scholarly journals JUSTIFICATION OF FILLERS USING IN THE BEARING STRUCTURES COMPONENTS OF FREIGHT CARS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
S. Panchenko ◽  
O. Fomin ◽  
G. Vatulia ◽  
A. Lovska ◽  
S. Deryzemlia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Closed Structure ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bearing Structure ◽  
Main Operating

To reduce the load on the freight cars frames under operational conditions, it has been suggested that to use fillers in their components. Fillers using is advisable in the most loaded elements of the bearing structure, namely, the spine beam. Therefore, a necessary condition for filler using in the spine beam is the creation of its closed structure. The dynamic load of railcars was carried out, taking into account the proposed provisions. Calculations have shown with filler using, the maximum accelerations acting on the bearing structures of wagons are 4% lower than those accelerations obtained for bearing structures without fillers. The results of determining the main strength indicators of bearing structures of freight cars are presented, taking into account the fillers using in their components. It has been established that the strength of the frames of the considered types of wagons under the main operating conditions is ensured. At the same time, the maximum equivalent stresses in the bearing structures of wagons are 4-9% lower than those in typical frame structures. The conducted research will contribute to the creation of innovative structures of rolling stock and reduce the cost of its maintenance work in operation.

scholarly journals Optimization of work performance of snow removal work trains on the basis of linear programming

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 04001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Manakov ◽  
Andrey Abramov ◽  
Andrey Ilinykh ◽  
Vladimir Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Snow Removal ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Removal Equipment

The introduction of monitoring systems for the work performance of special rolling stock and monitoring the load of snow removal work trains revealed a number of shortcomings in the planning, organization, and recording of work performed by snow removal work trains. The elimination of the identified problems is possible on the basis of optimization of work performance, the implementation of which can be achieved on the basis of existing systems with appropriate additional functionality. For this purpose, in the framework of the theoretical studies presented in the paper, a methodology for optimization of work performance of snow removal work trains has been developed. Linear programming is adopted as a method of solving the optimization problem. On the basis of the algorithm for solving the transport problem, the problem of minimizing the cost of snow removal from various sections of the track by the existing park of work trains is formulated, for which a mathematical model is constructed that includes the objective function and the corresponding restrictions. The results of the study show that the widespread use of work planning on the basis of the presented optimization methodology will make it possible to make the most efficient use of snow removal equipment and, as a result, to reduce the cost of this type of railway track maintenance work.

Absorption of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gas with Sodium Alkali Solution in Packed Columns

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 6409-6415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhi Wang ◽  
Chun Guang Yang ◽  
Jin Rui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
So2 Removal ◽  
Superficial Gas Velocity ◽  
Main Operating

The objective of this work was to study the sodium alkali(Na2S03) FGD process in a pilot-scale column packed column of diameter 0.4m. Main operating conditions affecting SO2 removal efficiency were investigated experimentally. These conditions include pH value of the absorption solution, liquid-gas ratio, superficial gas velocity, inlet SO2 concentration, temperature of absorption solution and initial Na2SO3 molar concentration. The relation between the ratio of desulfurization and every parameter was investigated. And the suitable operational conditions of SO2 absorption in lab are recommended. The experimental results show that SO2 removal efficiency may be over 80% under the following conditions: pH=6-7,L/G=1-2L/m3, gas superficial velocity is 1-1.5m/s, absorption solution temperature is under 50°C,initial [Na2SO3]≈0.3-0.5mol/L,and SO2 initial concentration is 4300 mg/m3. The experimental data can provide the necessary basic data for the design and operation of the practical desulfurization equipments.

What Is an Institution?

2007 ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Structure ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Institutional Facts ◽  
Institutional Fact ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Typical Point

The author claims that an institution is any collectively accepted system of rules (procedures, practices) that enable us to create institutional facts. These rules typically have the form of X counts as Y in C, where an object, person, or state of affairs X is assigned a special status, the Y status, such that the new status enables the person or object to perform functions that it could not perform solely in virtue of its physical structure, but requires as a necessary condition the assignment of the status. The creation of an institutional fact is, thus, the collective assignment of a status function. The typical point of the creation of institutional facts by assigning status functions is to create deontic powers. So typically when we assign a status function Y to some object or person X we have created a situation in which we accept that a person S who stands in the appropriate relation to X is such that (S has power (S does A)). The whole analysis then gives us a systematic set of relationships between collective intentionality, the assignment of function, the assignment of status functions, constitutive rules, institutional facts, and deontic powers.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

BIO-FUEL PRODUCTION FROM CARBONDIOXIDE GAS USING S. elongatus PCC 7942 FROM CYANOBACTERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Teresa Sponza ◽  
Cansu Doğanx
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Butanol Production ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Cost Analyses ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pcc 7942 ◽  
Dissolved O2

The scope of this study, is  1-butanol production from CO2 with S. elongatus PCC 7942 culture. The yields of 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized have been calculated. The maximum concentration of produced 1- butanol is 35.37 mg/L and 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized efficiency is 92.4. The optimum operational conditions were  30°C temperature, 60 W intensity of light, pH= 7.1, 120 mV redox potential, 0.083 m3/sn flow rate with CO2 and 0.5 mg/l dissolved O2 concentration. Among the enzymes on the metabolic trail of the production of 1-butanol via using S. elongatus PCC 7942 cyanobacteria. At maximum yield; the measured concentrations are 0.016 µg/ml for hbd; 0.0022 µg/ml for Ter and 0.0048 µg/ml for AdhE2. The cost analyses necessary for 1-butanol production has been done and the cost of 1 litre 1-butanol has been determined as maximum 1.31 TL/L.

PROMOTING THE NATURAL RESTORATION OF LIPNYAKS OF THE KASMARSKY DISTRICT FORESTRY OF THE ZIANCHURINSKY FORESTRY

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
L.V. Mazitova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Natural Restoration ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cost

The article presents the results of studying various measures to promote the natural renewal of lime forests in the Kasmarsky uchastkovoye forestry of the Zianchurinsky forestry. The data on lime forests within the boundaries of the forestry were studied, and the calculation of the economic efficiency of promoting natural regeneration was carried out. The use of evenly-gradual and continuous narrow-cut logging in the conditions of the Zianchurinsky forest area in the Kasmar district forest area will avoid the creation of expensive forest crops. The cost of creating forest crops is 10,719. 4 rubles per 1 ha, and the cost of preserving and caring for the forest during evenly-gradual logging is 4,237. 9 rubles, and solid narrow-cutting-3,469. 33 rubles.

Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices for Voltage Stability Improvement with Economic Consideration Using Firefly Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
S. Rajasekaran ◽  
S. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Voltage Stability ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Voltage Collapse ◽  
Facts Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bus System

Background: Increasing power demand forces the power systems to operate at their maximum operating conditions. This leads the power system into voltage instability and causes voltage collapse. To avoid this problem, FACTS devices have been used in power systems to increase system stability with much reduced economical ratings. To achieve this, the FACTS devices must be placed in exact location. This paper presents Firefly Algorithm (FA) based optimization method to locate these devices of exact rating and least cost in the transmission system. Methods: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) are the FACTS devices used in the proposed methodology to enhance the voltage stability of power systems. Considering two objectives of enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission system and minimizing the cost of the FACTS devices, the optimal ratings and cost were identified for the devices under consideration using Firefly algorithm as an optimization tool. Also, a model study had been done with four different cases such as normal case, line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) for IEEE 14,30,57 and 118 bus systems. Results: The optimal locations to install SVC and TCSC in IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus systems were evaluated with minimal L-indices and cost using the proposed Firefly algorithm. From the results, it could be inferred that the cost of installing TCSC in IEEE bus system is slightly higher than SVC.For showing the superiority of Firefly algorithm, the results were compared with the already published research finding where this problem was solved using Genetic algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. It was revealed that the proposed firefly algorithm gives better optimum solution in minimizing the L-index values for IEEE 30 Bus system. Conclusion: The optimal placement, rating and cost of installation of TCSC and SVC in standard IEEE bus systems which enhanced the voltage stability were evaluated in this work. The need of the FACTS devices was also tested during the abnormal cases such as line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) with the proposed Firefly algorithm. Outputs reveal that the recognized placement of SVC and TCSC reduces the probability of voltage collapse and cost of the devices in the transmission lines. The capability of Firefly algorithm was also ensured by comparing its results with the results of other algorithms.

Economic feasibility of restoration of degraded and neglected lands

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Anastasiya V. Mironova ◽  
Igor’ V. Liskin ◽  
Irina I. Afonina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Neglect of soils leads to their degradation, worsens useful properties, and reduces fertility and productivity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in conducting a comparative analysis of technologies for treating degraded soils, taking into account the economic feasibility of their restoration in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Materials and methods) The article shows the main technological scheme of restoration of degraded soils. Authors have identified the main groups of land that are located in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Results and discussion) The article presents the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of each type of land in the non-black-soil regions of Russia. Authors took into account that the salary of machine operators depends on the time of direct execution of the task. It was found that the restoration of virgin and fallow lands was the most preferable from the economic, energy-saving and environmental points of view. The article shows that the restoration of pasture areas exceeds the cost of processing virgin lands, but the number of necessary machine and tractor units is comparable to work on virgin lands. Authors recommend to develop the soils with woody and shrubby vegetation in the first place, starting with land occupied by young plants. It is necessary to take into account the criteria for the fertility of the soil layer. It was found that soils with a small excess of moisture have small cost of its development, while on heavily swampy soils the cost of work on their development is many times higher than the cost of restoring other types of land. (Conclusion) The article shows that the restoration of neglected land is a necessary condition for improving the provision of human needs for food and a number of industrial goods. First of all, it is necessary to develop land that requires minimal investment of economic and labor costs.

scholarly journals Critical Review of EMC Standards for the Measurement of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions from Transit Line and Rolling Stock

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Andrea Mariscotti
Keyword(s):  
Time Distribution ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Electromagnetic Emissions

Accurate and comprehensive methods for the assessment of radiated electromagnetic emissions in modern electric transportation systems are a necessity. The characteristics and susceptibility of modern victim signaling and communication radio services, operating within and outside the right-of-way, require an update of the measurement methods integrating or replacing the swept frequency technique with time domain approaches. Applicable standards are the EN 50121 (equivalent to the IEC 62236) and Urban Mass Transport Association (UMTA) with additional specifications from project contracts. This work discusses the standardized methods and settings, and the representative operating conditions, highlighting areas where improvements are possible and opportune (statistical characterization of measurement results, identification and distinction of emissions and line resonances, and narrowband and broadband phenomena). In particular for the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) assessment with new Digital Communication Systems, the characterization of time distribution of spectral properties is discussed, e.g., by means of Amplitude Probability Distribution and including time distribution information. The problem of determination of site and setup uncertainty and repeatability is also discussed, observing on one hand the lack of clear indications in standards and, on the other hand, the non-ideality and intrinsic variability of measurement conditions (e.g., rolling stock operating conditions, synchronization issues, and electric arc intermittence).

scholarly journals Simulation of a Downdraft Gasifier for Production of Syngas from Different Biomass Feedstocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Mateus Paiva ◽  
Admilson Vieira ◽  
Helder T. Gomes ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Process Operation ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Gasification Temperature ◽  
Main Operating

In the evaluation of gasification processes, estimating the composition of the fuel gas for different conditions is fundamental to identify the best operating conditions. In this way, modeling and simulation of gasification provide an analysis of the process performance, allowing for resource and time savings in pilot-scale process operation, as it predicts the behavior and analyzes the effects of different variables on the process. Thus, the focus of this work was the modeling and simulation of biomass gasification processes using the UniSim Design chemical process software, in order to satisfactorily reproduce the operation behavior of a downdraft gasifier. The study was performed for two residual biomasses (forest and agricultural) in order to predict the produced syngas composition. The reactors simulated gasification by minimizing the free energy of Gibbs. The main operating parameters considered were the equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (SBR), and gasification temperature (independent variables). In the simulations, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, where the effects of these parameters on the composition of syngas, flow of syngas, and heating value (dependent variables) were studied, in order to maximize these three variables in the process with the choice of the best parameters of operation. The model is able to predict the performance of the gasifier and it is qualified to analyze the behavior of the independent parameters in the gasification results. With a temperature between 850 and 950 °C, SBR up to 0.2, and ER between 0.3 and 0.5, the best operating conditions are obtained for maximizing the composition of the syngas in CO and H2.

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