scholarly journals Kontrol Kualitas Uang Logam Pecahan Rp 1.000,00 dengan Teknik Difraksi Sinar-X (XRD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Purawiardi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Structural Defect ◽  
Special Technique ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Production Target

Uang logam pecahan Rp 1.000,00 merupakan salah satu uang dengan nilai intrinsik yang paling baik dan banyak beredar di masyarakat. Oleh karena penggunaannya yang tinggi, maka kualitas uang logam ini perlu diperhatikan. Kontrol kualitas pecahan uang logam ini perlu dilakukan agar pecahan yang beredar di masyarakat adalah pecahan uang logam yang memenuhi standar. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengontrol kualitasnya adalah dengan teknik difraksi sinar-x (XRD). Dengan teknik ini, cacat struktur dapat dideteksi tanpa harus merusak uang logamnya, sehingga uang logam yang cacat struktur dapat dieliminasi dari peredaran. Namun, teknik XRD memerlukan cara tersendiri untuk menginterpretasikannya, oleh karena itu studi ini dilakukan untuk mencontohkan bagaimana cara menginterpretasikannya. Lima buah sampel uang logam pecahan Rp 1.000,00 digunakan dalam studi ini, dimana dari hasil kontrol kualitas yang dilakukan, terdapat satu pecahan uang logam yang terdapat cacat struktur. Dari hasil studi sendiri menunjukkan bahwa kelima sampel memiliki karakteristik struktur FCC yang merupakan target produksi dengan indikator bidang-bidang (111), (200), (220) dan (311). Namun, salah satu sampel ternyata memiliki cacat produksi berupa munculnya karakteristik BCC yang bukan merupakan target produksi dengan indikator bidang (310). Sampel yang memiliki cacat produksi ini dapat direkomendasikan untuk tidak diedarkan. Dari studi ini terbukti bahwa teknik analisis XRD dapat digunakan secara efektif untuk mengontrol kualitas uang logam secara non-destruktif. The IDR 1000 coin is one of the best intrinsic rupiah money and most widely used by Indonesian people. Because of these reasons, the quality of it needs to be considered. The quality control of this coin must be done in order to make sure that it meets the standard quality to distribute. An x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one way in order to control the quality of this coin. By using this technique, structural defect on this coin can be detected without destructs it, so that defected coin can be rejected to be distributed. However, this technique needs special technique to interpret it. This study aimed to exemplify how to interpret it. Five IDR 1000 coins were used as samples in this study. From this study, the result shows that there is a coin with structural defect. The results of this study show that all of five samples have FCC characteristics as a production target with (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes as indicators. However, there is a sample with a production defect i.e. BCC characteristics with (310) plane as an indicator. This sample were then recommended to be rejected. Overall, this study shows that this XRD analytical technique can be effectively used for controlling the quality of money coin without destructs it.

scholarly journals Nanocrystalline Hexagonal Shaped CdS Thin Films for Photoconducting Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 153-167
Author(s):  
S.M. Patil ◽  
P.H. Pawar
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Cadmium Sulphide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Response And Recovery ◽  
Nanocrystalline Thin Films

Nanocrystalline thin films of cadmium sulphide were prepared by chemical bath deposition technique onto glass substrate at 60 °C. The deposition parameters were optimized to obtain good quality of nanocrystalline thin films such as, time, precursor concentration, temperature of deposition and pH of the solution. The studies on crystal structure, composition, surface morphology, electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of the films were carried out by using different analytical technique. Characterization includes X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Electrical and photoconductivity. The response and recovery time of the thin film were measured and presented.

X-Ray Diffraction Quantitative Analysis Using Intensity Ratios and External Standards

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond P. Goehner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽  
Material Research ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
Intensity Ratios

The use of quantitative x-ray diffraction (XRD) as an analytical technique has recently become increasingly popular. There ate primarily two reasons for this increasing interest in a relatively old discipline. The first is simply the need for quantitative phase analysis. This need arises from several sources such as government regulations on respiratory quartz, industrial quality control, and material research. X-ray diffraction provides a readily available technique for bulk phase analysis on chemically similiar phases. For phases which are elementally distinct, our sister science, x-ray fluorescence, can more easily provide the quantitation needed. The second reason for the increasing interest in quantitative XRD is the ready availability of automated powder diffractometers. These instruments remove much of the tedium involved in the collection and reduction of the data.

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction analysis of kaolin M1 and M2 via the Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 174751982098472
Author(s):  
Lalmi Khier ◽  
Lakel Abdelghani ◽  
Belahssen Okba ◽  
Djamel Maouche ◽  
Lakel Said
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Integral Breadth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mullite Phase

Kaolin M1 and M2 studied by X-ray diffraction focus on the mullite phase, which is the main phase present in both products. The Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods for determining the crystallite size and microstrains of integral breadth β are calculated by the FullProf program. The integral breadth ( β) is a mixture resulting from the microstrains and size effect, so this should be taken into account during the calculation. The Williamson–Hall chart determines whether the sample is affected by grain size or microstrain. It appears very clearly that the principal phase of the various sintered kaolins, mullite, is free from internal microstrains. It is the case of the mixtures fritted at low temperature (1200 °C) during 1 h and also the case of the mixtures of the type chamotte cooks with 1350 °C during very long times (several weeks). This result is very significant as it gives an element of explanation to a very significant quality of mullite: its mechanical resistance during uses at high temperature remains.

Study of the quality of GaAs thin film on Si substrate by X-ray diffraction method

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 308-311
Author(s):  
Li Chaorong ◽  
Mai Zhenhong ◽  
Cui Shufan ◽  
Zhou Junming ◽  
Yutian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals High temperature structural study of decagonal Al-Cu-Rh quasicrystal.

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C94-C94
Author(s):  
Pawel Kuczera ◽  
Walter Steurer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Configurational Entropy ◽  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilization Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Comparative Structure ◽  
The Stability

The structure of d(ecagonal)-Al-Cu-Rh has been studied as a function of temperature by in-situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction in order to contribute to the discussion on energy or entropy stabilization of quasicrystals (QC) [1]. The experiments were performed at 293 K, 1223 K, 1153 K, 1083 K, and 1013 K. A common subset of 1460 unique reflections was used for the comparative structure refinements at each temperature. The results obtained for the HT structure refinements of d-Al-Cu-Rh QC seem to contradict a pure phasonic-entropy-based stabilization mechanism [2] for this QC. The trends observed for the ln func(I(T1 )/I(T2 )) vs.|k⊥ |^2 plots indicate that the best on-average quasiperiodic order exists between 1083 K and 1153 K, however, what that actually means is unclear. It could indicate towards a small phasonic contribution to entropy, but such contribution is not seen in the structure refinements. A rough estimation of the hypothetic phason instability temperature shows that it would be kinetically inaccessible and thus the phase transition to a 12 Å low T structure (at ~800 K) is most likely not phason-driven. Except for the obvious increase in the amplitude of the thermal motion, no other significant structural changes, in particular no sources of additional phason-related configurational entropy, were found. All structures are refined to very similar R-values, which proves that the quality of the refinement at each temperature is the same. This suggests, that concerning the stability factors, some QCs could be similar to other HT complex intermetallic phases. The experimental results clearly show that at least the ~4 Å structure of d-Al-Cu-Rh is a HT phase therefore entropy plays an important role in its stabilisation mechanism lowering the free energy. However, the main source of this entropy is probably not related to phason flips, but rather to lattice vibrations, occupational disorder unrelated to phason flips like split positions along the periodic axis.

Crystalline and Electrical Properties of Ferroelectric Silver Niobate-tantalate thin Films

2000 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hyuk Koh ◽  
S.I. Khartsev ◽  
Alex Grishin ◽  
Vladimir Petrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Frequency Dispersion ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ferroelectric State ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ferroelectric Hysteresis ◽  
First Time

AbstractFor the first time AgTa0.38Nb0.62O3 (ATN) films have been grown on the La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (LSCO)/LaAlO3 single crystal as well as onto Pt80Ir20 (PtIr) polycrystalline substrate. Comprehensive X-ray diffraction analyses reveal epitaxial quality of ATN and LSCO films on the LaAlO3(001) substrate, while ATN/PtIr films have been found to be (001) preferentially oriented. Dielectric spectroscopy performed for ATN films and bulk ceramics in a wide temperature range 77 to 420 K shows the structural monoclinic M1-to-monoclinic M2 phase transition occurs in films at the temperature 60 °C lower than in ceramics. The tracing of the ferroelectric hysteresis P-E loops indicates the ferroelectric state in ATN films at temperatures below 125 K and yields remnant polarization of 0.4 μC/cm2 @ 77 K. Weak frequency dispersion, high temperature stability of dielectric properties as well as low processing temperature of 550 °C make ATN films to be attractive for various applications.

Characterization of Natural and Synthesized FeTiO3 Crystals With RBS/PIXE/XRD

1997 ◽  
Vol 07 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 265-275
Author(s):  
R. Q. Zhang ◽  
S. Yamamoto ◽  
Z. N. Dai ◽  
K. Narumi ◽  
A. Miyashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Floating Zone ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Beam Analysis ◽  
Ppm Level

Natural FeTiO 3 (illuminate) and synthesized FeTiO 3, single crystals were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy combined with channeling technique and particle-induced x-ray emission (RBS-C and PIXE). The results obtained by the ion beam analysis were supplemented by the x-ray diffraction analysis to identify the crystallographic phase. Oriented single crystals of synthesized FeTiO 3 were grown under the pressure control of CO 2 and H 2 mixture gas using a single-crystal floating zone technique. The crystal quality of synthesized FeTiO 3 single crystals could be improved by the thermal treatment but the exact pressure control is needed to avoid the precipitation of Fe 2 O 3 even during the annealing procedure. Natural FeTiO 3 contains several kinds of impurities such as Mn , Mg , Na and Si . The synthesized samples contain Al , Si and Na which are around 100 ppm level as impurities. The PBS-C results of the natural sample imply that Mn impurities occupy the Fe sublattice in FeTiO 3 or in mixed phase between ilmenite and hematite.

Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Dhirendra Singhal ◽  
Rinku Walia ◽  
Ajay Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

Characterization of WC-Co Coatings Using HP/HVOF Process

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Hwang ◽  
B.G. Seong ◽  
M.C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Properties Of Coatings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hvof Process ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Oxygen Fuel

Abstract To maintain surface roughness of process rolls in cold rolling steel plants, WC-Co coatings have been known to be effective ones. In this study, a high pressure/high velocity oxygen fuel (HP/HVOF) process was used to obtain WC-Co coatings. To get the best quality of coatings, WC-Co coatings are sprayed with numerous powders made by various processes. These powders include agglomerated sintered powders, fused-crushed powders, extra high carbon WC-Co powders and (W2C, WC)-Co powders. After spraying, properties of coatings such as hardness, wear resistance. X-ray diffraction, and microstructures were analyzed. For coatings produced by agglomerated-sintered powders, hardness of the coating increased as power levels and the number of passes were increased. In case of the coatings produced by fused-crushed powders, a very low deposition rate was obtained due to a low flowablity of the powders. In addition, the WC-Co coatings sprayed with extra carbon content of WC-Co did not show improved hardness and wear resistance. Also, some decomposition of WC was observed in the coating. Finally, the coatings produced by (W2C, WC)-Co powders produced higher hardness and lower wear resistance coating.

scholarly journals Crystallization, optimization and preliminary X-ray characterization of a metal-dependent PI-PLC fromStreptomyces antibioticus

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1378-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Jackson ◽  
Thomas L. Selby
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hanging Drop ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Streptomyces Antibioticus ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Heavy Atoms ◽  
Hanging Drop Method

A recombinant metal-dependent phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) fromStreptomyces antibioticushas been crystallized by the hanging-drop method with and without heavy metals. The native crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space groupP222, with unit-cell parametersa= 41.26,b= 51.86,c = 154.78 Å. The X-ray diffraction results showed significant differences in the crystal quality of samples soaked with heavy atoms. Additionally, drop pinning, which increases the surface area of the drops, was also used to improve crystal growth and quality. The combination of heavy-metal soaks and drop pinning was found to be critical for producing high-quality crystals that diffracted to 1.23 Å resolution.

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