scholarly journals Private Regulierung der Weltwirtschaft

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (142) ◽  
pp. 127-143
Author(s):  
Ingo Malcher
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Private Governance ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Alongside with the liberalization of financial markets organizations of private regulation have become more important since the nineties. Private institutions such as Rating Agencies or financial market instruments as the Emerging Market Bond Index (EMBI+) are part of the private governance structure and have a strong impact on countries’ economic, financial and social policy and in some cases have become more important than has the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank. Especially for the new leftwing governments of Latin America, which have emerged around the millenium change, these mechanisms and instruments of private regulation are of strong importance as they are still backing neoliberal hegemony although there is a crisis of the neoliberal consensus within the continent. These instruments should therefore be seen as enforcement measures of the neoliberal hegemony because they make sure that Latin American countries are employing market friendly policies.

scholarly journals Tecnología de información & productividad en América latina

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Neira
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Palabras claves: Consumo, producto interno bruto (PIB), tecnología de informaciónResumen. Se investiga en que grado el total de gastos de Tecnología de información y las inversiones de software/hardware, tienen impacto sobre la productividad en países de Latinoamérica, se pretende averiguar como la productividad puede ser aumentada en respuesta a estas variables. Aunque literaturas anteriores hayan investigado en países desarrollados las preguntas respecto a si la Tecnología de Información tiene impacto sobre la productividad de un pais, en países con economía emergente han sido pocas las investigaciones. Un mejor entendimiento de cómo la productividad de una nación es afectada por la tecnología de información puede ayudar a los políticos a inventar mejores estrategias de promover el crecimiento. Es importante para empresas multinacionales en economías de mercado emergente, saber cuando invertir en tecnología de información para alcanzar los niveles mas eficientes de producción. La relación postulada entre la Tecnología de Información y la productividad de un país es examinada usando el método estadístico de regresión linear, dónde las variables Dependientes son representadas por: El Producto Interno Bruto y la Inversión del Gobierno; las variables independientes las representan: La Información, Comunicación y Tecnología, la inversión de Tecnología de Información en Educación y en Software/Hardware en los países seleccionados.Key words: Consumption, gross national product (GNP), information technologyAbstract. The purpose of this investigation its whether total ICT spending, Software/Hardware spending, and IT variables have varying degrees of impact on country productivity in Latin American. I predict that productivity could be increased in response to any of these variables. Although previous literature has investigated these questions for developed countries, questions of whether information technology has any impact on a country’s productivity has received little attention in emerging market economies. A better understanding of how productivity of a nation is affected by information technology can help policymakers devise better strategies to promote high and stable economic growth. It is also important for multinational companies operating in emerging market economies to know how much to invest in information technology in order to achieve the most efficient levels of production. Yearly information technology data are obtained from Digital. Planet of the Global Research organization, the productivity indicators are obtained from the international Financial Statistics publications of the international Monetary fund. The postulated relationship between IT and country productivity is examined using a linear regression method.

Who’s to Blame? The Distribution of Responsibility in Developing Democracies

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Alcañiz ◽  
Timothy Hellwig
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
Mass Politics ◽  
World Markets ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

International structures tie the hands of policy makers in the developing world. Dependency on the world economy is blamed for low growth, high volatility and less redistribution of income than average, but the effect of international constraints on mass politics is relatively unknown. This study examines how citizens of developing democracies assign responsibility for policy outcomes. A theory of the distribution of responsibility, combining insights from the political economy of development and the study of mass behaviour, is presented. Evidence from seventeen Latin American countries shows that citizens often blame policy outcomes on international and private-sector actors, to which they, as voters, have no direct recourse. Ties to world markets and the International Monetary Fund, especially foreign debt, shift responsibility towards international actors and tend to exonerate national politicians.

International Monetary Fund

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-712
Keyword(s):  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
United States Dollar ◽  
Capital Movements ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

On June 7, 1961, it was announced that the International Monetary Fund had entered into a stand-by arrangement authorizing the government of Ecuador to draw up to $10 million in currencies held by the Fund during the following twelve months. Then, on July 19 the Fund announced that it had concurred in the establishment of a new par value for Ecuador's currency, accompanied by a simplification of the country's exchange system. The par value as of that date was changed from 15 to 18 sucres per United States dollar, and Ecuador discontinued most of its multiple rate practices. Under the new system at least 90 percent of all trade and trade-connected transactions, including the export of such major products as bananas, coffee and cacao, was to be conducted within one percent either side of parity, while a small free market with a fluctuating rate, mainly for nonessential invisible transactions and unregistered capital transactions, was to continue to operate, chiefly as a means of controlling capital movements. During the period under review the Fund also entered into stand-by agreements wkh other Latin American countries. On July 14, 1961, the Fund announced a one-year stand-by arrangement with the government of El Salvador authorizing drawings in an amount equivalent to $11.25 million. The Fund's assistance was designed to help to support the country's reserve position and ensure the continued convertibility of its currency while measures were being adopted to improve El Salvador's internal situation through appropriate fiscal and monetary policies.

Multiple Exchange Rate Policies in Latin America

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang König
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Multiple Exchange ◽  
International Monetary Policy ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The persistence of trade and exchange controls in developing countries is of growing concern among economic circles and has been dealt with in recent discussions and papers, both published and unpublished. In Latin America exchange practices have severely tested the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which represents the prevailing ideology of a liberal international monetary policy. The principles and activities of this institution have tended to conflict in many ways with the development efforts of Latin American countries—a fact that has not always been fully recognized due to the confidential nature of many of the Fund's actions. One important issue has been the problem of multiple exchange rates, which, in many Latin American countries, came to constitute an important instrument of the policy of industrialization through import substitution.

scholarly journals Relationship of Innovative Self-Perception with Training, Hiring and Profits, of Micro-Entrepreneurs

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Alfonso Barrera
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
The Self ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

Entrepreneurship has become a fundamental theme in Latin America. In recent years, public and private institutions have invested in training entrepreneurs in order to contribute to economic growth, develop work and reduce poverty. In the presented research, it is compared the self-appraisal as innovators, of micro-entrepreneurs who have attended training during the last five years, with micro-entrepreneurs without training, and additionally, it is studied if the micro-entrepreneurs that self-perceive themselves as innovators are more prone to hiring workers and obtain higher profits. The methodology used is hypothesis testing with Chi2 statistic and descriptive statistics. The results exhibit that trained micro-entrepreneurs call themselves innovators in greater proportion and that this relationship is more relevant in some training topics, moreover, that innovative self-perception is linked to a greater intention of hiring and profits. The evidence obtained is considered relevant, since it allows orienting training activities in Latin American countries and improving the selection of topics and methodologies to promote their effectiveness.

Latin America seeks improved cybersecurity governance

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Military ◽  
Policy Communities ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Subject Cybersecurity outlook. Significance Latin American countries including Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay have set up novel policy communities involving various public and private institutions charged with securing cyberspace. Impacts Regional countries are largely unprepared to enforce a militarised deterrence response. Cyber tensions could flare due to old rivalries and the fact that the military is heavily steering cybersecurity. Cybersecurity shortcomings threaten development of the Internet of Things in the region.

What Role for Learning? The Diffusion of Privatisation in OECD and Latin American Countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
COVADONGA MESEGUER
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Learning From Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rational Learning ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
International Pressures ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In this paper, I enquire whether 37 governments in industrial and in Latin American countries privatised as a result of learning from experience. Using a rational updating model, I examine whether the decision in the 1980s and 1990s to streamline the public sector was the outcome of a revision of beliefs about the effectiveness of privatisation or whether, alternatively, it was triggered by international pressures or mimicry. The results suggest that rational learning and especially emulation were two important factors in the decision to privatise. International pressures, here proxied by the presence or absence of an agreement with the International Monetary Fund and by European Union membership, are irrelevant to explanations of the decision to privatise. Finally, domestic political conditions appear relevant to the decision to launch privatisation but only when the analysis is carried out for each of the regional sub-samples. In the OECD countries, centre-left governments were more likely to privatise whereas in Latin American more repressive regimes were more willing to divest.

Redistribution, insurance and incentives to work in Latin-American pension programs

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALVARO FORTEZA ◽  
GUZMÁN OURENS
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Income Risk ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Security Indicators ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractWe present a new database of social security indicators for 11 Latin-American countries designed to show how much they promise to pay in return to contributions. These are based on micro-simulations according to existing norms. We use response-surface analysis to characterize simulation results. Our results indicate that most programs are progressive. The length of service (LOS) has a strong impact on the expected returns to contributions. In several programs, the expected rates of return exhibit striking discontinuities in the LOS, mostly due to vesting period conditions. This implies these programs may be exacerbating income risk.

Comparison of Basic Regulatory Requirements for Generic Drug Products Registration in CIS and Latin American Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Mohit ◽  
Aakash Deep ◽  
Gaurav Khurana ◽  
Jagdeep Kumar ◽  
Akshay Monga
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Regulatory Development ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Regulatory Organization ◽  
Latin American Countries

The product registration in the rest of the World is a challenging task because the regions under it are not harmonized. CIS and Latin American regions come under semi-regulated market. These regions have somewhat harmonized their regulatory organization. The significance of an emerging market is increasing globally. It is important for pharmaceutical companies to be up-to-date with the latest regulatory development. Both the regions follow their regional checklist for Drug Product Registration. Latin America includes a group of countries like Brazil, Guatemala and Peru etc, whereas CIS includes Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Armenia and Tajikistan etc.

Politics and Governance in Emerging Market Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 097491012110043
Author(s):  
Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Emerging Market Countries ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Latin American Countries

The rise of emerging market countries is of great significance for improving global governance. This study finds that 30 emerging market countries (E30) 1 , especially those in Africa and Asia, are relatively weak in governance. In the future, improvement in governance would be a critical factor for the economic growth of E30 countries, especially if these countries enjoy political stability. Though most of the E30 countries lack political stability, they have the capability for good governance, and their governments are striving to become more effective, which is particularly true for Asian countries. Unfortunately, for Latin American countries, corruption is a serious problem likely to undermine economic development in the region.

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