scholarly journals HIDROLISIS HASIL DELIGNIFIKASI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DALAM SISTEM CAIRAN IONIK CHOLINE CHLORIDE

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Gendish Yoricya ◽  
Shinta Aisyah Putri Dalimunthe ◽  
Renita Manurung ◽  
Nimpan Bangun
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Hydrolysis Conditions

Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (TKKS) was the waste which has a fairly high content of lignocelluloses. Meanwhile, TKKS has not been utilize optimally. With a cellulose content of 45%-50%, TKKS then potentially be used as raw material for bioethanol. In the process of production bioethanol, delignification of lignocellulose the first phase was conducted to dissolve ligament between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In this research, delignification process was carried out using NaOH in the ionic liquid system and without ionic liquids. The purpose of this research was to find out the highest content of cellulose which contained in the TKKS and to determine the hydrolysis of delignification results on palm empty fruit bunches and the best hydrolysis conditions was obtained at the hydrolysis process in the choline chloride ionic liquid system. Delignification process were performed using ionic liquids choline chloride (ChCl) in variety of cooking time with amount different ChCl. This research used TKKS powder cooked at a temperature 130 °C with a variety of cooking time 30, 60, and 90 minutes and the variation of ChCl 10%, 15% and 20% weight of TKKS. Delignification research results used ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose was 40,33%, hemicellulose 20,28%, and lignin 3,62% in cooking treatment 90 minutes and 15% ChCl. While delignification without ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose is 24,98%, hemicellulose 8,25%, and lignin 18,99% in cooking treatment 90 minutes. Delignification process using ChCl be able increase the degree of delignification as big as 61,45%. In the hydrolisis process, the main raw material used cellulose of delignification TKKS result, choline chloride, sulfatl acid, and distilled water. The hydrolysis stage in this research was carried out at temperature 105 0C, catalyst (H2SO4) 10% (w / w) cellulose, ChCl 10%, 15%, and 20% (w / w) cellulose and it was stirred at constant speed 120 rpm with reaction time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The result in the hydrolysis stage using ionic liquid obtained glucose. LUFF method analysis showed the maximum result of glucose 37.96% with the best conditions in reaction time 90 minutes and the amount of choline chloride 20%.

Binary Ionic Liquid System for Direct Cellulose Etherification

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kakibe ◽  
Satoshi Nakamura ◽  
Kiyokazu Amakuni ◽  
Hajime Kishi
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Cellulose Dissolution

Etherification of cellulose was performed using a mixture of ionic liquids (ILs) playing roles in both cellulose dissolution and catalysis. We investigated the effects of the reaction time and the ratio of these ILs in the mixture. Cellulose etherification was performed in these IL mixtures. The proportion of propoxy cellulose exceeded 2.5 after 24 h.

scholarly journals Use of Buckwheat Straw to Produce Ethyl Alcohol Using Ionic Liquids

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2014
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut ◽  
Leszek Bychto ◽  
Bartosz Walendzik ◽  
Judyta Cielecka-Piontek ◽  
Roman Marecik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pls Regression ◽  
Enzymatic Preparation ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

Background: Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an annual spring-emerging crop that is classified among the dicotyledons, due to the manner of its cultivation, use, and chemical composition of seeds. The use of buckwheat straw for energy purposes—for example, for the production of second generation bioethanol—might enable its wider application and increase the cost-effectiveness of tillage. Methods: In this study, we examined the usability of buckwheat straw for the production of bioethanol. We pretreated the raw material with ionic liquids and subsequently performed enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation. The obtained chemometric data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model. PLS regression in combination with spectral analysis within the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum allowed for the rapid determination of the amount of cellulose in the raw material and also provided information on the changes taking place in its structure. Results: We obtained good results for the combination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as the ionic liquid and Cellic CTec2 as the enzymatic preparation for the pretreatment of buckwheat straw. The highest concentration of glucose following 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be around 5.5 g/dm3. The highest concentration of ethanol (3.31 g/dm3) was obtained with the combination of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate for the pretreatment and cellulase from Trichoderma reesei for enzymatic hydrolysis. Conclusions: In summary, the efficiency of the fermentation process is strictly associated with the pool of available fermenting sugars, and it depends on the type of ionic liquid used during the pretreatment and on the enzymatic preparation. It is possible to obtain bioethanol from buckwheat straw using ionic liquid for pretreatment of the raw material prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation of the material.

Study on the Chemical Modification of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid with Maleic Anhydride

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Xuan Zhong ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Cotton Cellulose ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Mass Ratio

Dissolution and regeneration of cotton cellulose using ionic liquids as solvent was investigated. In this paper, modification of celluloses with maleic anhydride (MA) was carried out in ionic liquid,1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(AmimCl).The maleylation celluloses with degrees of substitution (DS) between 0.85and 1.46 were accessible in IL. The effects of reaction time, temperature and mass ratio of the MA in cellulose were investigated. These maleylation celluloses were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Experiments showed that the optimal conditions for grafting were: mass ratio of maleic anhydride and cotton cellulose 0.8; reaction time of 90 min; temperature of 80 °C.

scholarly journals Electrospun Silk-Cellulose Composite Nanomaterials Using Ionic Liquid Regenerated Films

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Ashley Rivera-Galletti ◽  
Ye Xue ◽  
Stacy Love ◽  
David Salas de la Cruz ◽  
Xiao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Composite Nanomaterials ◽  
Cellulose Derivatives ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Nanomaterials

Electrospinning is a widely used technique to draw recalcitrant biopolymer solutions into micro to nanoscale materials in a simple and economical way. The first focus of this research involved using ionic liquids as a non-volatile solvent for natural insoluble biopolymers such as silk and cellulose (or cellulose derivatives). Compared to traditional organic solvents, ionic liquids can dissolve biopolymers without altering the molecular weight of the biopolymer. In this study, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidizolium acetate (EMIMAc) ionic liquid was used and the regenerated films were coagulated in baths of EtOH or water. The second focus of this research explored the dissolution of IL-regenerated composites into organic solvents and their electrospun composite nanomaterials. Various ratios of silk-cellulose bio-composite films regenerated from ionic liquids were used as the raw materials and sequentially dissolved/dispersed into a Formic Acid-CaCl2 solution in order to initiate the electrospinning of silk-cellulose nanomaterials. Because of the variability of ionic liquids, the nanomaterials produced using this technique have unique and tunable properties such as large surface area to volume ratios and low structural defects. FTIR and SEM results suggest that the structure and morphology of the final nanosized samples becomes more globular when the biopolymer composition ratio has increased cellulose content. TGA results demonstrated that the electrospun materials have better thermal stability than the original films. This two-step electrospinning method, using ionic liquid as a non-volatile solvent to first dissolve and mix raw natural materials, may lead to extensive research into its biomedical and pharmaceutical applications in the future.

Synthesis and Preparation of Desulfurization Concerned Naphthenic Acid Type Ionic Liquid

2014 ◽  
Vol 670-671 ◽  
pp. 224-228
Author(s):  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Guo Bi Li ◽  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Shi Dong Wang ◽  
Shu Liang Zang
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Naphthenic Acid ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Acid Type

This paper describes the types and characteristics of ionic liquids, synthesis and application of ionic liquids in chemical and environmental applications, and naphthenic acid corrosion problems and research on ionic liquids are organically combined together, using properties, good stability and easy separating from crude oil, of ionic liquid generated by imidazole and naphthenic acid, exploring the ionic liquid deacidification process conditions and acid removal effect. The naphthenic acid and imidazole react in acetone solvent, synthesis a series of ionic liquids in different reaction ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed conditions,makesome physical measurements and calculation of the yield of these ionic liquids and. The results show that, in naphthenic acid and imidazole molar ratio of 1:1, reaction temperature 70°C, reaction time 7h, stirring speed 400R / min, stand half hour after reaction, the yield of naphthenic acid type ionic liquid is maximum, namely, the deacidification effect is best. At the same time measured in the ionic liquid density is 1.179g / mL, and pH is 5.8. Obtained optimum synthesis condition of naphthenic acid type ionic liquid, greatly improving the deacidification rate of high acid crude oil, more importantly, the method does not cause any pollution to the environment.

Enolboration of conjugated ketones and synthesis of beta-amino alcohols and boronated alpha-amino acids

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1349-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zaidlewicz ◽  
W. Sokól ◽  
A. Wolan ◽  
J. Cytarska ◽  
A. Tafelska-Kaczmarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Amino Alcohols ◽  
Enantioselective Synthesis ◽  
Enantioselective Reduction ◽  
Cross Coupling Reaction

Enolization–aldolization of conjugated ketones, enantioselective synthesis of benzofuryl beta-amino alcohols, and synthesis of p-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine (BPA) and its analogs are described. Aldolization of benzaldehyde with lithium dienolates derived from unhindered conjugated cyclohexenones favored anti- selectivity, whereas syn selectivity was favored for hindered cyclohexenones. Anti-aldols were preferentially formed from dienolborinates derived from conjugated cyklohexenones, however,competing aldolization at the 2-position was observed for hindered ketones. Benzofuryl beta-amino alcohols were prepared using as a key step the enantioselective reduction of the corresponding alpha-bromoacetylbenzofurans with (–)-B- -chlorodiisopinocampheylborane. Ionic liquids were used as solvents for the synthesis of BPA by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The reaction time is short, and a solution of the catalyst in the ionic liquid can be recycled.

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides using ionic liquids and related catalysts including choline chloride–metal halide mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1513-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Jeremy W. O'Brien ◽  
Kayla A. Kitselman ◽  
Lindsay E. Tompkins ◽  
Gregory C. T. Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Cycloaddition Reactions ◽  
Cyclic Carbonates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Focus On Results ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Made In

In this mini-review, progress made in the use of ionic liquid catalysts and related systems for cycloaddition reactions of carbon dioxide with epoxides is described with the primary focus on results from the past eight years.

Study of Performance and Synthesis of Et3NHC1-AlC13

2014 ◽  
Vol 1051 ◽  
pp. 178-181
Author(s):  
Li Ming Zhang ◽  
Hai Yan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Alkylation Of Benzene

This thesis is focused on the catalyst of ionic liquids. Firstly, chloroaluminate ionic liquid consisting of triethylaminia hydrochloride and anhydrous A1C13 was prepared, and its catalytic performance on the alkylation of benzene with 1-bromobutane was studied experimentally. The composition of the system was analyzed using gas chromatogram. The effect of such influencing factors were investigated as the constitute of ionic liquid,the dosage of catalyst, the mole ratio of benzene to 1-bromobutane, temperature,reaction time,the regeneration approach of the used ionic liquid catalyst. The results suggested that it helps to increase the conversion of propylene and the selectivity of 1-butylbenzene by increasing the mole fraction of AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, the amount of catalyst, the mole ratio of benzene to 1-butylbenzene, reaction time and by reducing reaction temperature. At optimal conditions of 66.7% of mole fraction of AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, l0wt% of catalyst with respect to benzene, 10:1 of mole ratio of benzene to 1-bromobutane and 313 .15K, both conversion of 1-bromobutane and selectivity of butylbenzene can reach 96.6% in 20 minutes. The activity of the catalyst can be basically remained after eight times reused. For the used ionic liquid, its catalytic activity can be partially recovered via adding some extra AlCl3 notwithstanding less satisfactory. The catalyst performance of ionic liquids on the esterification of ethanol with ethanonic acid was studied.

Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diethylene Glycol

2012 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Mang Zheng ◽  
Xiao Yan Li ◽  
Ru Qi Guan ◽  
Yan Mei Liu ◽  
Ya Juan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Manufacturing Methods

Diethylene glycol (DEG) is the by-product of the hydration of ethylene oxide. With the rapid development of China's ethylene industry and the increased production of diethylene glycol, taking full advantage of the diethylene glycol resources to develop downstream products and expanding the use of diethylene glycol is becoming more and more important. In this paper, we introduce the applications and manufacturing methods of diethylene glycol, and elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of various methods. Furthermore, we present a new approach to synthesis industrial raw material diethylene glycol by ethylene glycol as raw material and ionic liquids as catalyst.

scholarly journals Use of Buckwheat Straw to Produce Ethyl Alcohol Using Ionic Liquids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Smuga-Kogut ◽  
Leszek Bychto ◽  
Bartosz Walendzik ◽  
Daria Szymanowska ◽  
Roman Marecik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pls Regression ◽  
Enzymatic Preparation ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an annual spring-emerging crop that is classified among dicotyledons, yet due to the manner of its cultivation, use, and chemical composition of seeds. The use of buckwheat straw for energy purposes, for example, for the production of second generation bioethanol might enable its wider application and increase the cost-effectiveness of tillage. In this study, we examined the usability of buckwheat straw for the production of bioethanol. We pretreated the raw material with using ionic liquids and subsequently performed enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation. The obtained chemometric data was analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model. PLS regression in combination with the spectral analysis within near-infrared (NIR) spectrum allowed for the rapid determination of amount of cellulose in the raw material and also provided information on the changes taking place in its structure. According to our results, we obtained good results for the combination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as the ionic liquid and Cellic CTec2 and the enzymatic preparation for the pretreatment of buckwheat straw. The highest concentration of glucose following 72 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be around 5.5 g/dm3. The highest concentration of ethanol (3.31 g/dm3) was obtained with the combination of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate for the pretreatment and the cellulase from Trichoderma reesei for enzymatic hydrolysis. In summary, the efficiency of the fermentation process is strictly associated with the pool of available fermenting sugars, and it depends on the type of ionic liquid used during the pretreatment and on the enzymatic preparation. It is possible to obtain bioethanol from buckwheat straw using ionic liquid for the pretreatment of the raw material prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation of the material.

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