scholarly journals LINGUISTIK MODERN PERSEPEKTIF DOKTOR MAHMUD FAHMI AL-HIJAZI

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Humaidi Humaidi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Descriptive Linguistics ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics

Abstract Linguistics is the study of language scientifically. In his study, linguistics has the scope of studies and methods of study. The scope of linguistic studies is phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Phonology research is the study of language sounds. Morphology is the field of linguistics that studies about word formation and morphemes in a language. Syntax is the study of the structure of language. And the last semantics is the study of meaning. While the methodology of linguistic studies are comparative linguistics, descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, and contrastive linguistics.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS: AIMS, TARGETS, DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Izabella Buniiatova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
Areal Linguistics ◽  
The One ◽  
Development Prospects

This is a survey of comparative linguistics viewed as a set of the related paradigms that embrace comparative historical linguistics, aerial linguistics, linguistic typology and contrastive linguistics. The treatment of the science in question is largely based on the author’s long-standing experience deduced from research projects and from teaching it as a University professor. Placing the aforementioned paradigms under the umbrella concept “comparative linguistics” seems relevant and appropriate due to their sharing the key tool of investigation, i.e., COMPARISON, also due to their providing each other with applicable procedures and principles, as in case of two seemingly closer pairs, comparative historical and aerial areal linguistics, on the one hand, linguistic typology and contrastive linguistics, on the other hand.

Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Nurse
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Over Time

The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.

Semantic niches and analogy in word formation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hüning
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
New Words ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Difficult Terrain

Word formation, like other lexical phenomena, seems to be a difficult terrain for contrastive linguistics since it hardly allows for significant and insightful generalizations about the differences between two languages, as has been stated in the literature more than once. This paper investigates one factor leading to morphological differences and contrasts between historically related languages (Dutch and German). It is argued that word formation processes often show semantic fragmentation: in the course of time they develop ‘semantic niches’, i.e. groups of words (subsets of a morphological category) kept together by formal and semantic criteria and extendable via analogy. When looking at word formation from a contrastive point of view, these niches seem to allow for better generalizations in terms of systematic correspondences and differences between two languages than the category as a whole. As a consequence, productivity should not be seen as an absolute notion, but rather as a local and gradual phenomenon. Morphology should not only account for the possibility of coining new words but also for their probability, because language comparison shows that even allegedly equivalent word formation processes often differ with respect to the probability of their use. The paper therefore argues in favour of an analogy approach that takes the existence of semantic niches seriously.

Contrastive linguistics and language comparison

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekkehard König
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Foreign Language Acquisition ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

After receiving enthusiastic support during the 1960s and 1970s, the program of ‘Contrastive linguistics’ led a somewhat modest, if not marginal, existence during the two subsequent decades. The main reason for the apparent failure of this program was, of course, that the high hopes seen in its potential for making foreign language teaching more efficient were disappointed. Empirical work on the process of L2-acquisition from different native languages as starting points showed that contrastive linguistics cannot simply be equated with a theory of foreign language acquisition. A second problem was that a central aspect of the contrastive program, i.e. the writing of comprehensive contrastive grammars for language pairs, was hardly ever properly implemented. Finally, there was the problem of finding a place for contrastive linguistics within the spectrum of language comparison, relative to other comparative approaches to linguistic analysis. It is the third of these issues that is addressed by the present article. It will be shown that only by relating contrastive linguistics to other subfields of comparative linguistics and by delimiting it from them will we obtain a clear picture of its agenda, its potential and its limits.

Rasmus Kristian Rasks Konzeption Einer Welthilfssprache

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-326
Author(s):  
Heribert Rück ◽  
Alicja Sakaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Grammatical Structures

Summary Apart from his numerous works in comparative linguistics, Rasmus Kristian Rask (1787–1832) is also the author of a manuscript in which he sets forth in detail his conception of a universal auxiliary language. Written during 1819–1820, this 72-page treatise, entitled Optegnelser til en Pasigraphie, has been neglected by linguistic research up to the present, in part because it remained in manuscript form. Rask’s draft of a planned language is divided into three sections: (1) The grammatical system and basic vocabulary; (2) numerous examples of word-formation, morphology etc. and (3) samples of texts. Rask deplores the waste of energy resulting from the multiplicity of languages in international communication. In his opinion, many intellectual achievements are lost or cannot be further developed owing to lack of exchange facilities. Instead of having to learn words and structures, people should be placed in a position to tackle the subject matter. The practical aim of linguistic studies should therefore be the creation of an international means of communication to be used in the field of science as well as in every-day life. Important postulates of such a conception would be: improved learnability by means of simplification of grammatical structures, consistency in word-formation and easy articulation for people of different language communities. To conform to these aims, Rask decided to create a system mainly on the basis of romance languages, i.e., Latin, Spanish, French and Portugese, complemented by Greek and English. Rask’s essay presents a hitherto unknown type of planned language, commonly described as ‘naturalistic’. Whereas other aposterioric systems like Esperanto give priority to regularity and logic and are therefore called ‘autonomous’, Rask tries to remain faithful to the results of historical evolution. In that respect, Rask’s project resembles Otto Jespersen’s ‘Novial’, which was to be conceived a century later.

scholarly journals Aaron Ember and the Establishment of Egypto-Semitic Phonological and Lexical Comparison (Part I)

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Takács
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Hungarian Academy ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
80Th Anniversary ◽  
Johns Hopkins University

Institute of Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Science The paper evaluates the Lebenswerk of Aaron Ember, one of the greatest figures of Egypto-Semitic linguistic comparison, accompanied by an evaluation and a detailed analysis of his etymological suggestions in the light of recent progress in Semito-Hamitic comparative linguistics. He was known as American Egyptologist and Semiticist of Johns Hopkins University. He was born in Tulnas (Kovno) of Lithuania in 1878. The 80th anniversary of his tragical and premature end (1926) represents the proper time when Ember’s memory may be revived and his etymological research may gain a worthy appraisal. It is all the more actual since the so-called “old school” (or trend) of Egypto-Semitic comparative phonology, which he himself symbolized in the first decades of the 20th century, is nowadays undeservedly forgotten. It is hoped that the present paper revives the interest in an extremely productive and once influential trend of Semito-Hamitic linguistics, to which Egyptian historical linguistics until now owes so much.

scholarly journals Fennougristiikan historiaa Virittäjän valossa

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Ylikoski
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
First Century ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century

Artikkeli tarkastelee yhtäältä 125 vuotta täyttävän aikakauslehti Virittäjän historiaa fennougristiikan valossa, toisaalta fennougristiikan historiaa Virittäjän valossa. Päähuomio on erityisesti suomen etäsukukielten tutkimuksessa. Virittäjässäkin fennougristiikkaa ovat tyypillisimmin edustaneet konkreettiset pyrkimykset suomen ja sen sukukielten menneisyyden valaisemiseksi: keskiössä ovat olleet toisiinsa kietoutuneet etymologia ja äännehistoria sekä niiden kehyksiksi hahmotellut kantakielet eri vaiheineen ja kontaktikielineen. Tämän fennougristiikan kovan ytimen lisäksi Virittäjässä ovat kuitenkin aina olleet näkyvissä myös tieteenalan suuremmat kehykset: yhtäältä pohdinnat siitä, miksi ja miten tällaista tutkimusta harjoitetaan, toisaalta halu kertoa fennougristisen tutkimuksen tuloksista myös suurelle yleisölle. Erityisesti Suomi ja täällä etenkin Virittäjä ovat ympäristöjä, joissa suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten tutkijat ovat kerta toisensa jälkeen eksplisiittisesti pohtineet olemassaolonsa tarkoitusta. Vaikka ala mielletään usein kielihistorian tutkimukseksi, fennougristit ovat aina harjoittaneet myös synkronista kielentutkimusta; myös suomen sukukielten uhan­alaisuuteen ja vähemmistökielten puhujien oikeuksiin on kiinnitetty huomiota jo 1800-luvulta lähtien. Artikkeli keskittyy lähinnä Virittäjän ensimmäiselle vuosisadalle, mutta 2020-luvulle tultaessa fennougristiikka ja sen ilmenemismuodot Virittäjässä ovat muuttuneet lehden yleisilmeeseen verrattuna suhteellisen vähän. On the history of Uralic linguistics in Virittäjä The article provides an account of Virittäjä, the major journal of Finnish linguistics established in 1897, and its relation to the study of Uralic languages during the first 125 years of the journal’s history. At its most typical, the study of Uralic languages has been a branch of historical-comparative linguistics aiming to pursue the distant past of Finnish and other Uralic languages: etymology, historical phonology, questions of proto-languages and their chronology and geography as well as language contacts. Beyond this hard core of Uralic linguistics, Virittäjä has continuously provided a forum for discussing the larger frameworks of the discipline: questions of why and how Uralic linguistics is conducted in the first place. Virittäjä has also provided a forum for Uralicists to communicate the results of their research to scholars of Finnish and the wider general public. Moreover, Finland in general and Virittäjä in particular have traditionally been places where Uralicists have pondered and discussed the purpose of their own existence. In addition to historical linguistics, Uralicists have also engaged in synchronic linguistics, and from as early as the 19th century they have also paid attention to language endangerment and the linguistic rights of minorities. This article focuses mainly on the first century of Virittäjä’s history, though by the 2020s Uralistics and the manifestations of the discipline in the pages of Virittäjä have remained largely unchanged.

scholarly journals Über die Morphosyntaktische Struktur von Nominalkomposita im Deutschen und in Yoruba

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Ezekiel O. Olagunju
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Binary Structure ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics

This thrust of this paper is identification and analysis of the major types of nominal compounds in both German and Yoruba languages. This is with a view to bringing out the differences and similarities that exist in the word formation processes of nominal compounds of the two languages under consideration. For the purpose of this analysis, 217nominal compounds (110 from Yoruba and 107 from German) were considered. The paper identified the types of nominal compounds in the two languages under consideration and discussed the peculiar morphosyntactic features leading to their formation. It was concluded that the nominal compounds from both languages have some linguistic characteristics in common. One of the major similarities in the two languages is the binary structure of their nominal compounds. This characteristic is evidently noticed even in compounds possessing more than two constituents. However, the nominal compounds in the two languages differ syntactically. While German maintains the Determiner – Determined word order, Yoruba however maintains the Determined - Determiner word order.Keywords: Contrastive Linguistics, Word Formation, Nominal Compounds

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