10 high-level middle- and long-distance runners (7 men, 3 women; age 27.6 ± 5.1y) competing in 800-m, 1500-m, 3000-m, or 5000-m events in the 2013 Spanish National Championships were measured throughout a 4-wk baseline period, then again before and after their respective races on the day of the competition. Athletes’ RPE was also measured after their races.Results:Cortisol increased significantly after the race compared with the value measured 90 min before the race (+98.3%, g = 0.82, P < .05), while CMJ height decreased significantly after the race (–3.9%, g = 0.34, P < .05). The decrease in CMJ height after the race correlates significantly with the postcompetition cortisol increase (r = .782, P < .05) and the RPE assessment (r = .762, P < .01).Conclusions:Observed differences in CMJ height correlate significantly with salivary free cortisol levels and RPE of middle- and long-distance runners. These results show the suitability of the CMJ for monitoring multifactorial competition responses in high-level middle- and long-distance runners.

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Effects of Short-Term Concurrent Training Cessation on the Energy Cost of Running and Neuromuscular Performances in Middle-Distance Runners

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9010001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nicolas Berryman ◽

Iñigo Mujika ◽

Laurent Bosquet

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Time Trial ◽

Concurrent Training ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Distance ◽

Explosive Strength ◽

Energy Cost Of Running ◽

Training Protocol

Evidence supports the implementation of concurrent strength and running training, within the same mesocycle, to improve performances in middle- and long-distance events. However, very little is known about the effects of concurrent training cessation. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effects of 4 weeks of explosive strength training cessation after an 8-week concurrent training protocol. Eight runners completed this study, which first included either plyometric (n = 4) or dynamic weight training (n = 4) in addition to the usual running regimen. Explosive strength training was thereafter interrupted for 4 weeks, during which running sessions were maintained. Participants were tested at baseline, after concurrent training and after concurrent training cessation. The results suggest that the energy cost of running improvements observed after the intervention (−5.75%; 95% CI = −8.47 to −3.03) were maintained once explosive strength training was interrupted (−6.31%; 95% CI = −10.30 to −2.32). The results also suggest that neuromuscular performances were maintained after 4 weeks of concurrent training cessation, especially when tests were specific to the training intervention. Furthermore, a 3000m time trial revealed a similar pattern, with improvements after the concurrent mesocycle (−2.40%; 95% CI = −4.65 to −0.16) and after concurrent training cessation (−4.43%; 95% CI = −6.83 to −2.03). Overall, only trivial changes were observed for aerobic endurance and V˙O2peak. Together, these results suggest that short-term explosive strength training cessation might be beneficial and could be considered as a taper strategy for middle-distance runners. However, coaches and athletes must interpret these results cautiously considering the study’s low sample size and the very limited available literature in this domain.

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Perfil social y perfil antropométrico en el atletismo peruano juvenil de élite

Revista ECIPeru ◽

10.33017/reveciperu2011.0014/ ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 81-89

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Body Composition ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Junior Athletes ◽

The Social ◽

San Marcos ◽

High Level ◽

Anthropometric Profile

Perfil social y perfil antropométrico en el atletismo peruano juvenil de élite Social profile and anthropometric profile in the elite Peruvian junior athletics Salim Bravo EAPEF, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Germán Amezaga s/n Lima 1, Lima, Perú DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2011.0014/ RESUMEN En este estudio se determinó el perfil antropométrico (n=82): forma, composición y proporcionalidad corporal, y el perfil social (n=71), estatus socioeconómico, de los atletas juveniles peruanos según su nivel de rendimiento (nivel nacional y nivel internacional). Asimismo, se establecieron correspondencias entre sus especialidades, el nivel de rendimiento, el perfil antropométrico y el perfil social de estos atletas. Los resultados muestran que los velocistas y los saltadores fueron predominantemente mesomórficos. Los fondistas nacionales fueron meso-ectomórficos. Se observó que a medida que el nivel de rendimiento aumenta, los velocistas disminuyen sus cantidades de masa grasa. En los saltadores, con el aumento del nivel competitivo, la masa grasa y la masa de piel disminuyen. Los fondistas nacionales poseen una menor adiposidad subcutánea comparada con la de los velocistas. Comparado con otras pruebas (velocidad, saltos y fondo de nivel nacional), los lanzadores poseen características antropométricas más grandes y un mayor peso corporal. Los atletas juveniles peruanos pertenecen principalmente al nivel socioeconómico A. En conclusión, los atletas juveniles peruanos se encuentran divididos o categorizados morfológica y socioeconómicamente. Los atletas peruanos que se aproximen a las características morfológicas y sociales de los atletas internacionales y olímpicos estarán en mejores posibilidades de alcanzar el éxito a un alto nivel. Descriptores: atletas, somatotipo, composición corporal, proporcionalidad, estatus socioeconómico. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric profile (n=82): body shape, body composition and proportionality, and the social profile (n=71), socioeconomic status, of high level Peruvian junior athletes according to their level of performance (national and international level). It also establishes correspondences between athletics events, level of performance, the anthropometric profile and the social profile of these athletes. The results show that the sprinters and jumpers were predominantly mesomorphic. National long distance runners were mesoectomorphic. It was noted that while the performance level increases, the sprinters decrease their amount of body fat. In the jumpers, the fat mass and skin mass decrease while the competitive level increases. National long distance runners have a lower subcutaneous adiposity compared to the sprinters. Compared with other events (national sprinting, national jumping and national long distance running), the throwers are physically larger and heavier. Peruvian junior athletes mainly belong to the socioeconomic level A. In conclusion, the Peruvian junior athletes are divided or categorized morphologically and socioeconomically. Peruvian athletes that are close to the morphological and social characteristics of international and olympic athletes will be better chances to succeed at the high level. Keywords: athletes, somatotype, body composition, proportionality, socioeconomic status.

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Personality Assessment of The Elite Women Long Distance Runners of India

Indian Journal Of Applied Research ◽

10.15373/2249555x/may2014/179 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 561-564

Author(s):

Annu Annu ◽

◽

Vijay Kumar ◽

Malkeet Kaur ◽

Neha Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Personality Assessment ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance

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Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology ◽

10.1007/bf00776592 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 213-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Tetsuo Ohkuwa ◽

Yoshinobu Kato ◽

Koichi Katsumata ◽

Takayuki Nakao ◽

Miharu Miyamura

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance

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Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3758

Author(s):

Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka ◽

Lucyna Ostrowska ◽

Joanna Leszczyńska ◽

Karolina Orywal ◽

Urszula Cwalina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

The Body ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Double Blind ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Total Body ◽

The Impact

Use of probiotic supplements, the benefits of which have not been proven in sportspeople, is becoming more widespread among runners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammation in the body. The randomised, double-blind study included 66 long-distance runners. The intervention factor was a multi-strain probiotic or placebo. At the initial and final stages of the study, evaluation of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness was performed and the presence of inflammation determined. In the group of men using the probiotic, an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.019) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.022) was demonstrated, while in the group of women taking the probiotic, a decrease in the content of total body fat (p = 0.600) and visceral fat (p = 0.247) was observed. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased in women (p = 0.140) and men (p = 0.017) using the probiotic. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreased in women (p = 0.003) and men (p = 0.001) using the probiotic and in women (p = 0.074) and men (p = 0.016) using the placebo. Probiotic therapy had a positive effect on selected parameters of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of study participants and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation.

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Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967121s00084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967121S0008

Author(s):

Mitchell J. Rauh ◽

Micah C. Garcia ◽

David M. Bazett-Jones ◽

Jason T. Long ◽

Kevin R. Ford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Limb Length ◽

Distance Running ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Balance Test ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Quadriceps Muscle Strength ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs. Purpose: To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance than pre-pubertal (PrP) or post-pubertal (PoP) runners. Methods: A convenience sample of 142 (Females: n=79, Males: n=63) uninjured youth runners (ages 13.5±2.7 years; weekly running distance: 18.2±20.4 km) were recruited from the local community. All runners met inclusion criteria, indicating that they were between 9 and 19 years old and participated in long-distance running activities such as school/club track and field, cross country, road races, trail running, and/or soccer. The runners completed a modified Pubertal Maturational Observation Scale (PMOS), then were screened for right (R) and left (L) anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach distances (cm) normalized by lower limb length (cm). Composite reach distance was calculated by the sum of the three reach distances divided by three times the limb length multiplied by 100 for R and L limbs. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare maximum normalized reach distances for the three directions and composite reach distance by maturation status and sex. Results: Overall, 31.7% were classified as PrP status, 26.1% as MP, and 42.3% as PoP, with similar percentages by sex ( p=0.84). The only significant mean difference was found for R ANT maximum normalized reach distance between PrP and PoP ( p=0.02), indicating a greater normalized reach in PrP athletes. No significant mean differences were found for R or L PM and PL maximum normalized reach distances, or for R or L composite reach distances, by maturation status or when stratified by maturation and sex ( p>0.05). Conclusions: In this sample of youth runners, the YBT was only a discriminator of anterior reach distance between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal runners. As decreased anterior reach is associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and anterior knee pain, reduced anterior reach in post-pubertal runners may potentially signify an increased risk of sustaining a running-related injury. Thus, preventive efforts to ensure good functional quadriceps muscle strength may be merited.

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Prevalence of ACSL (rs6552828) polymorphism among runners

Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis ◽

10.12697/akut.2018.24.09 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 121-128

Author(s):

Sigal Ben-Zaken ◽

Yoav Meckel ◽

Dan Nemet ◽

Alon Eliakim

Keyword(s):

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Professional Athletes ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Long Distance ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

The Common

The ACSL A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. Previous studies have demonstrated that homozygotes of the minor AA allele had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption response to training compared to the common GG allele homozygotes, and that the ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2max response to endurance training. The contribution of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism to endurance trainability was shown in nonathletes, however, its potential role in professional athletes is not clear. Moreover, the genetic basis to anaerobic trainability is even less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism among professional Israeli long distance runners (n=59), middle distance runners (n=31), sprinters and jumpers (n=48) and non-athletic controls (n=60). The main finding of the present study was that the ACSL1 AA genotype, previously shown to be associated with reduced endurance trainability, was not higher among sprinters and jumpers (15%) compared to middle- (16%) and long-distance runners (15%). This suggests that in contrast to previous studies indicating that the ACSL1 single nucleotide polymorphism may influence endurance trainability among non-athletic individuals, the role of this polymorphism among professional athletes is still not clear.

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