scholarly journals Public Distributed Decentralized System as Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Sayali Sandesh Pingale ◽  
Prof. Rohit Bag ◽  
Dr. Mangesh M. Ghonge
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Database System ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
System A ◽  
The Right ◽  
Centralized System

Blockchain technology is very useful in multiple areas in our day-to-day world. Along with many social networking platforms there is a possibility of data theft or tampered or data leakage and hence we need our data to be secure and immutable. One of the best solutions to this problem is blockchain technology. It replaced the traditional centralized system with a distributed, decentralized database system. A centralized system requires third parties like servers, banks, or any intermediary for transactions between two users where decentralized systems do not require any central authority to work in between two users. Blockchain technology fully works on a decentralized system. By using a cryptographic consensus algorithm, we achieve privacy, security, and immutability. This paper presents the survey of the most important technology, also presents prerequisites of the technology. The purpose of this paper is too familiar with the innovative, revolutionizing technology as well as awareness of the technology. This paper gives an idea of whether we choose blockchain or not as the right solution for our application based on its characteristics, design, and implementation.

scholarly journals E-Voting: Blockchain Based Voting For Secure Vote Casting

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4797-4801
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Sybil Attack ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Electronic Voting System ◽  
Algorithm Proof

A blockchain is decentralized immutable ledger technology maintaining integrity. So to conduct tamperproof election it’s one of the approach towards it. Smart contracts are Self executed code that is written on Ethereum platform in blockchain. An E-voting system should be completely secure and does not allow voting twice that is double spending in blockchain. So it should be completely transparent. In research work electronic voting application is implemented and tested using smart contract on Ethereum platform with the help of metamask wallet. The results of ballots and votes will be stored on Ethereum blockchain with the help of consensus algorithm proof of stake. This consensus is used in validating a transaction with concept of majority approval. Current electronic voting system requires a centralized authority to control the procedure from ballot input to result output and for monitoring of election. While blockchain technology provide decentralized system which is open across connected nodes. Blockchain assets provide increased level of system security from hacking and fraud. Every transaction in blockchain is time-stamped and signed digitally with the help of cryptographic algorithms, and it assigns unique hash value to every block so it can be trace easily. Blockchain technology is one of solutions because it embraces a decentralized system and the entire databases are owned by many users. The blockchain technology also has much vulnerability due to which many attacks like 51% attack, Double Spending attack, DDOS attack, Sybil attack, Eclipse attack and Routing attack can be performed on it.

A Brief Analysis of Blockchain Algorithms and Its Challenges

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi ◽  
Tuhina Shree
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Distributed Database ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Consensus Algorithms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Comparison Algorithms

Blockchain is the world's most trusted service. It serves as a ledger that allows transaction to take place in a decentralized manner. There are so many applications based on blockchain technology, including those covering numerous fields like financial services, non-financial services, internet of things (IoT), and so on. Blockchain combines a distributed database and decentralized ledger without the need of verification by central authority. This chapter surveys the different consensus algorithms, blockchain challenges, and their scope. There are still many challenges of this technology, such as scalability and security problems, waiting to be overcome. The consensus algorithms of blockchain are proof of work (POW), proof of stake (POS), ripple protocol consensus algorithm (RPCA), delegated proof of stake (dPOS), stellar consensus protocol (SCP), and proof of importance (POI). This chapter discusses the core concept of blockchain and some mining techniques, consensus problems, and consensus algorithms and comparison algorithms on the basis of performance.

scholarly journals Research and Applied Perspective to Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6252
Author(s):  
Sumaira Johar ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
Warda Asher ◽  
Haitham Cruickshank ◽  
Amad Durrani
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Consensus Methods ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Consensus Algorithms ◽  
Development Platform ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain being a leading technology in the 21st century is revolutionizing each sector of life. Services are being provided and upgraded using its salient features and fruitful characteristics. Businesses are being enhanced by using this technology. Countries are shifting towards digital currencies i.e., an initial application of blockchain application. It omits the need of central authority by its distributed ledger functionality. This distributed ledger is achieved by using a consensus mechanism in blockchain. A consensus algorithm plays a core role in the implementation of blockchain. Any application implementing blockchain uses consensus algorithms to achieve its desired task. In this paper, we focus on provisioning of a comparative analysis of blockchain’s consensus algorithms with respect to the type of application. Furthermore, we discuss the development platforms as well as technologies of blockchain. The aim of the paper is to provide knowledge from basic to extensive from blockchain architecture to consensus methods, from applications to development platform, from challenges and issues to blockchain research gaps in various areas.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Proof of Work (PoW) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Blockchain Consensus Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 650-654
Author(s):  
Nithish Kumar R
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Current Problem ◽  
Current System ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
System A ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Crypto Currency ◽  
Reliable Mechanism

As opposed to the current system, that is controlled by a central authority, blockchain was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a distributed ledger system. A major development in the technology came with the introduction of virtual cryptocurrencies where transactions were recorded and verified by miners or validators at various nodes in different locations. Since these transaction records are available to everyone, this solved the current problem of excessive double spending. In a decentralized system like blockchain, a reliable mechanism was necessary to verify the integrity of all transactions. This led to the introduction of a variety of consensus mechanisms. This paper presents the results of a comparative study between Proof of Work and Delegated Proof of Stake, both of which have been widely used in Blockchain projects recently. Based on the above, this study will primarily discuss a brief explanation of the workings of both algorithms, comparisons between them, and various factors impacting these algorithms from a crypto currency standpoint.

A Brief Analysis of Blockchain Algorithms and Its Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi ◽  
Tuhina Shree
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Distributed Database ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Consensus Algorithms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Comparison Algorithms

Blockchain is the world's most trusted service. It serves as a ledger that allows transaction to take place in a decentralized manner. There are so many applications based on blockchain technology, including those covering numerous fields like financial services, non-financial services, internet of things (IoT), and so on. Blockchain combines a distributed database and decentralized ledger without the need of verification by central authority. This chapter surveys the different consensus algorithms, blockchain challenges, and their scope. There are still many challenges of this technology, such as scalability and security problems, waiting to be overcome. The consensus algorithms of blockchain are proof of work (POW), proof of stake (POS), ripple protocol consensus algorithm (RPCA), delegated proof of stake (dPOS), stellar consensus protocol (SCP), and proof of importance (POI). This chapter discusses the core concept of blockchain and some mining techniques, consensus problems, and consensus algorithms and comparison algorithms on the basis of performance.

scholarly journals Toward Privacy-Preserving Shared Storage in Untrusted Blockchain P2P Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandi Rahmadika ◽  
Kyung-Hyune Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Storage System ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
Shared Storage ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
System A ◽  
Ring Signatures ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Numerous Data ◽  
Peer To Peer Network

The shared storage is essential in the decentralized system. A straightforward storage model with guaranteed privacy protection on the peer-to-peer network is a challenge in the blockchain technology. The decentralized storage system should provide the privacy for the parties since it contains numerous data that are sensitive and dangerous if misused by maliciously. In this paper, we present a model for shared storage on a blockchain network which allows the authorized parties to access the data on storage without having to reveal their identity. Ring signatures combined with several protocols are implemented to disguise the signer identity thereby the observer is unlikely to determine the identity of the parties. We apply our proposed scheme in the healthcare domain, namely, decentralized personal health information (PHI). In addition, we present a dilemma to improve performance in a decentralized system.

scholarly journals Implementation of Smart Contracts Ethereum Blockchain in Web-Based Electronic Voting (e-voting)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ajib Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Election System ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Database Manipulation ◽  
Centralized System

<p>The increasing of digital technology today has helped many people to fulfill their needs. But the election system, still conventionally using paper in its implementation. Elections in general still use a centralized system, where there is an organization that manages it. Some of the problems that may occur in traditional electoral systems are that there are organizations that have full control over the database and system, so the possibility of hacking the database is quite a big opportunity.</p>Blockchain innovation is one arrangement that can be utilized in light of the fact that it has a decentralized framework and the whole database is duplicated by all clients. Blockchain itself has been used by Bitcoin and Ethereum cryptocurrency which is known as a decentralized system. By using the blockchain in database recording on an e-voting system can reduce one source of fraud that is database manipulation. This study discusses the recording of voting data using blockchain technology. The implementation of Smart Contracts contained in the Ethereum Blockchain will be implemented to create this voting system

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting Protocol

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4-2) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Clement Chan Zheng Wei ◽  
Chuah Chai Wen
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Automated Control System ◽  
Election Process ◽  
Election Monitoring ◽  
Centralized System

Current electronic voting protocol require a centralized system to control the whole procedure from ballot inputs to result outputs and election monitoring. Meanwhile, blockchain technology provide a decentralized system which open across the whole network of untrusted participants. Applying blockchain technology into electronic voting protocol through a proper architecture can instil characteristic such as data confidentiality, data integrity and data authenticity. In this paper, we going to discuss a proposed method on how to leverage the advantages from blockchain into electronic voting protocol. This blockchain-based electronic voting protocol promise to provide a secure electronic election process given the proposed system works. We implement a protocol using blockchain to turn election protocol into an automated control system without relying any single point of entity. Lastly, we discuss the characteristics of our proposed blockchain-based electronic voting protocol in this paper. However, there are also emerging challenges and limitations awaiting to overcome. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of our proposed protocol.

scholarly journals An Effective Randomization Framework to POW Consensus Algorithm of Blockchain (RPoW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1793-1797
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Instruction Set ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Consensus Procedure ◽  
Time Required

Blockchain technology has become a buzzword due to its intuitive applications and its decentralized network architecture. Blockchain is a decentralized system that uses peer -to - peer networking and appropriate consensus algorithm for secure and reliable transactions and records them all in an immutable ledger as chain of blocks. The world got introduced to the blockchain technology, when Satoshi Nakamoto released Bitcoin in 2009[2]. Though this technology is famous for being the backbone of cryptocurrencies, it has got into various industry domains and many applications have been developed using blockchain [11]. The consensus algorithm used in Blockchain architecture influences how agreement is made to add a new block among all the nodes in the network. PoW (Proof of work) is the consensus algorithm applied in the Bitcoin network architecture and many other blockchain applications. PoW requires each node to solve a cryptographic puzzle with adjusted difficulty, to get the privilege to add a new block to the current chain. The first node that solves the puzzle will have this privilege and some reward. Proof-of-Work (PoW) uses extensive amounts of electric power and steep computing hardware as an effect of their consensus procedure [1]. This proposed work presents an effective randomization framework that reduces the execution time required to calculate the hash value. The number of instruction-set required to compute the PoW consensus is also reduced. This approach helps in maintaining a fair decentralized network to construct blockchain applications.

scholarly journals Blockchain Based E-Voting System

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Prof. Mrunal Pathak ◽  
Amol Suradkar ◽  
Ajinkya Kadam ◽  
Akansha Ghodeswar ◽  
Prashant Parde
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Voting Systems ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Voting System ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Database Manipulation ◽  
Bank System ◽  
Centralized System

Increasingly digital technology in the present helped many people lives. Unlike the electoral system, there are many conventional uses of paper in its implementation. The aspect of security and transparency is a threat from still widespread election with the conventional system (offline). General elections still use a centralized system, there is one organization that manages it. Some of the problems that can occur in traditional electoral systems is with an organization that has full control over the database and system, it is possible to tamper with the database of considerable opportunities. Blockchain technology is one of solutions, because it embraces a decentralized system and the entire database are owned by many users. Blockchain itself has been used in the Bitcoin system known as the decentralized Bank system. By adopting blockchain in the distribution of databases on e-voting systems can reduce one of the cheating sources of database manipulation. This research discusses the recording of voting result using blockchain algorithm from every place of election. Unlike Bitcoin with its Proof of Work, this thesis proposed a method based on a predetermined turn on the system for each node in the built of blockchain

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