scholarly journals KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN BIJI KOPI (ARABIKA) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Bella Simbolon ◽  
Kartini Pakpahan ◽  
Siswarni MZ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Testing Phase ◽  
Coffee Oil

This research aims to exploit the coffee seed oil as raw material for biodiesel by esterification process, then followed by transesterification process and studied the influence of variations in the weight ratio of solvent: ground coffee beans in the coffee bean oil extraction process. The methodologies of this researchare conducted on the process of preparation of raw materials, extraction, and testing phase.  Extraction is done with a variety of types of solvent n-hexane (C6H14) and toluene (C7H8 (C6H5CH3)) and a variety of solvents through a ratio of 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 and 1:8 against the mass of each run, which is 40 gram. Another variable is still 2 hours extraction time and temperature solvent extraction with n-hexane (C6H14) (boiling point 690C) is 70-75 0c and the solvent toluene (C7H8 (C6H5CH3))(boiling point 1100C) is 110-1150C. Testing phase is done bythe use of coffee oil esterification process in the molar ratio of methanol: free fatty acid catalyst H2SO4 = 3:1 with 1% v / v for 1hour with stirring 600 rpm and transesterification process at a molar ratio of methanol: oil = 9:1 coffee with 1.75% NaOH catalyst for 2 hours with stirring 600 rpm. Esterification process as conducted preliminary due to high levels of free fatty acids coffeeoils, which is 22.2%. Extraction results include the maximum yield of the coffee oils  17.73% in toluene weight ratio: coffee powder= 6:1, and coffee oil data in the form of the density 93.75 g / ml, viscosity 59.326 cP and fatty acid composition of the highest linoleic acid 40.8765% and palmitic acid 37.4492%. The results of esterification and transesterification obtained by the methyl ester equal to 39.63% with density 0.915 g / ml, 22.5498 cSt kinematic viscosity and flash point 130 0C.

THE BIODIESEL PROCESSING FROM OIL OF YELLOWFIN TUNA [Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)] OFFAL USING ACID CATALYST

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latif Sahubawa ◽  
Juju Junengsih ◽  
Ustadi Ustadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H2so4 Concentration

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels to meet the need of the diesel fuel in Indonesia. One of potential animal oil/fat to be utilized as biodiesel raw material is offal from yellowfin tuna. The objective of the study is to know the free fatty acid (FFA) levels of raw material, influence of the H2SO4 concentration as catalyst on biodiesel conversion, composition of the main Fatty acid compounds from biodiesel, and physical characteristics of biodiesel through esterification and transesterification reaction. In transesterification phase, the variabel is H2SO4 concentration 1.25 %, 1.50% and 1.75 % at 60 °C and 65 °C with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9. Based on experiment results, the know  that: FFA content from oli of yellowfin tuna offal amounted to 2.33 %, the largest conversion of methyl ester from spectra of H-NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS and ASTM was produced from the treatment with 1.50 % H2SO4 at 65 °C, with an average yield of 89.09 % and the conversion value of methyl ester was 52.63 %. The main compounds of Fatty acids that formed biodiesel were palmatic acid (43.64 %) and oleic acid (32.08 %). The physical characteristics of biodiesel according to the national standards of Indonesia (NSI) were specific density of 0.8637 60/60 °F g mL–1kinematic viscosity of 2.555 mm2 s–1, pour point is -3 °C and cloud point of 25 °C, while flash point of 25 °C and water content of 0.20 % was not consistent with the SNI. 

scholarly journals The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Iwan Ridwan ◽  
Mukhtar Ghazali ◽  
Adi Kusmayadi ◽  
Resza Diwansyah Putra ◽  
Nina Marlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Acid Esterification

The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

Operation Everest II: plasma lipid and hormonal responses during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1430-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Young ◽  
M. S. Rose ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
A. Cymerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Fasting Plasma

To examine the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on plasma lipid profiles, fasting blood samples were collected from six men (21–31 yr) at 760 Torr and periodically during a 40-day exposure to decreasing barometric pressure culminating in a final ambient pressure of 282 Torr. Preascent plasma total cholesterol concentration ([TC]) was decreased by 25% after the 40-day exposure (P less than 0.01). High-density lipoprotein concentrations ([HDL-C]) decreased 32% (P less than 0.001) with no alteration in the TC-to-HDL-C weight ratio. Plasma triglyceride concentration increased twofold during this period (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in fasting plasma free fatty acid concentrations or free fatty acid-to-albumin molar ratio throughout the study. Fasting plasma insulin levels were increased approximately twofold with no significant changes in glucagon concentration or the insulin-to-glucagon molar ratio. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were increased threefold on reaching 282 Torr (P less than 0.01), with no significant changes in plasma epinephrine concentrations. Mean energy intake (kcal/day) decreased 42%, whereas mean body weights decreased by 8.9 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.01) with exposure. Increased concentrations of insulin may lead to increased hepatic production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, thus eliciting metabolic changes independent of weight loss and dietary intake.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natta Pimngern ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

Two-Step Preparation of Bio-Diesel from the Used Bleaching Clay

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1774-1777
Author(s):  
Su Xi Wu ◽  
Shuai Hang Yan ◽  
Hui Cai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Optimal Reaction Condition ◽  
Optimal Reaction

with the shortage of the raw material oil for producing bio-diesel in China, the oil, recovered from the used bleaching clay which often be discarded by vegetable oil factory, was used to prepare bio-diesel in this trial. Two-step catalyzed process was adopted to produce biodiesel from the oil. The effect of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, alkaline catalyst quantity, reaction temperature and reaction time on the preesterification and transesterification reaction was investigated through orthogonal experiments. Thus the optimal reaction condition came out. Firstly, the optimal pre-esterification condition, under which the end acid value of the product was minimum (i.e. 1.88 mgKOH/g),was to react for 40 h at 60°C,with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, and by adding alkali catalyst 4% based on the oil weight. Secondly，the optimal transesterification condition, under which the maximum yield of bio-diesel can reach up to 98.2%, was to react for 2.5 h at 60°C,with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7:1, and by adding catalyst 1.25% based on the oil weight.

scholarly journals K2CO3 in NH4OH as an Effective Catalyst Mixture for the Transesterification of High Acid Value Mahua Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2807-2812
Author(s):  
S. Swarna ◽  
M.T. Swamy ◽  
T.R. Divakara ◽  
K.N. Krishnamurthy ◽  
S. Shashidhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Mahua Oil

In present study, biodiesel was synthesized from high free fatty acid content Mahua oil using K2CO3 in NH4OH catalyst mixture through transesterification process. Addition of NH4OH to K2CO3, enhanced the basic strength of the catalyst (K2CO3) by generating in-situ KOH in ammonium carbonate medium. The presence of ammonium carbonate in the reaction medium controlled the generation of intermediate water during methoxide formation and thereby increased the biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 98.5% with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 98.95% was obtained at the optimized condition of catalyst mixture of 1g K2CO3 in 0.5 g of NH4OH, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:7 at 55 ºC in 75 min. Characterization of the obtained biodiesel has been carried out using GC-MS and 1H NMR techniques. The physico-chemical properties of the oil and the synthesized biodiesel were tested according to the ASTM D6751 standards and the values are within the range.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Khawer Khan ◽  
Noaman Ul-Haq ◽  
Wajeeh Ur Rahman ◽  
Muzaffar Ali ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

scholarly journals Methanolysis of Jatropha Oil Using Conventional Heating

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A Roces ◽  
Raymond Tan ◽  
Francisco Jose T Da Cruz ◽  
Shuren C Gong ◽  
Rison K Veracruz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Standard Range

Studies were carried out on the transesterification, also called methanolysis, of oil from the Jatropha curcas L. with methanol using conventional heating for the production of biodiesel. All reactions were carried out in a batch-stirred reactor and in the subsequent separation and purification stages. The high free-fatty acid (FFA) level of Jatropha oil was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step process. The first step was carried out with 12% w/w methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% w/w HCl as acid catalyst in a 2h reaction at 343K. The second step was carried out with variable parameters: temperatures at 318K and 333K, initial catalyst concentrations at 0.5% and 1.5%, methanol:oil molar ratios at 4:1 and 6:1, and reaction times at 1h and 2h. Gas chromatography analysis was used to determine the fatty acid profile of crude Jatropha oil. Methanolysis of Jatropha oil used the catalysts NaOH and KOH. The high FFA level of Jatropha oil was reduced from 6.1% to 0.7% after the first step process. The highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), however, was achieved at 92.7% in 2h at 4:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 1.5% w/w KOH, and 333K reaction temperature. This method produced biodiesel that met ASTM’s biodiesel standards. Results showed a density of 0.8g/ml that is within 0.86–0.9kg/l standard range and a kinematic viscosity of about 4.1cSt that is within 2–4.5cSt standard range. The flash point of the biodiesel samples fell between 169oC and 179oC while the cloud point averaged at 6oC.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL EPOXIDATION OF OLEIC ACID TO PRODUCE AB TYPE MONOMER FOR FATTY-ACID-BASED POLYESTER SYNTHESIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Dyah Retno Sawitri ◽  
Panut Mulyono ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
In Situ Epoxidation

Epoxides from vegetable oils are currently gaining more attention to replace petroleum-based monomers for polymer synthesis. As one of unsaturated fatty acids derived from vegetable oil, Oleic acid can be converted into epoxidized oleic acid by chemical epoxidation. Epoxidized oleic acid is a bifunctional monomer that has the potential to be used as raw material for fatty-acid-based polyester synthesis. This paper proposes the Taguchi-based optimization technique for in-situ epoxidation of oleic acid. The combining factors affecting the maximum yield were also determined to obtain a higher quality of epoxidized oleic acid in a relatively short time.  Epoxidized oleic acid was characterized and tested for degradation. The characterization result showed the possibility of the polymerization reaction, and the kinetic study showed that the rate of epoxide degradation at room temperature follows second order with a reaction rate constant of2.7235 gr.mmol-1.day-1.

scholarly journals Interesterification for biofuel synthesis over HJ-2# caly-supported SO42-/ZrO2 solid acid catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Dong Lixin ◽  
Zhang Xueqiong ◽  
Chen Jing ◽  
Hao Yinan ◽  
Pang Liwen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Preparation Condition ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Ft Ir

This study makes use of soybean oil to produce biodiesel using SO42-/ZrO2-HJ-2# caly solid acid catalyst (SZ-HJ-2#). It was through coprecipitation and impregnation method that the catalyst was prepared which was then characterized by means of FE-SEM, XRD, EDS, BET, FT-IR, ICP-MS, NH3-TPD and XPS. The catalytic property of the synthesized catalyst was determined by using it to produce biodiesel from soybean oil. A study was carried out to find the effect of the different preparation condition of catalyst affecting the process. For SZ-HJ-2#, Optimized condition of 0.5 mol/L(zirconium salt solution), 1.5 mol/L (the concentration of sulfuric acid impregnating solution) and 450℃(calcination temperature). Optimized conditions of 8.32:1 methanol to soybean oil molar ratio and catalytic loading of 1 wt% at 55℃ with a stirring rate of 500 rpm for a reaction duration of 10 h gave a maximum yield of 89.6 wt%. Moreover, the further investigation indicated the catalytic activities were closely related to the ratio of Brönsted acid sites and intensity on catalysts. Besides, the excellent performance of the catalyst during recycling was shown by conducting reusability study.

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