scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF LOAN ACTIVITIES OF BANKS OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kushnyr ◽  
Sofiia Fomenko
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Banking Institution

The economic potential of the country is significantly increased due to the presence of a developed credit market, constitutes a significant share of the total market, as well as the peculiarities of functioning and certain advantages over other segments. The scale, activity and efficiency of lending activities are critical to the success of every banking institution as a classic representative of financial intermediation. The successful operation of the bank requires constant work to improve its own lending activities, optimize the loan portfolio, introduce innovative mechanisms and lending instruments, expand the range of loan services and applications. Of great importance in the context of credit management is the development and implementation of the bank's own credit policy, taking into account potential opportunities, a variety of risks and factors (internal, external) that affect efficiency and effectiveness. However, due to the large number of external and internal factors environment, they need a classification that would allow a more thorough investigation and analyze their multifaceted impact on the formation of credit policy. That's it determines the relevance of the study of objective and subjective factors and their structuring by levels of the world economy. That is a set of factors that affect the lending activities of the bank formed by its external and internal environments, can be divided objective and subjective, and their analysis and consideration is a necessary prerequisite for success development and implementation of credit policy. Objective factors include those circumstances or conditions that exist recognized regardless of human will. Such factors include factors external environment and organization of the organization of the bank (a number of factors internal environment). Subjective factors include a set of factors individually personal influence of people (staff, customers, employees, etc.), their interests, beliefs, uses, value orientations that directly or indirectly affect formation of the bank's credit policy.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF FORMATION OF CREDIT POLICY AND CREDIT PORTFOLIO OF COMMERCIAL BANK IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Ostrovska
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Loan Market ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Banking Institution

The level of development of production, social infrastructure and the degree of development of society as a whole largely depends on how developed the banking sector of the state is. An important role in fulfilling the tasks is assigned to commercial banks, which can provide credit resources to enterprises and organizations, as well as citizens. In addition, an efficient and stable banking sector is a key factor in the growth of the national economy. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. The article identifies the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. It is generalized that the main specific features of credit relations are: their emergence at the stage of redistribution of final income; formation on the basis of return and with the payment of interest; impact on the structure and volume of cash flows and features of the bank loan market. It is proved that the study of the bank loan market involves the analysis of the structure of the loan portfolio, its most important areas are the assessment of the structure of the loan portfolio by type of customers, terms of lending, as well as by type of currency and more. It is determined that the credit policy of a banking institution is one of the main elements of banking policy, which is a strategy and tactics of the bank to attract temporarily free funds in the economy and direct them to credit operations. In the process of credit risk management, an important element is the ability of the bank's management to choose correctly: the sphere of management in which it is advisable to concentrate the bank's lending activities at a given time; "Its client", based on its creditworthiness and other factors that are of paramount importance for the bank in deciding on the possibility of granting a loan, etc. The credit policy of the banking institution determines the priorities in the development and improvement of lending activities, development of the credit process and increase its efficiency and ensures the stability, profitability and liquidity of the bank.

scholarly journals THE ESSENCE OF THE CREDIT POLICY OF BANKS WITH FOREIGN CAPITAL AND THE PECULIARITIES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
T. S. KARPOVA
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Number Of Factors

  In our country the question of developing a credit policy remains important and paramount, so far there is no single answer to it. The article proposes the point of view of scientists on the concept of "credit policy", which is a system of principles established by the central bank and the state in the credit sphere with the purpose of regulating the credit process in banks. Credit policy should form the content of the loan portfolio and establish standards for making credit decisions, it is analyzed its direction. The principles of balanced credit policy, as well as its main stages, are systematized. The credit policy of a commercial bank must contain rules for the implementation of specific goals, including standards and instructions that represent the methodological support for its implementation. It is proved, that credit policy of a commercial bank is a combination of its credit strategy and credit tactics. The credit policy features are prescribed, which should be reflected in the bank's internal documents. Determination and improvement of credit policy means to formulate and consolidate in the necessary internal documents the position of the management of the bank. The goals of the bank in conducting a balanced credit policy, the functions of the credit policy, macro- and microfactors affecting it are indicated. Goals and standards of lending are determined in accordance with the strategic development plan of the bank and can be formulated both in the long-term development plan and in the budget of the bank for the current year. The importance of the principles of rational lending and the composition of lending standards are emphasized. The development of a credit policy of any bank depends on a number of factors, among which macrofactors and microprocessors can be identified. Functions of credit policy are: commercial functions, control functions, stimulating function, specific functions. The credit policy of banks when working with legal entities is aimed at developing long-term relationships with borrowers, in article the criteria for selecting clients for cooperation are determined.

scholarly journals Sustainable use of forest and hunting resources

2014 ◽  
pp. 25-49
Author(s):  
Milorad Danilovic ◽  
Dragan Gacic
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Forestry Production ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the issue of the use of forest and hunting resources in Serbia, with special emphasis on their sustainability. The use of modern technological solutions in terms of sustainable use of forest and hunting resources should be seen through an analysis and evaluation of environmental impacts. The existing machinery used in Serbian forestry cannot respond to the current demands of forestry production. However, the current unfavourable conditions can be significantly improved with appropriate measures. The planning of a network of roads including a number of factors that directly and indirectly affect sustainable use is of great importance for the development of forestry and hunting. Wood biomass in Serbian forests should be used in the manner and to the extent that ensures the sustainability of ecosystems and the production of large quantities of energy. In recent years, non-timber forest products have gained importance, so that the income generated from their use is growing. The impact of newly adopted laws and bylaws in the field of forestry, hunting and the protection of nature and environment will depend primarily on their application, control, execution and possible amendments and adjustments.

scholarly journals Credit Policy Planning in Medium Scale Business

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Herdinata
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Business World ◽  
Credit Management ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Internal Information

Abstract In dealing with the factors affecting credit policy, a management should consider external and internal information before creating a policy. Internal factors include the structure and the amount of available bank assets and liabilities, and the type, state, and composition of available banking facilities and personnels. Meanwhile, external factors include the atmosphere of the business world in general and banking sector in particular, bank location, and others. The factors that need to be considered in credit policy cannot be separated from the problems that exist in banking activities. Since the factors affecting credit policy act as a guideline which influences credit management, it is important to analyze these factors. This research maps out some important factors in credit management and recommends certain practical steps that can be taken in credit management.

scholarly journals Value Orientations and Quality of Life

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pejo Đurašinović
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
New System ◽  
People Today

Our topic focuses on the pre-war system of values, then the period of decadence and destruction of the system of values and value orientations in general, and the postwar system with its different views on values that goes through a period of the formation of awareness of values. The young will play the most important role in the formation of the new system of values.The phenomenon of values among young people today is a complex social problem that is influenced by a large number of factors. These various factors can be classified into biological, social and individual factors.

Hydrology and Best Practices for Managing Water Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

2017 ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Samwel N. Marigi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Current Resource ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Water Issues

This chapter provides a critical analysis and evaluation of the water issues relevant to Kenya's ASALs. This has particularly been centred on the current resource development and management, future resource demand as well as extent of its vulnerability to climate variability and change. The water development policy interventions have also been evaluated. The analysis has revealed that water resources are being utilized to satisfy a myriad of demands and that in-fact a water shortage already exists in these ASALs. A number of factors including population pressure, poor resource use and management and other socio-economic activities have been noted to increase the vulnerability of the available water to the impacts of climate change. A raft of recommendations for purposes of ensuring the sustainable utilization of this vital resource has therefore, been proposed.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BANKING SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Bank Deposits ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Banking Institution

The article explores the problems of ensuring the financial sustainability of the banking sector, which plays a very important role in the functioning of the financial system of the state. The role of the stability of the banking system in ensuring conditions of economic growth is justified. It is noted that it is the financial stability of each banking institution that is a prerequisite for the stable functioning of the entire banking system. It is emphasized that since the financial stability of the banking system is influenced by a large number of internal and external factors, for the effective functioning of the banking system of the country must be ready for any challenges to the macro and microenvironment. The main problems of the banking system in modern conditions should be considered the reduction of deposits of the population, deterioration of the quality of the loan portfolio, significant devaluation of the hryvnia, high inflation rates, loss-making of a significant number of banking institutions. It was concluded that the banking system of Ukraine feels a significant dependence on the funds of depositors - individuals, and therefore on factors that affect their behavior in the financial market. Trends of formation of deposit base of commercial banks of Ukraine and imbalances in the sphere of attraction of banking resources were analyzed. The growth of bank deposits of the population is slow, negative changes in their structure are observed. The share of deposits of individuals after the 2014 crisis has become significantly more volatile and risky in terms of financial stability. The increase in lending is complicated by the presence of large portfolios of problem loans, as a result of which there are a number of tasks to increase the efficiency of the loan portfolio, which should ensure a compromise of profitability, liquidity and credit risk acceptable to the bank. The priorities of monetary policy and the main tasks are formulated, the solution of which will allow to intensify lending to the real sector of the economy. Theoretical and practical recommendations have been developed to improve bank lending, increase the profitability of the banking system and capitalize Ukrainian banks.

Use of Risk Insights to Enhance Safety Focus of Small Modular Reactor Reviews

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart L. Magruder
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Small Modular Reactor ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
Regulatory Controls

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff plans to apply a more integrated, graded approach to the review of small modular reactor (SMR) pre-application activities and design applications. The concept is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the reviews by focusing on safety significant structures, systems, and components (SSCs). The unique design features associated with SMRs and knowledge gained reviewing other passive reactor designs present opportunities to risk-inform the SMR design certification process to a greater extent than previously employed. The review process can be modified for SMR applications by considering the aggregate of regulatory controls pertaining to SSCs as part of the review and determining those regulatory controls which may supplement or replace, as appropriate, part of the technical or engineering analysis and evaluation. Risk insights acquired from staff reviews of passive LWR designs (i.e. AP1000, ESBWR) can also be incorporated into the review process. Further, risk insights associated with integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) design features (i.e. Underground facilities impact on turbine missiles review) can be incorporated into the review process.

Nitric oxide in plants: pro- or anti-senescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (17) ◽  
pp. 4419-4427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Bruand ◽  
Eliane Meilhoc
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Toxic Molecule

AbstractSenescence is a regulated process of tissue degeneration that can affect any plant organ and consists of the degradation and remobilization of molecules to other growing tissues. Senescent organs display changes at the microscopic level as well as modifications to internal cellular structure and differential gene expression. A large number of factors influencing senescence have been described including age, nutrient supply, and environmental interactions. Internal factors such as phytohormones also affect the timing of leaf senescence. A link between the senescence process and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in senescing tissues has been known for many years. Remarkably, this link can be either a positive or a negative correlation depending upon the organ. NO can be both a signaling or a toxic molecule and is known to have multiple roles in plants; this review considers the duality of NO roles in the senescence process of two different plant organs, namely the leaves and root nodules.

THE BASIS THEORIES OF SYSTEMS' TRANSFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Y. Prykhodko
Keyword(s):  
System Transformation ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
General Law ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Universal Approach ◽  
Systems Transformation ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the article is to justify the theoretical basis and methodological foundations of the systems' transformation in the context of the influence of external and internal factors. The author substantiates the regularities and principles of system' transformation, determines the external and internal factors of this process, reveals their objectivity and subjectivity; the general law of transformation of systems is defined and formulated; An approach to mathematical modeling of systems is proposed on the basis of complex consideration and application of external and internal factors. The general law of systems transformation is definite for the first time. The law objectively takes into account all existing theories and concepts concerning transformation, self-organization and modernization of systems. The obtained research results allow at the present stage of development of science to create a universal approach and the corresponding equipment for modeling, analysis and evaluation of the degree of transformation of systems of any origin.

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