scholarly journals Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 721-727
Author(s):  
D.V. Usenko ◽  
◽  
N.Kh. Tkhakushinova ◽  
T.T. Shaturina ◽  
L.A. Ledenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

This paper discusses the spread of the most common causative agents for respiratory viral infections, i.e., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus (IV), during seasonal peaks and under the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and epidemic control measures reduced the transmission of some respiratory viral pathogens. The authors specify the risks of changes in RSV epidemiology associated with restrictions and their lifting. Possible scenarios of virus "behavior" in 2021–2022 are represented. These scenarios include the return of variants registered at the end of 2019 and the risk of the emergence of a novel strain of zoonotic flu that may result in a novel viral pandemic. It was demonstrated that effective monitoring of causative agent circulation, timely specific prophylaxis (particularly in high-risk groups), and early effective antiviral therapy are crucial irrespective of the possible scenario of respiratory viral infection. Modern principles of complex flu and acute respiratory viral infection treatment using an antiviral agent based on rimantadine and sodium alginate are addressed. KEYWORDS: flu, COVID-19, pandemic, respiratory syncytial infection, children, treatment, rimantadine, sodium alginate. FOR CITATION: Usenko D.V., Tkhakushinova N.Kh., Shaturina T.T. et al. Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022? Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):721–727 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021- 5-11-721-727.

The Role of Sialylation in Respiratory Viral Infection and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison Steele ◽  
Andrew J. Tague ◽  
Danielle Skropeta
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Cell Expression

: Respiratory infections caused by viruses such as influenza and coronavirus are a serious global problem due to their high infection rates and potential to spark pandemics, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Although preventing these infections by using vaccines has been the most successful strategy to date, effective vaccines are not always available. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs to treat such infections is essential, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients, or for outbreaks of novel virus strains. Sialic acids have been highlighted as a key molecule in the viral infection cycle, with terminally sialylated glycans acting as a target for several viral proteins involved in infection, particularly respiratory infection. Inhibitors of one such protein, neuraminidase, are the only anti-influenza drugs currently on the market. Problems with neuraminidase inhibitors, including development of resistance and a relatively narrow spectrum of activity, drive the need for an improved understanding of the viral infection cycle and the development of more resilient, broader-spectrum anti-viral treatments. Hence, this review outlines the various roles played by sialic acids in respiratory viral infection and provides examples of drugs that exploit sialic acids to inhibit viral infections. It has been concluded that drugs targeting host cell expression of sialic acid could be especially well suited to inhibiting a broad spectrum of respiratory infections. This warrants the continued design and improvement of such drugs in an attempt to lessen the burden of respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Macrolide Therapy in Respiratory Viral Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Yong Ju Jang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Titers

Background. Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection.Methods. A search of electronic journal articles through PubMed was performed using combinations of the following keywords including macrolides and respiratory viral infection.Results. Bothin vitroandin vivostudies have provided evidence of their efficacy in respiratory viral infections including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus. Much data showed that macrolides reduced viral titers of RV ICAM-1, which is the receptor for RV, and RV infection-induced cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Macrolides also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines which were induced by RSV infection, viral titers, RNA of RSV replication, and the susceptibility to RSV infection partly through the reduced expression of activated RhoA which is an RSV receptor. Similar effects of macrolides on the influenza virus infection and augmentation of the IL-12 by macrolides which is essential in reducing virus yield were revealed.Conclusion. This paper provides an overview on the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in various respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Comparison of rates of hospitalization between single and dual virus detection in a Mexican cohort of children and adults with influenza-like illness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E Noyola ◽  
Sally Hunsberger ◽  
Raydel Valdés Salgado ◽  
John H Powers ◽  
Arturo Galindo-Fraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background Molecular detection methods allow for the simultaneous detection of several infectious agents. This study assesses whether co-infection with two viruses as compared to one is associated with increased hospitalization in those with acute respiratory infections. Methods We prospectively enrolled a cohort of pediatric and adult participants with influenza-like illness during 2010-2014 in Mexico. Clinical information and respiratory samples were collected at enrollment. Respiratory viruses were detected with multiplex PCR and influenza specific RT-PCR assays. Participants were followed-up 14 and 28 days after inclusion. Severity of disease as measured by hospitalization with acute respiratory infections was compared between single and dual viral infections. Results Among 5,662 participants in the study, either one (n=3,285) or two (n=641) viruses were detected in 3,926 participants. Rhinovirus (n=1,433), influenza (n=888), and coronaviruses (n=703) were the most frequently detected viruses (either alone or in co-infection). Bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than other viruses. Bocavirus+rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those with rhinovirus alone (but not bocavirus alone). RSV cases were more likely to be hospitalized than cases with co-infections of RSV and parainfluenza virus or coronavirus. Metapneumovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those co-infected with metapneumovirus+coronavirus. Conclusions In this study, detection of two viruses did not significantly increase hospitalizations compared with single virus infections. Larger studies will allow for distinguishing between sequential and simultaneous infection as well as for a better understanding of the role of each virus during the evolution of acute respiratory episodes.

scholarly journals Eicosanoids and Respiratory Viral Infection: Coordinators of Inflammation and Potential Therapeutic Targets

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K. McCarthy ◽  
Jason B. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. Lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. Deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene production often results in a dampened inflammatory response to acute infection with a respiratory virus. These mediators may, therefore, serve as appealing therapeutic targets for disease caused by respiratory viral infection.

scholarly journals The bacteriological research in case of acute respiratory infections: actual, informative and effective

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-397
Author(s):  
S. I. Klymnyuk ◽  
L .B. Romanyuk ◽  
L .A. Volianska ◽  
E .I. Burbelа ◽  
N. Ya. Kravets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

The most common nosology in the routine work of family doctors is acute respiratory infections. The etiological composition of the acute respiratory viral infections is changing from year to year, which causes difficulties with the use of treatments. Purpose - improvement of tactics of a family doctor for antibiotic therapy of acute respiratory infections. Clinical manifestations of all etiological forms of ARI are similar, which complicates their differentiation. One of the leading - respiratory syndrome, is determined by the local defeat of certain parts of the respiratory tract. The pathogens of these diseases are mainly viruses, but the role of bacteria is also indisputable. According to the results of bacteriological studies with ARI, pathogens often include opportunistic bacteria of the staphylococcus group, streptococci, other aerobic and anaerobic cocci, representatives of the intestinal group and Candida, which can cause antibiotic-resistant forms. The family doctor should establish the diagnosis of respiratory infections, solve the problem of symptomatic therapy and agree on a strategy for the appointment of antibiotics. Most acute respiratory infections even in the absence of antibiotic therapy are recovering. Therefore, the tactics for the appointment of antibiotics should be determined depending on the severity of the disease, the belonging of the patient to certain risk groups. It would be advisable to include the collection of information on previous bacteriological studies and the preliminary history of the use of antibacterial agents, which would allow a family doctor to be better targeted when prescribing antibiotic therapy. The algorithm of the physician's action in the case of acute respiratory infections should be expanded at the point of coordination of the strategy of antibiotic therapy, adding to it the purpose of bacteriological examination in each case of diagnosis of ARI.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Han ◽  
Charu Rajput ◽  
Tomoko Ishikawa ◽  
Caitlin Jarman ◽  
Julie Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.

Probiotics in the comprehensive prevention of respiratory infections in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. Николаева ◽  
Д.В. Усенко ◽  
Ю.Н. Хлыповка ◽  
А.В. Горелов
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Potential Clinical Benefit ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Вирусные инфекции дыхательных путей являются наиболее частой причиной инфекционных заболеваний, особенно у детей. В большинстве случаев, особенно при поражении верхних дыхательных путей, острые респираторные вирусные инфекции протекают в легкой или среднетяжелой форме и часто купируются самостоятельно. Фармакологические средства для лечения или профилактики данных инфекций у детей в настоящее время ограничены. Многочисленные исследования доказали эффективность пробиотиков в лечении и профилактике заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, таких как инфекционные и антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи, диареи путешественников, некротизирующий энтероколит, инфекция Helicobacter pylori, а также атопических заболеваний. Становится актуальным изучение эффективности пробиотиков в качестве средств профилактики острых респираторных инфекций среди детей и взрослых. Данные in vitro демонстрируют, что пробиотики обладают штаммоспецифическим иммуномодулирующим действием на иммунные клетки. Показано, что пробиотики эффективны в подавлении репликации различных респираторных вирусов, включая вирусы гриппа и респираторно-синцитиальный вирус. Подобные эффекты были продемонстрированы на мышах, было показано, что пробиотики способны снижать титры вируса в тканях легких и модулировать экспрессию противовирусных и провоспалительных генов до и после вирусной инфекции. Доклинические исследования также показывают уменьшение симптомов заболевания у мышей, что указывает на потенциальную клиническую пользу. Данные литературы по изучению применения пробиотиков и синбиотиков при вирусных инфекциях респираторного тракта показывают, что их использование связано с более низкой частотой и меньшей продолжительностью легких форм респираторной инфекции как у детей, так и у взрослых. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение исследований для получения адекватных выводов об эффективности пробиотиков и синбиотиков при острых респираторных инфекциях. Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of infectious diseases, especially in children. In most cases, especially when the upper respiratory tract is affected, acute respiratory viral infections are mild to moderate and often stop spontaneously. Pharmacological agents for the treatment or prevention of these infections in children are currently limited. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as atopic diseases. It is becoming urgent to study the effectiveness of probiotics as prophylactic agents for acute respiratory infections. among children and adults. In vitro data demonstrate that probiotics have strain-specific immunomodulatory effects on immune cells. Probiotics have been shown to be effective in suppressing the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of probiotics to reduce viral titers in lung tissues and modulate the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory genes before and after viral infection. Preclinical studies also show improvement in symptoms in mice, indicating potential clinical benefit. Literature data on the use of probiotics and synbiotics for viral infections of the respiratory tract show that their use is associated with a lower frequency and duration of mild forms of respiratory infection in both children and adults. It is advisable to further conduct research necessary to obtain adequate conclusions about the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in acute respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Antiviral therapy of acute respiratory viral infection and influenza in children in a hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Sharipova ◽  
I. V. Babachenko ◽  
A. S. Levina ◽  
S. G. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
General Group ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection

Objective: to study the efficacy and safety of antiviraltherapy for influenza and acute respiratory viral infection with Kagocel in children in a hospital. Materials and methods: in the observational study included 80 children aged 3 to 11 years, hospitalized with symptoms of influenza and acute respiratory viral infection. The etiological confirmation of the diagnosis was carried out by the PCR method based onthe study of nasal swabs.The drug Kagocel was administered according to the instructions for use during the first 24 hours of hospitalization.The analysis of the virus release after the course of therapy with Kagocel (at 5–6 days from the beginning of treatment) was carried out only in patients with verified influenza and acute respiratory viral infection. Results: the dominant influence of viruses in the development of acute respiratory infections in children aged 3 to 11 years in the period of rising morbidity in St. Petersburg from September 2015 to May 2016. At the same time, 25% of the total number of patients were sick with influenza A and/or B. There was a significant decrease in fever to the third day (p <0,001) and normalization of body temperature from the fourth day after the beginning of therapy with Kagocel in the general group and in patients with confirmed influenza diagnosis. The intoxication syndrome, most pronounced with the flu, was mostly stopped by the fourth day(р<0,001). Catarrhalsyndrome, prevalent in the general group of acute respiratory viral infection, had longer periods of clinical manifestation and against the background of the therapy completely eliminated to the third or seventh day of therapy.Negative PCR results after the course of Kagocel therapy were established in 57,1% of the total group of patients. Among all detected viruses, the most typical is the absence of repeated isolation of influenza B and A viruses, PC virus (86% and 53,8%, 71,4%, respectively), the elimination of rhinoviruses was less frequent (33,3%). Conclusion: according to the results of the study, the effectiveness of therapy with the inclusion of the drug Kagocel in relieving fever by 3–4 days of treatment, as well as intoxication syndrome by 5–6 days in patients with acute respiratory viral infections, including patients with influenza, has been established. Negative results of PCR at the time of completion of therapy occurred mainly in patients with influenza A and B, PC infection. No adverse events were noted.

scholarly journals Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Jie Li ◽  
Hai-Yang Zhang ◽  
Li-Li Ren ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
Xiang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
And Control

AbstractNationwide prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute respiratory infections was conducted in China between 2009‒2019. Here we report the etiological and epidemiological features of the 231,107 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Children <5 years old and school-age children have the highest viral positivity rate (46.9%) and bacterial positivity rate (30.9%). Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus are the three leading viral pathogens with proportions of 28.5%, 16.8% and 16.7%, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the three leading bacterial pathogens (29.9%, 18.6% and 15.8%). Negative interactions between viruses and positive interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens are common. A Join-Point analysis reveals the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. These data indicate that differential priorities for diagnosis, prevention and control should be highlighted in terms of acute respiratory tract infection patients’ demography, geographic locations and season of illness in China.

scholarly journals Additional Diagnostic Yield of Adding Serology to PCR in Diagnosing Viral Acute Respiratory Infections in Kenyan Patients 5 Years of Age and Older

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Feikin ◽  
M. Kariuki Njenga ◽  
Godfrey Bigogo ◽  
Barrack Aura ◽  
Stella Gikunju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Etiologic Diagnosis

ABSTRACTThe role of serology in the setting of PCR-based diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is unclear. We found that acute- and convalescent-phase paired-sample serologic testing increased the diagnostic yield of naso/oropharyngeal swabs for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses beyond PCR by 0.4% to 10.7%. Although still limited for clinical use, serology, along with PCR, can maximize etiologic diagnosis in epidemiologic studies.

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