Rasmus Kristian Rasks Konzeption Einer Welthilfssprache

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-326
Author(s):  
Heribert Rück ◽  
Alicja Sakaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Grammatical Structures

Summary Apart from his numerous works in comparative linguistics, Rasmus Kristian Rask (1787–1832) is also the author of a manuscript in which he sets forth in detail his conception of a universal auxiliary language. Written during 1819–1820, this 72-page treatise, entitled Optegnelser til en Pasigraphie, has been neglected by linguistic research up to the present, in part because it remained in manuscript form. Rask’s draft of a planned language is divided into three sections: (1) The grammatical system and basic vocabulary; (2) numerous examples of word-formation, morphology etc. and (3) samples of texts. Rask deplores the waste of energy resulting from the multiplicity of languages in international communication. In his opinion, many intellectual achievements are lost or cannot be further developed owing to lack of exchange facilities. Instead of having to learn words and structures, people should be placed in a position to tackle the subject matter. The practical aim of linguistic studies should therefore be the creation of an international means of communication to be used in the field of science as well as in every-day life. Important postulates of such a conception would be: improved learnability by means of simplification of grammatical structures, consistency in word-formation and easy articulation for people of different language communities. To conform to these aims, Rask decided to create a system mainly on the basis of romance languages, i.e., Latin, Spanish, French and Portugese, complemented by Greek and English. Rask’s essay presents a hitherto unknown type of planned language, commonly described as ‘naturalistic’. Whereas other aposterioric systems like Esperanto give priority to regularity and logic and are therefore called ‘autonomous’, Rask tries to remain faithful to the results of historical evolution. In that respect, Rask’s project resembles Otto Jespersen’s ‘Novial’, which was to be conceived a century later.

scholarly journals SVIATOSLAV KARAVANSKYI: THE PROBLEM OF SPELLING AND LEXICOGRAPHIC CODIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
I. D. Farion
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Political Figure

Purpose and tasks. The purpose is to actualize the linguistic heritage of S. Karavanskyi as a basis for further prescriptive linguistic research. Among the tasks is the analysis of spelling and lexicographic codification in the works of a linguist. The object of our study is the linguistic heritage of Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, who after more than 30 years of Moscow-Stalin concentration camps and 37 years of American emigration carried, preserved and motivated the specific linguistic norm of the constantly destroyed Ukrainian language and its native speakers. The subject of our research is spelling and lexicographic codification of the first third of the XX-XXI century in the works of S. Karavanskyi. When processing the material, we use the analytical and descriptive method. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Spelling issues in the works of S. Karavanskyi have a substantiated ideological basis, which is to reflect the spelling of specific rather than assimilative (“destructive”) features caused by the occupation and totalitarian regime of the 30-80s of the XX century. Spelling assimilation and the necessity to remove it is to change the phonetic-morphological and syntactic structure of the Ukrainian language, in particular phonetic, morphological, word-formation and syntactic changes. The lexicographic codification of the linguist is evidenced by his two fundamental works: “Practical Dictionary of Synonyms of the Ukrainian Language” and “RussianUkrainian Dictionary of Complex Vocabulary”. The main methodological basis for compiling these dictionaries is the specificity of Ukrainian vocabulary in its resistance to codification in dictionaries of “pseudo-language” imposed on Ukrainians during the ethnocide policy and exposing Soviet lexicography as the main “tool of Ukrainian linguicide”. Among the prospects of our study is a holistic linguistic and political portrait of a linguist and socio-political figure.

scholarly journals "Wortbildung und Internet / Словообразование и интернет / Tvorba riječi i internet" (Institut für Slawistik der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 22–25.03.2016). XVII Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Komisji Słowotwórczej przy Międzynarodowym Komitecie Slawistów

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 401-415
Author(s):  
Zofia Rudnik-Karwatowa ◽  
Jewhenija Karpiłowśka
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Slavic Studies

Wortbildung und Internet / Словообразование и интернет / Tvorba riječi i internet [Word-Formation and the Internet] (Institut für Slawistik der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 22–25.03.2016). 17th International Conference of the Word-Formation Commission of the International Committee of SlavistsThe article is a report of the 17th International Conference held on March 22–25, 2016, at the Institute of Slavic Studies, University of Graz, by the Word-Formation Commission of the International Committee of Slavists. The subject matter of the conference – Word-Formation and the Internet – proved apt due to its topicality. The authors describe each presentation delivered during this academic event. Wortbildung und Internet / Словообразование и интернет / Tvorba riječi i internet (Institut für Slawistik der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 22–25.03.2016). XVII Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Komisji Słowotwórczej przy Międzynarodowym Komitecie SlawistówArtykuł stanowi sprawozdanie z XVII Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej zorganizowanej w dniach 22–25 marca 2016 roku w Instytucie Slawistyki Uniwersytetu w Grazu przez Komisję Słowotwórczą przy Międzynarodowym Komitecie Slawistów. Tematyka konferencji Słowotwórstwo i internet okazała się bardzo trafna ze względu na jej aktualność. Autorki omawiają poszczególne referaty uczestników tego wydarzenia naukowego.

scholarly journals Arabskie zapożyczenia leksykalne w języku hiszpańskim

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 149-186
Author(s):  
Jamila Oueslati ◽  
Agata Wolarska
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Military

The large number of words from Arabic found in modern Spanish is proof of the deep influence Arabic has had on the Spanish language. Historical sociolinguistic processes which have lasted to the present day indicate that the influence of Arabic culture has been neither brief or superficial. Instead, it has, and continues to have great significance for the language situation of Spain. Much linguistic research has shown how loans from Arabic have been assimilated as they have become part of the lexical resources of modern Spanish. Arabic culture and civilization in the Iberian Peninsula (711-1942) above all involved the sciences, literature, art, architecture, engineering, agriculture, the military, medicine. At that time, Al-Andalus was one of the most influential European centers of science and cultural exchange in Europe. Contacts between Arabic and the Romance languages found in the Iberian Peninsula resulted in numerous loans both from Arabic to the Romance languages and from the Romance languages to Arabic. These topics have been the subject of extensive research conducted from historical, cultural and linguistic points of view. Despite the existence of numerous works concerning Arabic loans, this area requires, further, deeper research. In this article, selected issues concerning Arabic loans in Spanish are analyzed as are the adaptive processes they have undergone and the level of their integration into Spanish. The basis of the analysis is made up of oral and written texts collected in the Corpus de Español del Siglo XXI [CORPES XXI, RAE] – a corpus of contemporary Spanish from the 21st century.

scholarly journals Instructional Communication

Communication ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Classroom Management ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Instructional Communication ◽  
Instructional Setting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Formal Recognition

Instructional communication is a discipline that centers on the role that communication plays in the teaching-learning process independent of the type of student learner, the subject matter, or the instructional setting. Since its formal recognition as an area of academic study in 1972 by the International Communication Association, instructional communication researchers examine how several factors—such as instructor teaching strategies and preferences, student learning styles and orientations, instructor classroom management practices, instructor and student characteristics, and the development of communication relationships—not only influence how and why students interact with their instructors and their peers, but also the ways in which students respond favorably to the learning environment.

scholarly journals Afterthoughts on Semantics of Compounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

This paper is primarily devoted to outlining the word-formation trends in English, specifically to compounding. Firstly, we trace a variety of attempts seeking to expose various approaches connected with word derivation, secondly, the paper reports research findings from semantic classification of compounds. Compounding has been the subject of great many linguistic discussions. However, we have shown in the article that further insights into this subject-matter can exposome unexpected trends. Somehow the research touches upon the semantics of compounds ,i.e. semantic relationships reigning between its constituents. Specifically, an attempt is made to clear up the matter concerning the definition of compounds; as we can’t find a straightforward answer to this question we try to seek areas of agreement among this great diversity of opinions.

Comparative Basic-Words of Standard Arabic Palestinian and Tunisian

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Darsita Suparno ◽  
Santje Inneke Iroth ◽  
Syifa Fauzia Chairul ◽  
Muhammad Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Word Categorization ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Palestinian Arabic ◽  
Tunisian Arabic ◽  
Modern Standard

This paper studies comparative linguistics on the process of word-formation that occurs in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Palestinian Arabic (PLS), and Tunisian Arabic (TNS). It is addressed to portray the process of the verb, adjective, and noun formation in three Arabic languages by using Plag’s theory and to identify sameness and contrariness of basic words by using Hock’s theory. This study used 220 of Morris Swadesh's basic vocabulary as the main guidelines for obtaining data. The criteria were adopted to analyze the data were orthographic, sound-change, phonological and morpheme contrast. This research used descriptive qualitative. The source of the data was basic-word vocabulary. The data were gathered by conducting an in-depth interview with five post-graduate students of the Arabic Department at Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as informants to get information. The data were analyzed by using structural linguistics, especially phonology, morphology, and semantics. This investigation informed several aspects of findings such as processes of cognates, back-formation, phonological variations, prefixes, clipping, derivation, acronym, loanword, blending, and metathesis of MSA, PLS and TNS. Using the Swadesh vocabulary list, the results of this study found 207 vocabularies for each language, such as MSA, Tunisian, and Palestinian. Using word categorization, it has found that these vocabularies have categorized into five words classes, namely, nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, determiner.

scholarly journals The linguistic personality of Dmitry Yavornitsky in the aspect of psycholinguistics

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
National Character ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The article is dedicated to actual problems of the linguistic personality in modern linguistics. It reveals the scientific content of the notion of linguistic personality as an object of linguistic research, which includes mental, social, ethnic, and other components of the discourse. The object of the research is the linguistic personality of Dmytro Yavornytsky – an outstanding scientist, social and cultural activist, writer, historian, folklorist, and lexicographer. The article explores language means, which determine the artistic individuality of D. Yavornytsky. Author’s worldview and values found their expression in the language of his works. The analysis of literary texts revealed that D. Yavornytsky aestheticized the folk spoken element. The writer widely uses everyday vocabulary, designating the realia of folk life, which alongside with the stylistically marked vocabulary of various degree of expressiveness displays the linguistic colouring of the epoch. In addition, the colloquial vocabulary is used as an expressive element. The work features the analysis of phraseological units of D. Yavornytsky’s literary texts – both traditional and modified by author. In is noted that the choice of phraseological units is determined by the subject matter of the creation. D. Yavornytsky was the adherent of ethnography, which is the reason for prevailing of fixed phrases from the colloquial language in his works. The national character of D. Yavornytsky’s works is reflected in the means of folk songs – an expressive feature of writer’s idiostyle. Proverbs, sayings, ubiquitous epithets, metaphors, similes, and other stylistic figures are means of stylization of folk-poetic narration. One of the brightest figurative units of D. Yavornytsky’s idiostyle, which is inseparably connected with ideological and thematic focus, is simile. The article features the research of individual constants of the worldview, values of the writer, and means of their linguistic expression. The most semantically and aesthetically significant words of his linguistic picture of the world are Cossack, steppe, song, Dnipro, Ukraine, Khortytsya, Baida, soul, heart.

GENDER ASPECT OF INVECTIVE METAPHORICAL NOMINATIONS OF THE GALICIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
O.V. Merzlikina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Gender Construction ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Aspect

The article represents the results of analyzing the gender oppositions in reflection of the Galician metaphoric invective nominations. The subject matter of the analysis is gender invective metaphors: source domains that are focused in the process of gender metaphorization and gender construction as the main aspects of this analysis. The study of metaphorical invective nominations in the gender aspect showed the absence of typical features when choosing a source domain for metaphorical modeling of a human, as well as the specificity of using certain motivational bases. The most demanded source domains for the invective metaphorical modeling of human turned out to be “animals”, followed by the frequency of occurrence are “artifacts”, “human”, “food”, “mythological images” and “naturofacts”. The gender fixation of the metaphorical invective nomination depends on the word-formation and grammatical characteristics of the lexemes, which act as the source’s domains of such nominations. If the names of the source domains (fauna, human, and mythical images) contain semantic components in the lexical meaning that distinguish the gender opposition, then, as a rule, with the metaphorical transfer such opposition is preserved. Such metaphorical invective nomination can be either gender unmarked or gender marked. Metaphoric zoomorphic nominations, the source domains of which do not have gender differentiation, or that name various objects (nautrofacts, artifacts, food) in their original nominative meaning, can be identified either with a human in general or with a man or a woman.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE NEOLEXES ON THE DESIGNATION OF THE CULTURAL AND ARTISTIC SPHERE

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
V. P. Oleksenko
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
New Words ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Internet Forums

The article clarifies the meaning and features of word-formation development of new words and terms to denote the cultural and artistic field, which appeared in the modern Ukrainian literary language at the beginning of the XXI century and due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors are widely used. The object of research are words and terms of the cultural and artistic sphere, as they are best able to nominate concepts in special vocabulary, to reflect the diversity of the semantic spectrum of the conceptual sphere of «culture and art». The subject of research is lexical-semantic, structural-word-forming and spelling features of words and terms of cultural and artistic sphere in the Ukrainian language. Scientific novelty of the research. The classification of neolexes by semantic criterion is offered. The place of innovations in the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language is determined, the main stages of adaptation and structural and semantic features of words and terms to denote the cultural and artistic branch are characterized; the factors of creation of neolexes and their inclusion in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language, which supplement the corresponding lexical-semantic group with new tokens, are clarified; factors of word-forming activity of neolexes are revealed; It is proved that one of the reasons for the problem of qualification and spelling of neolexes with creative bases-Englishisms is the lack of mastery of innovations by the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language. The existing achievements of linguists in the field of studying innovative derivatives are analyzed, it is stated that the issue of the dynamics of the language system is always at the center of current linguistic research. Innovative words and terms of the cultural and artistic sphere of the beginning of the XXI century in the language of mass media, Internet forums and in dictionaries of neologisms of the modern Ukrainian language are revealed, globalization tendencies in their use are testified. The main thematic groups of neolexes for the designation of the cultural and artistic sphere are singled out, structural and semantic innovations and productivity of their use are determined. It is proved that one of the reasons for the problem of qualification and spelling of neolexes with creative bases-Englishisms is the lack of mastery of innovations by the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of language systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (42) ◽  
pp. E8822-E8829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Greenhill ◽  
Chieh-Hsi Wu ◽  
Xia Hua ◽  
Michael Dunn ◽  
Stephen C. Levinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirichlet Process ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Dirichlet Process Mixture ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Grammatical Structures

Understanding how and why language subsystems differ in their evolutionary dynamics is a fundamental question for historical and comparative linguistics. One key dynamic is the rate of language change. While it is commonly thought that the rapid rate of change hampers the reconstruction of deep language relationships beyond 6,000–10,000 y, there are suggestions that grammatical structures might retain more signal over time than other subsystems, such as basic vocabulary. In this study, we use a Dirichlet process mixture model to infer the rates of change in lexical and grammatical data from 81 Austronesian languages. We show that, on average, most grammatical features actually change faster than items of basic vocabulary. The grammatical data show less schismogenesis, higher rates of homoplasy, and more bursts of contact-induced change than the basic vocabulary data. However, there is a core of grammatical and lexical features that are highly stable. These findings suggest that different subsystems of language have differing dynamics and that careful, nuanced models of language change will be needed to extract deeper signal from the noise of parallel evolution, areal readaptation, and contact.

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