scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT LINK IN THE CAUSALITY THEORY OF CRIMINALISTICS

Author(s):  
S. V. Velikanov

The article deals with the issues of the cause and effect link structure in the causality theory of criminalistics. It identifies similarity levels for causality as well as their hierarchy. Within the context of subject’s instrumental causality the link structure is represented by related events «the subject’s decision», «the subject’s action», «the use of the means», «the formation of the trace». Within the context of the subject causality without instruments the article discusses the links between the events «the subject’s decision» - «the subject’s actions» - «the formation of the trace». The context of object causality links the events «the object’s actions» and «the formation of the trace». The link «the subject’s decision» - «the subject’s actions» in subject causality is described as a mental phenomenon and with this regard the article provides arguments in favor of compatibility of the subject’s free will and determinism. The other links that are discussed in the article are of deterministic nature, as they take place while interacting with material objects and are governed by natural laws. The article determines the areas and branches of criminalistics where these contexts of cause and effect links are the most common.

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Sergei Viktorovich Serebrennikov

The subject of this research is the abstract model of functionality of cause-and-effect relations, which can be depicted as a construct x leads to y, where x is producing cause, and y – the effect. Leaning on semantics of the text, this model can be presented as P, cause that leads to P effect, where P is any semantic predicate, being on the place of either causing element or the effect element. The object of this research is the texts with cause-and-effect semantics. The goal consists in examination of the structure of cause-and-effect relations from the perspective of the logic of language and the semantic of text. The main conclusion is the depiction of cause-and-effect relations through the simplest binary model, in which the chain is created between to situations of propositions. Elements of the model are interconnected – one situation exists because of the other. Such relationship can be determined on the in-depth level – a semantic element equal for both situations, as well as on the meaningful level – connection between the elements of the situation. The study applies the methods of component analysis, propositional analysis, and contextual analysis. Relevance of the article is substantiated by referring to such modern linguistic trends as the logic of language, semantic syntax, and syntax of the text.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Jackson

On a certain reading, the respective theories of Freud and Nietzsche might be described as exploring the suffered relational histories of the subject, who is driven by need; these histories might also be understood as histories of language. This suggests a view of language as a complicated mode of identifying-with, which obliges linguistic subjects to identify the non-identical, but also enables them to simultaneously identify with each other in the psychoanalytic sense. This ambivalent space of psychoanalytic identification would be conditioned by relational histories. On one hand, this might lead to conformity within a system of language as a shared, obligatory compromise formation that would defend against the non-identical; magical language, typified in Freud’s critique of animism and in Nietzsche’s critique of “free will” guided by absolute normative signifiers (“Good” and “Evil”), would be symptomatic of this sort of defense. On the other hand, given other relational histories, it may produce the possibility for more transitional modes of identification, and thereby modes of language that can bear its suffered histories, and lead to proliferation of singular compromise formations. It is suggested that while the former is historically dominant, Nietzsche and various psychoanalytic thinkers contribute to conceiving of the possibility of working ourselves towards the latter.


1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Monti Civelli

This article discusses differences in language development between blind and sighted children and adolescents. The first part provides a review of the literature on the subject. The second part describes a study the author conducted at the Institute for the Blind in Milan, Italy. When 10 blind and 10 sighted 13- to 17-year-olds were asked to define 28 words representing objects, movements, animals, and facial expressions, the two groups performed equally well on the words for material objects. The blind group performed better than the sighted group on the other three categories of words.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (72) ◽  
pp. 1055-1076
Author(s):  
Pierre Guenancia

Descartes e a ideia de homem. Imperfeição e perfeição do homem Resumo: O autor nota, por um lado, que Descartes se refere a uma compreensão muito larga, mas também comum e corrente, do homem e, por outro, que o homem não pode ser identificado nem ao corpo, nem à alma, nem mesmo à união do corpo e da alma. Quando falamos da natureza humana, ela evoca o caráter de uma perfeição limitada, cuja particularidade é sua capacidade de ter o livre-arbítrio. A noção do homem enquanto sujeito de (não) perfeição é baseada sobre uma ideia que se define por uma relação à ideia do infinito sob a forma da aspiração a ser mais perfeito. O exercício do livre-arbítrio se articula concretamente a um esforço de atenção e de vigilância que permite evitar um juízo errôneo. A tese exposta se desenvolve, em seguida, em três tópicos. Primeiramente, a razão se apresenta como um instrumento universal do homem, que, por sua vez, aparece como ser polivalente que o utiliza, sendo capaz de se adaptar às situações as mais diversas. Em segundo lugar, a perfeição especificamente humana significará a capacidade de exercer a dúvida e de recorrer às suposições e probabilidades no plano cognitivo. Isso significa, entre outros, que, para a aquisição da perfeição, é preciso reconhecer a sua própria imperfeição. Enfim, em terceiro lugar, a capacidade de usar propriamente o livre-arbítrio conduz à definição de homem como generoso, em que o homem é compreendido no sentido moral mais que no metafísico. Palavras-chave: Homem; Perfeição; Finitude; Atenção ; Livre arbítrio; Generosidade. Descartes et l’idée de l’homme. Imperfection et perfection de l’homme. Résumé: L'auteur note que, d'une part, Descartes se réfère à une compréhension très large, mais aussi commune et courante de l'homme, et de l'autre que l'homme ne peut pas être identifié ni au corps, ni à l'âme, ni même à l'union du corps et de l'âme. Lorsqu’on parle de la nature humaine, elle porte le caractère d'une perfection limitée, dont la particularité est sa capacité d'avoir le libre arbitre. La notion de l'homme en tant que sujet de (non) perfection est basée sur une idée qui se définit par rapport à l'idée de l'infini sous la forme de l'aspiration à être plus parfait. L’exercice du libre arbitre se joint concrètement à un effort d'attention et de vigilance qui permet d’éviter un jugement erroné. La thèse ci-dessus se développe ensuite en trois points. Premièrement, la raison se présente comme un instrument universel de l'homme qui à son tour apparait comme être polyvalent l'utilisant et étant capable de s'adapter aux situations les plus diverses. Deuxièmement, la perfection spécifiquement humaine signifiera la capacité d’exercer le doute et de recourir aux suppositions et probabilités sur le plan cognitif. Cela signifie entre autres que pour l'acquisition de la perfection, il faut reconnaître sa propre imperfection. Enfin, troisièmement, la capacité d'user proprement le libre arbitre conduit à la définition de l'homme comme généreux, où l'homme est compris au sens moral plus que métaphysique. Mots clé: Homme; La Perfection; Finitude; Attention ; Libre arbitre ; La Générosité. Descartes and the idea of man. Imperfection and perfection of man Abstract: The author notes that, on the one hand, Descartes refers to a very broad, but also common and current understanding of man, and on the other that man cannot be identified nor with the body , neither to the soul, nor even to the union of body and soul. When we speak of human nature, it carries the character of a limited perfection, the particularity of which is the ability to have free will. The notion of man as the subject of (non) perfection is based on an idea which is defined in relation to the idea of ​​infinity in the form of the aspiration to be more perfect. The exercise of free will is joined concretely to an effort of attention and vigilance which makes it possible to avoid erroneous judgment. The thesis above then develops in three points. First, reason presents itself as a universal instrument of man who in turn appears to be versatile, using it and being able to adapt to the most diverse situations. Second, specifically human perfection will mean the ability to exercise doubt and use cognitive assumptions and probabilities. Among other things, this means that in order to acquire perfection, you have to recognize your own imperfection. Finally, thirdly, the ability to use free will properly leads to the definition of man as generous, where man is understood more in the moral sense than in the metaphysical sense. Keywords: Man; Perfection; Finitude; Attention ; Free will ; Generosity. Data de registro: 17/11/2020 Data de aceite: 30/12/2020  


The article is devoted to the real and official authorities of the managers, their peculiarities, common and distinctive ways of management. The success of an organization directly depends on its leader, management team and its level of management. The management authorities give a real opportunity to influence the behaviour of other people, to change them in a certain way. In the system of official authorities the head of an organization has the potential authority over his or her subordinates but the real authorities will depend on relations with his or her surroundings: line managers, subordinates and colleagues. Many people think that authorities give leaders the ability to impose their will regardless of the other person's feelings, desires and abilities. If that were true, then the appointed managers of the organization would always have the power to influence at least their subordinates. The official authorities allow a person to directly or indirectly influence members of an organization. The object of power is subject to influence, not of his or her free will, but due to the obligation of obeying the orders of the subject of power. Under any circumstances, the official actual authorities create only external motivation for the performance of subordinates’ duties. The real authorities, in their narrow sense, mean the authority or influence of a person in the context of informal relationships in the management system. The basis of such authorities, first of all, is the personal qualities of a person. In their broad sense, the real authority is a combination of formal and real authorities in a narrow sense, when a person holding an official position in the management system of an organization with appropriate authority also influences people by his or her personal qualities, including authority. According to the results this research, it was established that the basis of official authorities are rewards, enforcement, standards. The basis of the real authorities can be knowledge, expert skills and a benchmark.


The application of computerized models to planning systems is in danger of falling from favour. The paper analyses the causes of this and identifies the main cause as the use of a mechanistic view of the world. The treatment of humans as machines subject to the laws of cause and effect or as statistical assemblages leads to plans being made for people and not by people for themselves. The paper discusses the pioneering work being done to introduce a methodology which recognizes free will among humans. The planning of production processes, on the other hand, can be treated by a mechanistic model of that system, but currently we have inadequate tools to devise such plans.


2004 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Celina A. LÉRTORA MENDOZA

Many philosophers have dealt with the subject offreedom of human action and its relation to the natural laws and causality, as well as the relationship between Being and its knowledge. Robert Grosseteste, talking about free will in an homonymus opusculate, starts by asking if free will really exists and is specially worried, through more than half of his work, to the relationship between human freedom and the subsequent need of divine knowledge. His thinking are a step forward towards the question and can be connected to answers which have later been given, about a topic which is always valid.


1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Stanisław Ziemiański

In this paper on the nature of the human being's responsibility for his actions I deliberately omit the controversy surrounding the determinism/indeterminism problem. To be sure, the free-will issue plays a prominent and very important role in any models of human responsibility and is the most frequently disputed issue in this discussion, for the human being is responsible insofar as his decisions can be said to be free. Though no less important, the interconnection between the subject, his action and its consequences on the other hand receives less attention, and yet - though it is no less important: the way in which this interconnection is conceived can have weighty repercussions in practical life, and unfortunately not all approaches are appropriate or adequate.


1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Christopher Stead

Augustine's philosophy of being, the subject of my lecture, might be approached in two ways. In traditional terms, we might consider the question quid est esse, or alternatively the question quaenam sunt. This latter question is easily explained; it means, roughly speaking, what does the real universe contain or comprise, in a large and general sense. Material objects, of course, we can all accept; but what should be said about minds and spirits and the things with which they are concerned? The other question is more difficult to explain in simple terms. Suppose we translate it ‘What is being?’, we may seem to be asking a question about the word ‘being’; what is the sense which Augustine gives to this word? But in fact we shall discover a whole spectrum of senses. ‘Being’, for Augustine, sometimes appears to express the purely minimal notion of mere existence; but he also uses it as a powerful symbol to formulate his deepest reflections on the spiritual life and the nature of God.


Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.


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