scholarly journals Isoenzymes spectrum of genes expression of cattle in different directions of productivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (89) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
V. Y. Bodnaruk ◽  
A. J. Zhmur ◽  
L. I. Muzyka ◽  
Y. G. Kropyvka ◽  
P. V. Bodnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Protein Separation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Biochemical Phenotype ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Isoenzyme Spectrum

While studying the peculiarities of the species of genetic structure of cattle, depending on the direction of productivity, one can predict, that there may be certain mechanisms that have an intermediate role between the genetically determined polymorphism of biochemical markers and the variability of complexity of the signs of productivity. One of such mechanism may be the variability of the “biochemical phenotype” of different organs – a number of organ-specific isoenzymetric spectra of genetic-biochemical systems. In this regard, in this experiment organ-specific peculiarities of the isoenzyme spectrum of various enzymes in animals of dairy and meat production were considered. For this experiment, samples of meat, and then dairy animals in pairs were placed in the electrophoretic block in the following order: lungs, heart muscle, spleen, skeletal muscle and liver. The features of the organ-specific isoenzyme spectrum of the enzymes of the general intracellular metabolism are breed and species specific. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the organ-specific spectrum of isoenzymes of various genetic-biochemical systems in these studies was performed on a small number of animals (3–5 heads). The features of the isoenzyme spectrum were evaluated by genetically-determined polymorphisms of groups of genetic-biochemical systems. Experiments were carried out on samples of homogenates of organs obtained with the addition of trilon-B. Polymorphism of enzymes was evaluated using a method of electrophoretic protein separation in 13% starch gel in horizontal chambers with subsequent histochemical staining. These searches indicate the presence of pronounced organospecificity of the isoenzyme spectrum of purinucleoside phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase in cattle. The intraspecific differences of the organ-specific isoenzyme spectrum were revealed. It has been shown that the expression of the genetic and biochemical systems under investigation is significantly different in cattle of dairy and meat production lines in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. The “biochemical phenotype” of the heart muscle and skeletal muscle of dairy cattle is significantly different from the livestock of the meat production direction. Such studies may lead to the identification of characteristic genotypes in a complex of genetic-biochemical systems, which are closely related to the corresponding complex of economic benefits.

Differential regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and -4 mRNA in muscle tissues and liver by diabetes or fasting

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Chen ◽  
H J Arnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor Binding ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Aortic Intima

Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the metabolic regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) gene expression in muscles from diabetic or fasted rat. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for IGFBP-2 and -4 were analysed by solution hybridization in heart, skeletal and smooth muscle and liver from fasted (3 days) and refed (6, 12, 24, 72 h) rats and rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. In aortic intima-media, the mRNA levels for IGFBP-2 and -4 were decreased by diabetes or fasting and were restored gradually by refeeding. The response of IGFBP-4 mRNA to diabetes appeared two days after injection of streptozotocin, while a significant decrease of IGFBP-2 mRNA was found after a diabetes duration of two weeks. Both diabetes and fasting decreased IGFBP-4 mRNA levels in heart muscle and skeletal muscle and refeeding restored mRNA for IGFBP-4 to normal level. IGFBP-2 mRNA was undetectable in heart muscle and skeletal muscle. In liver IGFBP-4 mRNA was abundantly expressed. It was slightly but significantly decreased by fasting and approached normality with refeeding, while no change was found in diabetic liver. In contrast, liver IGFBP-2 mRNA was much lower in amount than IGF-I mRNA and IGFBP-4 mRNA and was sharply elevated by fasting, and decreased by refeeding. In conclusion, 1) both IGFBP-2 and -4 mRNA in various tissues are regulated by diabetes or fasting; 2) the mRNA for IGFBP-2 is metabolically regulated in a discordant, organ-specific manner. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 235–242

scholarly journals Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi ◽  
Farhad Bordbar ◽  
Just Jensen ◽  
Min Du ◽  
Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor

Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

scholarly journals Chromatin Interaction Responds to Breast Muscle Development and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Between Chinese Indigenous Chicken and Fast-Growing Broiler

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Tian ◽  
Zhang Wang ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Yihao Zhi ◽  
Jiajia Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Chromatin Interaction ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Imf Content

Skeletal muscle development and intramuscular fat (IMF) content, which positively contribute to meat production and quality, are regulated by precisely orchestrated processes. However, changes in three-dimensional chromatin structure and interaction, a newly emerged mediator of gene expression, during the skeletal muscle development and IMF deposition have remained unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the differences in muscle development and IMF content between one-day-old commercial Arbor Acres broiler (AA) and Chinese indigenous Lushi blue-shelled-egg chicken (LS) and performed Hi-C analysis on their breast muscles. Our results indicated that significantly higher IMF content, however remarkably lower muscle fiber diameter was detected in breast muscle of LS chicken compared to that of AA broiler. The chromatin intra-interaction was prior to inter-interaction in both AA and LS chicken, and chromatin inter-interaction was heavily focused on the small and gene-rich chromosomes. For genomic compartmentalization, no significant difference in the number of B type compartments was found, but AA had more A type compartments versus LS. The A/B compartment switching of AA versus LS showed more A to B switching than B to A switching. There were no significant differences in the average sizes and distributions of topologically associating domains (TAD). Additionally, approximately 50% of TAD boundaries were overlapping. The reforming and disappearing events of TAD boundaries were identified between AA and LS chicken breast muscles. Among these, the HMGCR gene was located in the TAD-boundary regions in AA broilers, but in TAD-interior regions in LS chickens, and the IGF2BP3 gene was located in the AA-unique TAD boundaries. Both HMGCR and IGF2BP3 genes exhibited increased mRNA expression in one-day-old AA broiler breast muscles. It was demonstrated that the IGF2BP3 and HMGCR genes regulated by TAD boundary sliding were potential biomarkers for chicken breast muscle development and IMF deposition. Our data not only provide a valuable understanding of higher-order chromatin dynamics during muscle development and lipid accumulation but also reveal new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of muscle development and IMF deposition in chicken.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Md Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Axial Musculature ◽  
Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

scholarly journals Characterization of microRNAs during Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Development in the Shan Ma Duck

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1417
Author(s):  
Chuan Li ◽  
Ting Xiong ◽  
Mingfang Zhou ◽  
Lei Wan ◽  
Suwang Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas

Poultry skeletal muscle provides high quality protein for humans. Study of the genetic mechanisms during duck skeletal muscle development contribute to future duck breeding and meat production. In the current study, three breast muscle samples from Shan Ma ducks at embryonic day 13 (E13) and E19 were collected, respectively. We detected microRNA (miRNA) expression using high throughput sequencing following bioinformatic analysis. qRT-PCR validated the reliability of sequencing results. We also identified target prediction results using the luciferase reporter assay. A total of 812 known miRNAs and 279 novel miRNAs were detected in six samples; as a result, 61 up-regulated and 48 down-regulated differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between E13 and E19 (|log2 fold change| ≥ 1 and p ≤ 0.05). Enrichment analysis showed that target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched on many muscle development-related gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. An interaction network was constructed using the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. These results complement the current duck miRNA database and offer several miRNA candidates for future studies of skeletal muscle development in the duck.

Blending anaerobic co-digestates: synergism and economics

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2916-2922 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Navaneethan ◽  
P. Topczewski ◽  
S. Royer ◽  
D. Zitomer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Thin Stillage ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Cheese Production

Co-digestion is the process in which wastes from various sources are treated together. Therefore, more organic carbon is added to make efficient use of existing digesters. The objectives of this study were to compare potential co-digestates, determine synergistic and antagonistic co-digestion outcomes and estimate economic benefits for preliminary screening. Over 80 wastes were identified from 54 facilities within 160 km of an existing municipal digester. Synergistic, antagonistic and neutral co-digestion outcomes were observed for the various wastes. A simple economic comparison resulted in the greatest potential benefits for four co-digestates: yeast flavorings production waste, meat production dissolved air flotation float, acid whey from cheese production and thin stillage from corn ethanol production. Performance was investigated using bench-scale digesters receiving primary sludge with and without co-digestates. Methane production rates were 105 and 66% higher when co-digestates were present, but were anticipated to increase only 57 and 23% due to the additional chemical oxygen demand. Therefore, significant synergistic outcomes were observed during co-digestion. Co-digestion of the most promising wastes with primary sludge in full scale was estimated to generate enough electricity to power more than 2,500 houses.

Comprehensive Analysis of Circulating microRNA Specific to the Liver, Heart, and Skeletal Muscle of Cynomolgus Monkeys

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Iguchi ◽  
Noriyo Niino ◽  
Satoshi Tamai ◽  
Ken Sakurai ◽  
Kazuhiko Mori
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Circulating Microrna ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Organ Specific

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) could represent sensitive and specific biomarkers for tissue injury. However, their utility as biomarkers in nonclinical toxicological studies using nonhuman primates is limited by a lack of information on their organ specificity and circulating levels under resting condition of the animals. Herein, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle-specific expression patterns of miRNAs were determined in 27 tissues/organs from male and female monkeys (n =2/sex) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. This analysis revealed organ-specific miRNAs in the liver (miR-122), heart (miR-208a and miR-499a), and skeletal muscle (miR-206). Next, plasma was collected from conscious-naive male and female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 25/sex) to better understand the expressions of organ-specific circulating miRNAs. The absolute values of circulating miRNAs were quantified using a Taqman microRNA assay. MiR-1, miR-133a, and miR-208b showed preferential expression in the heart and skeletal muscles, whereas miR-192 was abundant in the liver, stomach, small intestine, and kidney. These miRNAs had identical sequences to their human counterparts. Six organ-specific miRNAs (miR-1, miR-122, miR-133a, miR-192, miR-206, and miR-499a) could be evaluated quantitatively by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with or without preamplification. No significant sex differences were noted for these circulating miRNAs. For their circulation levels, miR-133a showed more than 900-fold interindividual variation, whereas miR-122 showed only a 20-fold variation. In conclusion, we profiled circulating organ-specific miRNAs for the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of cynomolgus monkeys.

scholarly journals Affinity chromatography of lactate dehydrogenase on immobilized nucleotides

1973 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Lowe ◽  
P. D. G. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes

The interaction of two isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase from pig heart muscle (H4) and rabbit skeletal muscle (M4), with immobilized nucleotides was examined: the effects of pH and temperature on the binding of lactate dehydrogenase were studied with immobilized NAD+ matrices. The influence of substrate, product and sulphite on the binding of heart muscle lactate dehydrogenase to immobilized NAD+ was investigated. The interaction of both lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with immobilized pyridine and adenine nucleotides and their derivatives were measured. The effects of these parameters on the interaction of lactate dehydrogenase with immobilized nucleotides were correlated with the known kinetic and molecular properties of the enzymes in free solution.

Effect of chlorothiazide on renal juxtaglomerular cells and tissue electrolytes

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Tobian ◽  
Jeanette Janecek ◽  
John Foker ◽  
Dorothy Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Cells ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Administration of chlorothiazide to rats for 9 weeks produces an increase of intracellular sodium and a decrease of intracellular potassium in skeletal muscle. However, in cardiac muscle, in the wall of mesenteric arterioles, in aortic wall, and in kidney there is no significant alteration in the amount of sodium, potassium, or chloride per unit of dry tissue weight. The water content of heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and kidney is not altered by chlorothiazide. The intracellular concentration of Na and K in heart muscle is likewise unaltered by chlorothiazide. However, chlorothiazide produces a highly significant 44% increase in the granularity of the juxtaglomerular cells. The data in general suggest that chlorothiazide decreases the volume of extracellular fluid, but does not reduce the content of intracellular Na. Extracellular K is reduced as well as the K inside skeletal muscle fibers. However, the amount of K inside cardiac muscle fibers is unchanged by chlorothiazide.

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