Study of Thermal and Oxidative Stability of Cottonseed Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel with excellent lubricity and biodegradability. However, its use may be compromised by factors that change its characteristics and occur during production, transportation and/or storage. Some of them are associated with biodiesel stability and can affect vehicle performance. The objective of this work was to analyze the main causes of cottonseed oil biodiesel instability due to the storage process, determining some physicochemical properties as kinematic viscosity, acidity index, refractive index, electrical conductivity as well as ester content, mass of precipitate formed and pH. The acidity and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel from cottonseed oil increase with storage time. The latter suggests the occurrence of a partial oxidation of biodiesel with formation of products that increase its viscosity. Gas chromatography results showed that even after thermo-oxidative treatment, biodiesel samples maintained the minimum ester content required by the ANP (Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) and unsaturated bonds tends to be preferentially oxidized over other carbon-carbon bonds. There was no significant influence of light exposure (storage in amber and transparent vials) on the ester content, refractive index and mass of precipitate formed. On the other hand, the latter was influenced by the heating time.

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E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR

Jurnal Teknik Patra Akademika ◽

10.52506/jtpa.v10i01.83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Dian Kurnia Sari ◽

Rian Ternando

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Boiling Point ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Smoke Point ◽

Flash Point ◽

Primary Process ◽

Copper Strip

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.

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IMPROVEMENT OF THE TRANSESTERIFICATION PARAMETERS USING BLENDS: OIL CRUDE FISH OIL AND FRYING OIL

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.700_periodico30_pgs_696_703.pdf ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (30) ◽

pp. 696-703

Author(s):

H. D. CHIRINOS ◽

J. A. BARRA ◽

D. D. CRUZ ◽

G. M. HUALLPAMAYTA

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

International Standards ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Acidity Index ◽

Conversion Performance ◽

Long Chain

To improve the parameters of the transesterification process by the basic route for the production of biodiesel, crude fish oil (AP), obtained from the viscera of fish, and residual vegetable oils (AR) blenders were used. Because the AP contains high percentages of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are responsible for its instability is that it was mixed with increasing percentages of AR. This translated into a higher conversion performance to biodiesel by the basic route, also depending on the level of free fatty acids. The index of methyl esters obtained from the blends and the original oils was analyzed. The calculation of the performance of each reaction is made based on the produced esters. The analysis is complemented by measuring the kinematic viscosity of the blends and the pure oils, as well as the biodiesel produced. The results showed yields higher than 90% when using the process of transesterification of the blends by the basic route. The standardization of blends by its acidity index is of great importance reaching a maximum value of 3.5 mg KOH/g. On the other hand, the viscosity of the biodiesel produced, from the blends, is kept within international standards; In addition, the process conditions are improved.

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Process Analysis of PMMA Dental Resins Scraps Depolimerization: Optimization of Reaction Time and Temperature

10.20944/preprints202110.0097.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paulo Bisi dos Santos Jr. ◽

Haroldo Jorge da Silva Ribeiro ◽

Armando Costa Ferreira ◽

Caio Campos Ferreira ◽

Lucas Pinto Bernar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Optimum Operating ◽

Dental Resins ◽

Liquid Products ◽

The Cross

In this work, the cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps were submitted to pyrolysis to recover MMA (Methylmethacrylate). The thermal degradation of cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps was analyzed by TG/DTG to guide the operating conditions in pilot scale. The pyrolysis experiments carried out in a reactor of 143L, at 345, 405, and 420°C, 1.0 atmosphere. The reaction liquid products obtained at 345°C, physicochemical characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index. The chemical composition of liquid products obtained at 345°C, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 110 minutes, at 405°C, 50, 70, and 130 minutes, and at 420°C, 40, 50, 80, 100, 110, and 130 minutes determined by GC-MS. The experiments show that liquid phase yields were 55.50%, 48.73%, and 48.20% (wt.), at 345, 405, and 420°C, respectively, showing a smooth sigmoid behavior, decreasing with increasing temperature, while that of gas phase were 31.69%, 36.60%, and 40.13% (wt.), respectively, increasing with temperature. The liquid products density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index obtained at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 110 minutes, varied between 0.9227 and 0.9380 g/mL, 0.566 and 0.588 mm2/s, and 1.401 and 1.414, respectively, showing percentage deviations between 0.74 and 2.36%, 7.40 and 10.86%, and 0.00 and 0.92%, respectively, compared to standard values for density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index of pure MMA at 20 °C. The GC-MS identified in the reaction liquid products at 345, 405, and 420°C, 1.0 atm, esters of carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and aromatics, showing concentrations of MMA between 83.454 and 98.975% (area.). For all the depolymerization experiments, the concentrations of MMA in the liquid phase, between 30 and 80 minutes, reach purities above 98% (area.), decreasing drastically with increasing reaction time after 100 minutes, thus making it possible to depolymerize the cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps by pyrolysis to recover MMA. The optimum operating conditions to achieve high MMA concentrations, as well as elevated yields of liquid reaction products were 345 °C and 80 minutes.

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A Method for Matching the Refractive Index and Kinematic Viscosity of a Blood Analog for Flow Visualization in Hydraulic Cardiovascular Models

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.1785812 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 529-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

T. T. Nguyen and ◽

Y. Biadillah ◽

R. Mongrain ◽

J. Brunette, and ◽

J.-C. Tardif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Dynamic Viscosity ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Simple Method ◽

Cardiovascular Models ◽

Miscible Liquids

In this work, we propose a simple method to simultaneously match the refractive index and kinematic viscosity of a circulating blood analog in hydraulic models for optical flow measurement techniques (PIV, PMFV, LDA, and LIF). The method is based on the determination of the volumetric proportions and temperature at which two transparent miscible liquids should be mixed to reproduce the targeted fluid characteristics. The temperature dependence models are a linear relation for the refractive index and an Arrhenius relation for the dynamic viscosity of each liquid. Then the dynamic viscosity of the mixture is represented with a Grunberg-Nissan model of type 1. Experimental tests for acrylic and blood viscosity were found to be in very good agreement with the targeted values (measured refractive index of 1.486 and kinematic viscosity of 3.454 milli-m2/s with targeted values of 1.47 and 3.300 milli-m2/s).

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Density, Electrical Conductivity, Kinematic Viscosity, and Refractive Index of Binary Mixtures Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 4000, Lithium Sulfate, and Water at Different Temperatures

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ◽

10.1021/je060480v ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 1567-1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Regina M. M. Silva ◽

Luis A. Minim ◽

Jane S. R. Coimbra ◽

Edwin E. Garcia Rojas ◽

Luis Henrique Mendes da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Refractive Index ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Binary Mixtures ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Lithium Sulfate ◽

Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Poly Ethylene

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Synthesis of azo polymers by etheric derivatives polymerization of allyl bromide and studying their bandgap and determine some of their properties: اصطناع بوليميرات آزو ببلمرة مشتاقات إيتيرية لبروميد الآليل ودراسة فجوتها الطاقية وتعيين بعض خصائصها الفيزيائية

Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences - مجلة العلوم الطبيعية و الحياتية والتطبيقية ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.z240721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 155-142

Author(s):

Ghazi Mahmoud Hasso Jawish, Rushdi Madwar, Francois Kara Bet Ghazi Mahmoud Hasso Jawish, Rushdi Madwar, Francois Kara Bet

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Azo Dyes ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Allyl Bromide ◽

Bandgap Energy ◽

Azo Polymers ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Derivatives Of

In this research, two ether derivatives of phenolic azo dyes were synthesized via Williamson's reaction according to the SN2 mechanism. The prepared compounds were radically polymerized using (AIBN) as an initiator and their structures were identified by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Furthermore, thermal properties of these polymers was made by (DSC). Bandgap energy have been calculated to indicate the ability of these polymers as optical semiconductors, it was 2.8ev, 2.4ev for P(AO2) and P(AON1) respectively. Beside the determination of refractive index, kinematic viscosity, density, and degree of Turbidity.

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