scholarly journals Country Differences in Ultimatum Wage Bargaining with a Real Task: Evidence from Greece, Spain and the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora García-Gallego ◽  
Nikolaos Georgantzís ◽  
Ainhoa Jaramillo-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Ultimatum Bargaining ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Uk

From experiments run in Greece, Spain and the UK, this paper studies ultimatum bargaining over the wage paid in order to have a subject perform a given real task. Compared with Greece and Spain, significantly higher wage offers and lower acceptance probabilities are found in the UK. These effects lead to higher wages in the UK Country differences in both employer and employee behavior have a clear gender component. Specifically, we find that Greek and Spanish females offer lower wages than British females. Contrary to what is obtained for UK subjects, Greek and Spanish females reject more than males.

MO792CONTEMPORARY MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER MARKERS AND TREATMENT AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN THE EUROPEAN DIALYSIS OUTCOMES AND PRACTICE PATTERNS STUDY (DOPPS)*

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Bieber ◽  
Indranil Dasgupta ◽  
Pieter Evenepoel ◽  
Stefan H Jacobson ◽  
Piergiorgio Messa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Serum Phosphorus ◽  
Active Vitamin ◽  
Mineral And Bone Disorder ◽  
Bone Disorder ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Dialysis Outcomes ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is characterized by abnormalities in serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and associated with morbidity and mortality. Previous publications from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) have demonstrated country differences in the prevalence and treatment of CKD-MBD among hemodialysis patients in participating European countries. We aim to compare the distribution of CKD-MBD related labs and treatments across countries in a contemporary population of European hemodialysis patients. Method DOPPS is an international prospective cohort study of hemodialysis patients ≥18 years of age. Patients are enrolled randomly from a representative sample of dialysis facilities within each nation at the start of each study phase. The current analysis includes n=1,701 patients from 91 facilities in the initial prevalent cross section of Europe DOPPS phase 7 (2019-present; Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK). Results from Belgium should be considered preliminary as initial questionnaire completion is ongoing. Results The % of patients with a high PTH (>600 pg/mL) ranged from 6% in Italy to 24% in the UK, with 12-17% having high PTH in all other countries. Mean serum total calcium ranged from 8.7 in Germany to 9.1 mg/dL in the UK (Table). Mean serum phosphorus varied from 4.5 in Belgium to 5.3 mg/dL in Germany. Dialysate calcium of 2.5 mEq/L was predominant in Germany, Sweden, and the UK while 3.0 mEq/L was the most common prescription in Belgium, Italy, and Spain. Calcimimetic prescription ranged from 13% in the UK to 32% in Spain. Etelcalcetide prescription ranged from 1% in the UK to 12% in Spain and 14% in Italy. Active vitamin D prescription ranged from 27% in Belgium to 75% in Sweden. Nearly all vitamin D prescriptions were administered intravenously in Spain versus about half in Italy; in all other countries, the route of active vitamin D administration was primarily oral. Patient age and dialysis vintage varied by country, potentially contributing to some of the observed country differences in MBD marker levels and treatment practices. Conclusion CKD-MBD related abnormalities in PTH, serum phosphorus and calcium remain common in European dialysis patients, with prevalence varying considerably by country. Substantial international variation in CKD-MBD treatments was also observed in prescription of vitamin D and calcimimetics. Uptake of the relatively new calcimimetic, etelcalcetide, varied considerably by country. A detailed understanding of the effect of treatment variation on CKD-MBD marker levels and patient outcomes is needed to provide important insights for the European HD community in optimizing management of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

scholarly journals Country differences in the diagnosis and management of coronary heart disease – a comparison between the US, the UK and Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf von dem Knesebeck ◽  
Markus Bönte ◽  
Johannes Siegrist ◽  
Lisa Marceau ◽  
Carol Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Is perfectionism rising over time? A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Curran
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Neoliberal Governance ◽  
Socially Prescribed Perfectionism ◽  
The Us ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Uk

From the 1980’s onwards, neoliberal governance in the US, Canada, and the UK has emphasized competitive individualism and people have seemingly responded, in kind, by agitating to perfect themselves and their lifestyles. In this study, we examine whether cultural changes have coincided with an increase in multidimensional perfectionism in college students over the last 27 years. Our analyses are based on 164 samples and 41,641 American, Canadian, and British college students, who completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) between 1989 and 2016 (70.92% female, Mage = 20.66). Cross-temporal meta-analysis revealed that levels of self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and other-oriented perfectionism have linearly increased. These trends remained when controlling for gender and between-country differences in perfectionism scores. Overall, in order of magnitude of the observed increase, our findings indicate that recent generations of young people perceive that others are more demanding of them, are more demanding of others, and are more demanding of themselves.

Comparative Attributes of Effective Health Services Managers and Definitions of Organizational Effectiveness in Australia, the UK and the USA

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Boldy ◽  
S. Jain ◽  
G. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
The Usa ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Perceived Relevance ◽  
The Uk

This paper explores and contrasts the perceptions of 855, mainly health services managers and 1452 students from three major English-speaking countries regarding the attributes needed for becoming effective managers in their country. Also addressed are country differences and similarities in the perceived relevance of particular indicators of organizational effectiveness. Despite Australia's British heritage, respondents from this country were found to be more similar to those from the USA, than those from the UK, in their views regarding the attributes of effective managers. Australian and American respondents rated ‘nurturing’ personality skills relatively highly, as they did ‘classical’ management skills. UK respondents rated ‘classical’ management skills as more important than ‘political’ skills.

scholarly journals Understanding breastfeeding behaviours: a cross-sectional analysis of associated factors in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Gallegos ◽  
Joy Parkinson ◽  
Sinead Duane ◽  
Christine Domegan ◽  
Elena Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Breastfeeding Rates ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Context Models

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is a complex behaviour relying on a combination of individual mother and infant characteristics, health systems, and family, community and professional support. Optimal breastfeeding in high-income countries is particularly low. Despite having similar sociocultural backgrounds, breastfeeding rates between Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia vary, thus there is a need to understand whether this is due to individual, sociocultural or policy differences. This research identifies the between-country differences in infant feeding mode and examines if country differences in feeding mode persist once known individual, behavioural and structural factors are considered using socioecological and person-context models. Methods Participants were adult women with at least one infant less than 6 months of age, who completed an online survey (n = 2047) that was distributed by social media in June 2016. Within-country differences in infant feeding mode (‘any breastfeeding’ vs. ‘no breastfeeding’) were examined first before hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to determine if country differences in feeding mode persisted after adjusting for known factors associated with breastfeeding. Results In this sample, ‘any breastfeeding’ rates were 89, 71 and 72% in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom respectively. Within-country differences were evident in Australia, Ireland and the UK. Four factors showed no association with infant feeding mode in Australia while they did in the other countries (maternal age, income, skin-to-skin contact, support from friends and family). Two factors were unique to Australia: the odds of being in the ‘no breastfeeding’ group increased when the baby was delivered via caesarean and when not enough breastfeeding information was available after birth. One determinant was unique to Ireland: the odds of being in the ‘no breastfeeding’ group increased when respondents indicated they were not religious; in the UK this occurred when respondents were living in a town/village. After adjusting for sets of known factors of infant feeding mode based on socioecological and person-context models, country differences remained in hierarchical regressions: the odds of not breastfeeding were higher in both Ireland (AOR 3.3, 95%CI 1.8,6.1) and the United Kingdom (AOR 2.7, 95%CI 1.5, 4.7) compared to Australia. Conclusions This study indicates that different levels in the socioecological system are related to infant feeding behaviours. An adequate inter-systems level response would consider the interactions within and between behavioural and structural mechanisms which support breastfeeding behaviour. Optimising infant feeding practices will require an integrated web of interventions that go beyond the individual and focus on addressing factors that will influence families within their communities as they move between systems.

The Reform of the Wage Bargaining System

1978 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.T. Blackaby
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
General Council ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Incomes Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Two Stages

After the fall of the Conservative Government in February 1974, at the end of that period of incomes policy, the rise in average earnings in the UK went up to a figure of 30 per cent in the year to mid-1975. In the first stage of the incomes policy which followed, that figure was brought down to 14 per cent and in the second stage to 8 per cent. There can be no reasonable doubt that this deceleration was the consequence of the incomes policies adopted. None of the equations which have been put forward to represent the ‘normal’ movement of wage rates or earnings would have produced a deceleration of this kind. The third stage of incomes policy, now coming to an end, differed significantly from the first two. In the first two stages, the numerical limit set for earnings increases had the explicit backing of the General Council of the TUC. The third stage did not have this backing (although the General Council did support the twelve-month rule); it was left to the Government to try to hold the figure of a 10 per cent rise in average earnings, with a variety of ad hoc sanctions on employers who exceeded the figure, and with a number of exceptions for productivity agreements of varying degrees of genuineness. The resulting rise in average money earnings is likely to be of the order of 15 per cent.

Chapter IV. Problems of the Medium Term

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 64-74
Keyword(s):  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Real Growth ◽  
The Uk

In Chapter I we considered the prospects for the UK economy until end-1977 on the usual assumptions of ‘unchanged policies’, though with two alternative assumptions about the outcome of the wage-bargaining process for the 1976/77 wage calendar. We argued that with restraint in nominal wages in 1977 there was a prospect of a continued moderate recovery in UK economic activity though there were still serious problems outstanding by the end of 1977—high unemployment and a large current account deficit. We also argued that without restraint in nominal wages the chances of a sustained pick-up in activity looked poor and real growth would be slowing down sharply in the course of 1977. On this latter assumption, medium-term issues barely arise since the UK would be once again plunged into a short-term crisis. In this Chapter, we address the central medium-term issue of what sort of recovery paths could reasonably be expected for the UK economy over the next five years and what implications these prospects have for policy.

scholarly journals Country Differences in Determinants of Behavioral Intention towards Sustainable Apparel Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Hye Jung Jung ◽  
Kyung Wha Oh ◽  
HaeJung Maria Kim
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Total N ◽  
Perceived Consumer Effectiveness ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Uk

Increased demands for sustainable apparel products require research to understand better how to encourage sustainable buying behavior effectively, especially in the understudied areas of cross-cultural research. This study, which includes respondents from the UK, US, and China (total n = 711) who completed an online survey, explores determinants of behavioral intention toward sustainable apparel products (SAP). This paper contributes to examine both consumer characteristics (shopping values, consciousness of sustainability, perceived consumer effectiveness, and environmental knowledge) and marketing perspective (evaluation criteria of SAP) determinants for encouraging sustainable apparel consumption behaviors. Significant country differences also emerged, indicating the positive impact on behavioral intention to sustainable apparel products across three countries. Results of structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated there were differences and similarities in the effect of consumers’ characteristic factors and marketing perspective factors on SAP behavioral intention among three countries. The results validate that differentiated marketing strategies in the sustainable apparel industry are required when targeting global consumers to boost sustainable apparel consumption and successfully help to remedy the crisis facing our planet and further generation.

scholarly journals Changes in Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Dependent on Initial Consumption Level: Findings from Eight European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10547
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Rossow ◽  
Miroslav Bartak ◽  
Kim Bloomfield ◽  
Fleur Braddick ◽  
Elin K. Bye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
European Survey ◽  
Heavy Drinkers ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Uk

Evidence suggests that changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic were unevenly distributed over consumer groups. We investigated possible inter-country differences in how changes in alcohol consumption are contingent on initial consumption (before or at the start of the pandemic), and how changes in consumption translate into possible changes in the prevalence of heavy drinking. We used data from the European Survey on Alcohol use and COVID-19 (ESAC) conducted in Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Spain, and the UK (N = 31921). Past-year alcohol consumption and changes in consumption were measured by AUDIT-C. Drinking habits were compared according to percentiles of pre-pandemic consumption levels, below versus above the 90th percentile. Across countries, drinkers in the highest 10% for pre-pandemic consumption increased their drinking during the pandemic, whereas absolute changes among those initially drinking below this level were modest. The percentage of people reporting >28 alcohol units/week increased significantly in seven of eight countries. During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol consumption in the upper decile of the drinkers increased as did the prevalence of heavy drinkers, in contrast with a declining consumption in other groups in the sample.

The Role of Cross-Country Differences in International Fashion Retailing

2016 ◽  
pp. 622-648
Author(s):  
Marta Blazquez Cano
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Retail Channel ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Online Experience ◽  
The Uk

The development of the Internet as a retail channel has produced a change in the complete value chain, from retailers to consumers and e-commerce means a big potential for both of them. However, in spite of this potential, the level of e-commerce development in the different EU countries is very unequal with Spain and the UK exemplifying two extremes. This chapter aims to determine if differences in fashion e-commerce, between Spain and the UK are due to the heterogeneity of consumers' behaviours and attitudes through online shopping. The results obtained confirm that there is no homogeneity in the online fashion community, what means that retailers websites should design the online experience considering the characteristics of the local Internet users. The research provides a classification of consumers based on their motivations to browse or buy fashion through the Internet with relevant implications for fashion retailers.

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