scholarly journals Role of Indian Youth in Keeping COVID - 19 at Bay : A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
Shraddha Kalyani ◽  
Rushi Somani
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
First Case ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
International Boundaries

<p>A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. The classical definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology or disease severity. As World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as pandemic in very beginning of year 2020. In COVID-19 CO stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold. First case in India was detected in the last week of January 2020. As India is second largest country in terms of population with less geographical area and COVID-19 is contagious infection disease it’s going to affect large population in India and affect different sectors such as specially health and financial sector. According to ‘2011 Census of India’ in India by next 10 years from 2011 number of young people will be more, that’s why what youngsters do in such situation will define our country’s future.</p>

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Progression and Trends in Virus from Influenza A to COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Studies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Hakimeh Baghaei Daemi ◽  
Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar ◽  
Xinlin He ◽  
Chengfei Li ◽  
Morteza Karimpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Influenza is a highly known contagious viral infection that has been responsible for the death of many people in history with pandemics. These pandemics have been occurring every 10 to 30 years in the last century. The most recent global pandemic prior to COVID-19 was the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. A decade ago, the H1N1 virus caused 12,500 deaths in just 19 months globally. Now, again, the world has been challenged with another pandemic. Since December 2019, the first case of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection was detected in Wuhan. This infection has risen rapidly throughout the world; even the World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 as a worldwide emergency to ensure human health and public safety. This review article aims to discuss important issues relating to COVID-19, including clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19 and recent progress in diagnosis and treatment approaches for the COVID-19 infection. We also highlight key similarities and differences between COVID-19 and influenza A to ensure the theoretical and practical details of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Relevance of animal infections in SARS-Cov-2 spread: an update after 1 year of pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frazzini Sara ◽  
Amadori Massimo ◽  
Lauretta Turin ◽  
Federica Riva
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Therapy Studies

In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by a novel Coronavirus, later identified as SARS-CoV-2, were detected in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Due to its rapid, worldwide spread, on 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a pandemic state. Since this new virus is genetically similar to the coronaviruses of bats, it was thought to have a zoonotic origin. Within a year of the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, several cases of infection were also reported in animals, suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mammals. Natural infection has been found in both companion and captive animals such as lions, tigers and gorillas. Among farm animals, the only ones found to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection so far are minks. Experimental infections have documented the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 of several animal species, such as humanized mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, ferrets, racoon dogs, cattle and non-human primates. Experimental infections are crucial for both elucidation of the role of animals in transmission and development of appropriate animal models for pathogenesis and therapy studies. This review aims to update the knowledge on natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals.

scholarly journals Report of simultaneous measles outbreaks in two different health regions in Portugal, February to May 2017: lessons learnt and upcoming challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Figueiredo Augusto ◽  
Andreia Silva ◽  
Natália Pereira ◽  
Teresa Fernandes ◽  
Ana Leça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
First Case ◽  
Rapid Control ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

In Portugal, measles vaccination coverage and population immunity are high, and no endemic measles cases had been reported since 2004. The World Health Organization classified measles as eliminated in the country in 2015 and 2016, based on data from the previous 3 years. However, in a context of increasing incidence in several European countries in 2016 and 2017, Portugal experienced two simultaneous measles outbreaks with a total of 27 laboratory-confirmed cases (0.3 cases/100,000 population) in two health regions between February and May 2017. Nineteen cases (70.1%) were adults, of whom 12 were healthcare workers. Overall, 17 cases (63.0%) were not vaccinated, of whom five were infants younger than 12 months of age. One unvaccinated teenager died. Genotype B3 was identified in 14 cases from both regions. Measles virus sequencing identified different possible origins of the virus in each region affected. Although measles transmission was stopped in less than 2 months from the first case being notified, these outbreaks represent an opportunity to reinforce awareness of measles diagnosis. We highlight the intensity of the control measures taken and their impact on the rapid control of the outbreaks and also the fact that high vaccination coverage was crucial to stop transmission.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Critical Review on Viral Biochemistry, Environmental Transmission, Therapeutics and Safety Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni Kumari ◽  
Kumari Pragati Nanda ◽  
Hena Firdaus ◽  
Soumen Dey
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Scattered Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The outbreak of coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is declared pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) keeping in view its infection rate and toxicity level. The entire world is struggling hard to survive the prevailing health emergency. The authors realise the urgent need of contributing an overview of the present scenario to the researchers who are breathlessly trying to combat this pandemic situation. This review aimed at binding all the scattered data and research available till now on COVID-19 disease starting from its origin to transmission and spread through environmental factors till treatment and the safety measures that should be implemented. This article would possibly help the readers by providing an outlook of current scenario on various perspectives of COVID-19 disease at a single glance. The types, origin and toxicity caused are discussed in brief. The role of contaminated aerosols (viral-laden smoke from tobacco, cigarettes), wastewater, fomites, human and faecal matter are important in spreading the novel coronavirus in the environment. There is no specific treatment till date but clinical trials and diagnosis on several known drugs are on-going. The precaution and safety measures could hopefully reduce number of infections and mortality. The number of infected cases confirmed till 2 August 2020 was 17660523 with 680894 deaths in the world. We tried in this review article to summarize the scattered data available on biochemistry of SARS-CoV-2, environmental spread of virus and the safety measures to combat COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals A Report on COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan: An SEIR Fractional Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Arif ◽  
Farhad Ali ◽  
Ilyas Khan ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fractional Model ◽  
First Case ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Given

Abstract Recently, novel coronavirus is a serious global issue and having a negative impact on the economy of the whole world. Like other countries, it also effected the economy and people of Pakistan. According to the publicly reported data, the first case of novel corona virus in Pakistan was reported on 27th February 2020. The aim of the present study is to describe the mathematical model and dynamics of COVID-19 in Pakistan. To investigate the spread of coronavirus in Pakistan, we develop the SEIR time fractional model with newly, developed fractional operator of Atangana-Baleanu. We present briefly the analysis of the given model and discuss its applications using world health organization (WHO) reported data for Pakistan. We consider the available infection cases from 19th march 2020, till 31st march 2020 and accordingly, various parameters are fitted or estimated. It is worth noting that we have calculated the basic reproduction number which shows that virus is spreading rapidly. Furthermore, stability analysis of the model at disease free equilibrium DFE and endemic equilibriums EE is performed to observe the dynamics and transmission of the model. Finally, the AB fractional model is solved numerically. To show the effect of the various embedded parameters like fractional parameter on the model, various graphs are plotted. It is worth noting that the base of our investigation, we have predicted the spread of disease for next 200 days.

scholarly journals Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals A report on COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan using SEIR fractional model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Arif ◽  
Farhad Ali ◽  
Ilyas Khan ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fractional Model ◽  
First Case ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Given

AbstractRecently, novel coronavirus is a serious global issue and having a negative impact on the economy of the whole world. Like other countries, it also effected the economy and people of Pakistan. According to the publicly reported data, the first case of novel corona virus in Pakistan was reported on 27th February 2020. The aim of the present study is to describe the mathematical model and dynamics of COVID-19 in Pakistan. To investigate the spread of coronavirus in Pakistan, we develop the SEIR time fractional model with newly, developed fractional operator of Atangana–Baleanu. We present briefly the analysis of the given model and discuss its applications using world health organization (WHO) reported data for Pakistan. We consider the available infection cases from 19th March 2020, till 31st March 2020 and accordingly, various parameters are fitted or estimated. It is worth noting that we have calculated the basic reproduction number $${\mathfrak{R}}_{0} \approx 2.30748$$ R 0 ≈ 2.30748 which shows that virus is spreading rapidly. Furthermore, stability analysis of the model at disease free equilibrium DFE and endemic equilibriums EE is performed to observe the dynamics and transmission of the model. Finally, the AB fractional model is solved numerically. To show the effect of the various embedded parameters like fractional parameter $$\alpha$$ α on the model, various graphs are plotted. It is worth noting that the base of our investigation, we have predicted the spread of disease for next 200 days.

scholarly journals Impact of COSARS-Cov-2 on Cardio-Pulmonary-Immune Signatures: A Review of Recent Developments with a Look toward the Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Charan Kudumula
Keyword(s):  
Central China ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Immune Signatures ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, the first case of patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China. SARS-CoV-2 causes CoronaVirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19 or nCoV-19) disease, which rapidly spread all over the world. In response to this serious situation, on 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. In mid-March 2020, WHO declared nCoV-19 a pandemic. By the end of September 2020, there were ~33.67 million confirmed cases and ~10.08 lakh deaths worldwide and the trend rising on each passing day. SARS-CoV-2 mainly infects the pulmonary system, but cause damage to other organs such as heart, kidney and intestine. Understanding the cardio-pulmonary issues underpinning of nCOV-19 pathogenesis is key to managing outcomes and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease inhibitor TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. Alveolar cells and cardiomyocytes express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of nCOV-19 pandemic from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives, focusing on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the cardio-pulmonary-immune signatures. The study provides crucial insights into the first step of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and potential targets for antiviral intervention.

scholarly journals The role of environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak: an initial assessment in two spatial scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Canelle Poirier ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Maimuna S. Majumder ◽  
Dianbo Liu ◽  
Kenneth D. Mandl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Support Decision Making

Abstract First identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has affected over 16,800,000 people worldwide as of July 29, 2020 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Influenza studies have shown that influenza viruses survive longer on surfaces or in droplets in cold and dry air, thus increasing the likelihood of subsequent transmission. A similar hypothesis has been postulated for the transmission of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is important to propose methodologies to understand the effects of environmental factors on this ongoing outbreak to support decision-making pertaining to disease control. Here, we examine the spatial variability of the basic reproductive numbers of COVID-19 across provinces and cities in China and show that environmental variables alone cannot explain this variability. Our findings suggest that changes in weather (i.e., increase of temperature and humidity as spring and summer months arrive in the Northern Hemisphere) will not necessarily lead to declines in case counts without the implementation of drastic public health interventions.

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