Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infestation among Pre-school Children in Skardu, Pakistan

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) reports that around 270 million pre-school children and over six hundred million school children are likely to be infested with one or more types of the intestinal worms. The helminthic infestations are indicators of the low socioeconomic status, lack of education, lack of good hygienic conditions and inaccessibility to potable water. Our study aimed to estimate prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among 1 to 5 years old children residing in the district Skardu of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on pre-school children of the district Skardu from August 2016 to January 2017. A sample of 300 children was obtained using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Demographical data was obtained through the structured questionnaire. The stool sample was collected and examined for intestinal parasites. The data was analysed using SPSS. Results: The prevalent intestinal helminths were found to be Ascaris Lumbricoides, Cryptosporidium , Hymenolepis Nana and Giardia with proportion of 22.33% , 14.0% , 9.3% and 8.0% respectively in our study population. 85% children of the sample belonged to low or lower middle socio-economic (SE) groups; correspondingly, increased prevalence of intestinal helminthic infestation was noted in the same SE groups. Conclusion: A high prevalence of these parasitic infections have been found in the children in Sakardu, which increases with age as the children start eating by themselves.

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Assessment of Brushing Techniques in School Children and Its Association with Dental Caries, Omdurman, 2019

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2021/4383418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Rugaia Eltayeb Hag Maki Ibrahim ◽

Maha O. Helaly ◽

Ehab Mohamed Abdelhlim Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

School Children ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional

Background. Dental caries are a common infectious disease of childhood. It is a highly prevalent disease among children. Aim. The goal of this study was to assess the different brushing techniques used by school children and to identify if there is an association between brushing techniques and dental caries. Materials and Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 396 school children (9–12 years old) chosen by convenience sampling technique from schools located in Omdurman locality, Sudan. After consent was taken, students were asked in an interview-based questionnaire about their brushing habits. Consequently, they were examined in an upright position using a sterile mouth mirror and a probe. The examination was carried out by a single examiner to investigate the presence of dental caries. The diagnosis was done based on the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria 2013. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and comparison between values using the chi-square test with a P value <0.05. Results. The present study found that the prevalence of dental caries is 70.9%. The combined brushing technique was the most used technique (42.9%). There was no statistical significance between brushing techniques and dental caries ( P value ≤0.330). There was a statistical significance between the periodic change of the toothbrush and dental caries ( P value ≤0.001). There was statistical significance between the level of education of the mother ( P value ≤0.001) and father ( P value ≤0.012) to the brushing technique used by the child as well. Conclusion. Due to a lack of awareness consequent of lower socioeconomic status, only a few percentage of the Sudanese population knows how to implement the correct oral hygiene practices to combat dental caries. It is important to design a specific public health program that particularly targets families of low socioeconomic status, which represents the majority. Dental caries persist as a widespread condition in Sudan as a result of a deficit in these kinds of programs.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pneumonia among Children 2 – 59 Months of Age in Gumay District, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.11138/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Anteneh Tesfaye ◽

Desta Hiko ◽

Teshome Kabeta

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Jimma Zone ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background Recent estimates from the World Health Organization suggest that pneumonia is responsible for 20% of deaths in the under-five age group, leading to 3 million deaths per year. Out of fifteen countries that have the highest death rate from clinical pneumonia in children younger than five-year-old, Ethiopia ranks as number four in the world. Objective To determine the prevalence and identify the associated factors of pneumonia among 2 -59 months old children in Gumay district, Jimma zone, 2017. Methods Community based cross sectional study was conducted in Gumay district from March 1- 26 /2017. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to proportionally draw 347 households from 5 selected kebeles. Pre-tested Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was employed to collect data from households. Health professionals were recruited in the survey as data collectors and supervisors. The data was entered to Epi-Data version 3 and then exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Result The prevalence of pneumonia in 2 to 59 months old children found to be 7.5%. a child 2-11 months of age(AOR = 3.17;95%CI 1.6,6.3; p-value= 0.024), Cooking place (AOR=5.7; 95% CI 1.83,18; p-value=0.004), living in houses with less than two windows (AOR= 3.18; 95% CI 1.07, 9.5; p-value =0.034), location of the child during cooking (AOR=5.15; 95%CI 1.6, 16.7; p-value= 0.008) and being not vaccinated (AOR=4.76, 95% CI;1.69, 13.37; p-value=0.003) were found to be significant associated with pneumonia among children 2 to 59 months of age in this study.

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Mother's Behavior in Exclusive Breastfeeding and Factors Affecting It in the Working Area of Air Dingin Padang Health Center

Journal of Midwifery ◽

10.25077/jom.6.1.113-119.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Erda Mutiara Halida ◽

Feni Andriani

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Health Organization

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children only be breastfed with breast milk (ASI) for at least six months in an effort to reduce child morbidity and mortality. Solid food should be given after the child is 6 months old, and breastfeeding continued until the child is two years old. Many factors will affect the success of exclusive breastfeeding including knowledge, education, occupation, problems with the mother's breast, and interest in formula milk promotion. This study aims to determine how the behavior of mothers in exclusive breastfeeding and the factors that influence it. This type of research is quantitative with a cross sectional study design. The independent variables of this study were education, mother's knowledge and husband's support, while the dependent variable is the mother's behavior in exclusive breastfeeding. The subjects in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 6-12 months with multistage sampling technique. The statistical test in this study used the Chi Square test. The results showed that there was no relationship between mother's knowledge and mother's education with mother's behavior in exclusive breastfeeding (p>0.05), and there was a relationship between husband's support and mother's behavior in exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.000)

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DISMENOREA PADA SISWI SMAN 1 LOLAK

PREPOTIF : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.31004/prepotif.v5i2.2094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 804-813

Author(s):

Strahmawati Hamzah ◽

Hamzah B

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The World ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Secondary Dysmenorrhea ◽

Health Organization ◽

Age Of Menarche

ABSTRACT Data from the World Health Organization shows that the incidence of dysmenorrhea is quite high throughout the world. The average incidence of dysmenorrhea in young women is between 16,8%-81%. The prevalence of adolescent girls in Indonesia is that the incidence of dysmenorrhea is 64,25%, consisting of 54,89% primary dysmenorrhea and 9,36% secondary dysmenorrhea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the incidence of dysmenorrhea in SMA Negeri 1 Lolak. This study used an analytic observational design with a cross sectional study design with a sample size of 68 respondents. The sampling technique used was total sampling. Data for each variable was collected using a questionnaire through interviews and then the data was then analyzed by univariate and bivariate with chi square test. The results of research conducted at SMAN 1 Lolak showed that there was a relationship between the age of menarche and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in class XI students (p = 0,030 < 0,05), there was a relationship between family history and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in class XI students (p = 0,039 < 0,05), and there is a relationship between exercise habits and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in class XI students (p=0,024

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Long-term Health Ailments among COVID-19 recovered patients in South Asian Countries: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1136761/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ponram P ◽

C Mythili

Keyword(s):

South Asian ◽

Binary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic declared as Global Health Emergency by World Health Organization. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is the major cause of COVID-19.Although the recovery rate of COVID-19 is higher, the recovered patients experience mild to severe health ailments post recovery. These health ailments affect their routine day to day life and also their quality of life. The key objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of various health ailments among COVID recovered population from south Asian countries.Methods: A descriptive cross-section study was conducted among 384 COVID-19 recovered population in South Asian Countries through randomized survey. Ethical approval of the institution was obtained and a convenient sampling technique was done. Statistical package for Social Sciences is used for the analysis of the data. . Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary dataResults: Among 384 samples, 68% of patients had post COVID-19 long term extreme tiredness and 64% of patients reported with sleepless ness. 73% of patients had fever and smell loss during the COVID19. 64% had reported body pain and cough when they had the infection. 42% of the patients were healthy ones without any comorbidity prior to COVID.Conclusions: The study concludes that there was high prevalence of long term illness among COVID-19 recovered patients and the prevalence was reported even in patients who had no comorbidities prior to COVID19 are the dominant health disorders prevalent among COVID-19 recovered population.

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Predisposing Factors And Prevalence Of Fractured Anterior Teeth Among 12 And 16 Years Old School Malaysian Children

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.33.1.00m21005747r3168 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 39-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V Gopinath ◽

K Ling ◽

K Haziani ◽

N Ismail

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Predisposing Factors ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maxillary Central Incisor ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Health Organization ◽

Dental Injuries

OBJECTIVE: This study reports on the predisposing factors and prevalence of fractured anterior teeth among 12 and 16 years-old school children in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, West Malaysia. STUDY DESIGN:A cross-sectional study was performed, involving 488 school children aged 12 and 16 years old and two calibrated dentists on the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) modification of Andreasen's 1999 classification. An oral examination was performed and all the necessary information was collected using a specified data collection sheet. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: The response rate was 98.8%. The prevalence of fractured anterior teeth was 11.2% at the age of 12 and 13.4% at the age of 16. Boys experienced more fractures than girls (p<0.05) among 12 year-olds but there was no gender predilection among 16 year olds. Most children could not remember the cause of fracture (>53.6%). Over 80% of dental injuries were of minor type (enamel fracture not involving the dentin). The maxillary central incisor was the most affected (>60%) tooth. Children at the age of 12 years with over jet greater than 3 mm,incompetent and short lip were predisposed to dental injuries (p<0.05). There was no association between molar relationship and fractures (p>0.05) in both age groups. CONCLUSION: The present study assessed the prevalence of dental injuries in 12 and 16 year old children and determined the risk factors that predispose to dental injuries. The possible causes and consequences of such tooth fractures must be highlighted to ensure esthetics and tooth longevity.

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Stunting and Its Determinants among Children Aged 6–59 Months in Northern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2018/1078480 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shiferaw Abeway ◽

Bereket Gebremichael ◽

Rajalakshmi Murugan ◽

Masresha Assefa ◽

Yohannes Mehretie Adinew

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization

Background. Stunting reflects chronic undernutrition during the most critical periods of growth and development in early life. The study was aimed at assessing the magnitude of stunting and associated factors among children aged 6–59 month in central Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 children aged between 6 and 59 months. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered using EPI INFO version 3.5.1, and analysis was done by SPSS version 21 and ENA, 2007 software for anthropometric calculation. World Health Organization standard 2006 was used to analyse anthropometric data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were also carried out to identify predictors of stunting. Statistical significance was declared at p<0.05 and 95% CI. Results. Overall magnitude of stunting was 52.4 (95% CI: 47.6–57.2). Being female (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.503–5.099), belonging to age group of 25–59 months (AOR: 4, 95% CI: 1.881–8.424) and birth weight of <2.5 kg (AOR: 5, 95% CI: 1.450–17.309), mothers' lack of ANC visits (AOR: 3.2 95% CI: 1.40–7.10), and mistimed complementary feeding initiation (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.266–4.606) were positively associated with child stunting, whereas educational status of the mother (AOR: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.001–0.063) showed negative association. Conclusion. Stunting was a highly prevalent problem in the study area. Low weight at birth, female sex, older age, mistimed initiation of complimentary feeding, and mothers’ lack of ANC visit were found to have significant relation with children’s chronic malnutrition. Thus, interventions shall effectively address those factors to alleviate the problem.

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Schistosoma mansoniInfection and Associated Determinant Factors among School Children in Sanja Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2014/792536 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Ligabaw Worku ◽

Demekech Damte ◽

Mengistu Endris ◽

Habtie Tesfa ◽

Mulugeta Aemero

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Determinant Factors

Background. Intestinal schistosomiasis is one of the most widespread parasitic infections in tropical and subtropical countries.Objective. To determine the prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection and associated determinant factors among school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March, 2013. 385 school children were selected using stratified proportionate systematic sampling technique. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated determinant factors. Stool samples were examinedusing formol-ether concentration and Kato-Katz technique. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression was done for assessing associated risk factors and proportions for categorical variables were compared using chi-square test.Pvalues less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.Results. The prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection was 89.9% (n=346). The overall helminthic infection in this study was 96.6% (n=372). Swimming in the river, washing clothes and utensil using river water, crossing the river with bare foot, and fishing activities showed significant association with the occurrence ofS. mansoniinfection.Conclusion.Schistosoma mansoniinfection was high in the study area. Therefore, mass deworming at least twice a year and health education for community are needed.

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Cataract surgical coverage rate among adults aged 40 years and older

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2009.v28.161-169 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 161-169

Author(s):

Lusianawaty Tana

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coverage Rate ◽

World Health ◽

Vision 2020 ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization

Cataract is a leading cause of curable blindness. Hence, in its global declaration of ‘Vision 2020 Right to Sight’, the World Health Organization (WHO) encouraged its member countries to address the problem of incident cataract. Many factors are related to the cataract surgical coverage rate, such as gender and diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to determine the cataract surgical coverage rate and investigate the determinants factors of cataract surgical coverage rate among adults 40 years old and above with cataract. A cross sectional study was conducted using National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2007 data. Cataract surgery was defined as surgery conducted within the last 12 months before the survey was performed. There were 6939 subjects (3105 male, 3834 female) who fulfilled the study criteria. The cataract surgical coverage rate was 19.3%. The cataract surgical coverage rate was lower in subjects with low education, in the group of farmers/fishermen/laborers, in the 40-49 years age group, in rural areas, and in subjects of low socioeconomic status (p<0.05). The cataract surgical coverage rate was not different between gender and diabetes mellitus (p>0.05). Determinants that were related to cataract surgical coverage rate were age, type of area of residence, socioeconomic status, and region of residence (p<0.001). The implementation of educational programs and reforms to local ophthalmic health services may improve the cataract surgical coverage rate.

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Pattern of complementary feeding among infants: a pilot study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 4366

Author(s):

Pragnya Paramita Bhoi ◽

Smruti Pragyan Sahoo ◽

Sonali Mangaraj ◽

Niyati Das ◽

Purnima Sahoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Education ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Face To Face ◽

Baseline Information ◽

Health Organization ◽

Source Of Information

Background: The world health organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, with the addition of complementary feeds at six months with continued breastfeeds until at least the age of two. This study aimed to assess the period and pattern of initiation of complementary feeding and to find out the prevalence of malnutrition among infants (6-12 months).Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken by taking 50 infants with the help of purposive sampling technique at pediatric OPD of Pradyumna Bal Memorial Hospital, KIMS, Bhubaneswar. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the baseline information by face to face interview and Anthropometric examination was conducted to asess the growth pattern. Anthropometric measurements were interpreted by using WHO Anthro Analyzer software and statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 20 Software.Results: The study findings revealed that most of the mother (64%) has initiated the Complementary feeding after 6 months of age, 88% mothers were continuing breastfeeding along with CF. No infants were given cow’s milk. There was significant association of initiation of complementary feeding with maternal education and source of information and age of the infant. Percentage of malnourished infants is 32%. Mothers were preferring to give formula food rather than the home made one.Conclusions: The study concluded that late introduction of complementary feeding are still prevalent in our society. The most precious and vulnerable age group of our society are suffering from malnutrition. Antenatal counselling of mother and appropriate dietary modification should be done after thorough screening during antenatal and postnatal visit.

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