scholarly journals THE ESSENCE OF THE CREDIT POLICY OF BANKS WITH FOREIGN CAPITAL AND THE PECULIARITIES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
T. S. KARPOVA
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Number Of Factors

  In our country the question of developing a credit policy remains important and paramount, so far there is no single answer to it. The article proposes the point of view of scientists on the concept of "credit policy", which is a system of principles established by the central bank and the state in the credit sphere with the purpose of regulating the credit process in banks. Credit policy should form the content of the loan portfolio and establish standards for making credit decisions, it is analyzed its direction. The principles of balanced credit policy, as well as its main stages, are systematized. The credit policy of a commercial bank must contain rules for the implementation of specific goals, including standards and instructions that represent the methodological support for its implementation. It is proved, that credit policy of a commercial bank is a combination of its credit strategy and credit tactics. The credit policy features are prescribed, which should be reflected in the bank's internal documents. Determination and improvement of credit policy means to formulate and consolidate in the necessary internal documents the position of the management of the bank. The goals of the bank in conducting a balanced credit policy, the functions of the credit policy, macro- and microfactors affecting it are indicated. Goals and standards of lending are determined in accordance with the strategic development plan of the bank and can be formulated both in the long-term development plan and in the budget of the bank for the current year. The importance of the principles of rational lending and the composition of lending standards are emphasized. The development of a credit policy of any bank depends on a number of factors, among which macrofactors and microprocessors can be identified. Functions of credit policy are: commercial functions, control functions, stimulating function, specific functions. The credit policy of banks when working with legal entities is aimed at developing long-term relationships with borrowers, in article the criteria for selecting clients for cooperation are determined.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF FORMATION OF CREDIT POLICY AND CREDIT PORTFOLIO OF COMMERCIAL BANK IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Ostrovska
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Loan Market ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Banking Institution

The level of development of production, social infrastructure and the degree of development of society as a whole largely depends on how developed the banking sector of the state is. An important role in fulfilling the tasks is assigned to commercial banks, which can provide credit resources to enterprises and organizations, as well as citizens. In addition, an efficient and stable banking sector is a key factor in the growth of the national economy. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. The article identifies the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. It is generalized that the main specific features of credit relations are: their emergence at the stage of redistribution of final income; formation on the basis of return and with the payment of interest; impact on the structure and volume of cash flows and features of the bank loan market. It is proved that the study of the bank loan market involves the analysis of the structure of the loan portfolio, its most important areas are the assessment of the structure of the loan portfolio by type of customers, terms of lending, as well as by type of currency and more. It is determined that the credit policy of a banking institution is one of the main elements of banking policy, which is a strategy and tactics of the bank to attract temporarily free funds in the economy and direct them to credit operations. In the process of credit risk management, an important element is the ability of the bank's management to choose correctly: the sphere of management in which it is advisable to concentrate the bank's lending activities at a given time; "Its client", based on its creditworthiness and other factors that are of paramount importance for the bank in deciding on the possibility of granting a loan, etc. The credit policy of the banking institution determines the priorities in the development and improvement of lending activities, development of the credit process and increase its efficiency and ensures the stability, profitability and liquidity of the bank.

scholarly journals Problems of qualitative evaluation of commercial bank loan

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Nadiia SOLOVEI ◽  
Ihor SKRYPNYCHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Credit Portfolio

The article defines the nature of the loan portfolio, as well as the problems in the assessment and analysis of the commercial bank loan portfolio. In order to improve the existing credit portfolio of the bank, the dynamics, categories of the borrower ratio and the quality of the loan portfolio are analyzed, based on the obtained data, significant factors influencing the formation and management of the analyzed bank's loan portfolio are determined. Generation of a loan portfolio is usually subject to issuance of loans with maximum yield on the same terms. The profitability of a loan transaction is determined by the amount of the interest rate on the specific loan, the duration of the loan and the accepted system of calculation of interest payments. Practice shows that the success of managing the efficiency of banking investments and the formation of an effective structure of the bank's credit portfolio depend to a large extent on the skills of managing the banking institutions that carry out optimal formation, management of the credit portfolio and good management to ensure the efficiency of activities with the least possible risk and maximize results. The quality of the loan portfolio is analyzed using the coefficient method based on the calculation and analysis of trends in the development of relevant quantitative indicators. In the economic literature, the indicators that we can use to assess the quality of a bank's loan portfolio are divided into two groups: the credit portfolio risk index and the profitability of the credit business. The results of the analysis allow us to draw conclusions about the level of risk and profitability of the bank's loan portfolio and to develop measures to improve the effectiveness of the bank's credit policy. Based on the analysis of the structure and quality of the loan portfolio, the Bank's management is given an opinion to consider in order to determine the priority instructions for the placement of credit resources, limit the concentration and diversification of the loan portfolio and set limits on the execution of individual loans. It is concluded that prudent credit policy with an increase in rates, constant monitoring of the components of the credit portfolio, urgent management measures of banking institutions in the field of risk management should lead to an increase in lending and improve the quality of the portfolio management system. It is noted that the implementation of mainly quality measures to improve the structure of the loan portfolio will inevitably affect the financial stability of the bank and business efficiency, as well as increase its competitiveness and operational security.

Overseas Chinese Policy of the PRC in the Era of Deng Xiaoping (1977-1992)

2021 ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Alina V. Afonasieva
Keyword(s):  
Development Plan ◽  
Chinese Diaspora ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

From both theoretical and practical points of view, the contemporary Overseas Chinese policy of the PRC is largely based on the experience gained during the de facto reign of Deng Xiaoping (1977–1992). In the shortest possible time after the end of the "cultural revolution (1966-1976)" Deng was succeeded to carry out restoration work on interaction with the diaspora and include it in the strategic development plan of the PRC for decades ahead. Talking about the PRC's Overseas Chinese policy, the author minds both the foreign policy – towards overseas Chinese (huaqiao-huaren: emigrants and ethnic Chinese with foreign citizenship, and the internal policy – towards re-emigrants and relatives of emigrants in the PRC (guiqiao-qiaojuan), who are directly connected with Overseas Chinese.  The article analyzes the first steps of Deng Xiaoping's team to restore work with the Chinese diaspora before the official announcement of the policy of reform and opening-up: reconstruction of the administrative structure for Overseas Chinese Affairs, planning the main directions of work with diaspora, including it in the strategic development plan of the PRC. The author explains the legal details and examines the main theoretical approaches to the work with the diaspora in the first years of reform and opening-up. The paper deals with the processes of creating the basis for long-term cooperation between the PRC and the Chinese diaspora. It concludes that Deng Xiaoping completely restored external and internal work with the diaspora and created conditions for further comprehensive cooperation with it in the short, medium, and long term.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF LOAN ACTIVITIES OF BANKS OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kushnyr ◽  
Sofiia Fomenko
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Loan Portfolio ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Banking Institution

The economic potential of the country is significantly increased due to the presence of a developed credit market, constitutes a significant share of the total market, as well as the peculiarities of functioning and certain advantages over other segments. The scale, activity and efficiency of lending activities are critical to the success of every banking institution as a classic representative of financial intermediation. The successful operation of the bank requires constant work to improve its own lending activities, optimize the loan portfolio, introduce innovative mechanisms and lending instruments, expand the range of loan services and applications. Of great importance in the context of credit management is the development and implementation of the bank's own credit policy, taking into account potential opportunities, a variety of risks and factors (internal, external) that affect efficiency and effectiveness. However, due to the large number of external and internal factors environment, they need a classification that would allow a more thorough investigation and analyze their multifaceted impact on the formation of credit policy. That's it determines the relevance of the study of objective and subjective factors and their structuring by levels of the world economy. That is a set of factors that affect the lending activities of the bank formed by its external and internal environments, can be divided objective and subjective, and their analysis and consideration is a necessary prerequisite for success development and implementation of credit policy. Objective factors include those circumstances or conditions that exist recognized regardless of human will. Such factors include factors external environment and organization of the organization of the bank (a number of factors internal environment). Subjective factors include a set of factors individually personal influence of people (staff, customers, employees, etc.), their interests, beliefs, uses, value orientations that directly or indirectly affect formation of the bank's credit policy.

scholarly journals Humour in Experiential Marketing Campaigns and its Perception by Czech University Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Navrátilová ◽  
František Milichovský
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Experiential Marketing ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Adequate Communication

At present, it is necessary to monitor marketing communication strategy connected to actual customers’ needs and requirements. At the same time, there is important to respect gender of customers. The paper provides an overview of current marketing communication trends of the companies. Based on the theoretical data there are applied statistical methods, which should be achieved of main aim of the paper. The main aim of the paper is to find connections between communication and gender from point of view of humour. To support this approach theoretical information from the area of marketing communication connected with data from primary research were used. Success companies know customers’ needs for long-term strategic development of relationship marketing with customers. That is necessary to reach the customers’ emotion and their irrationality of purchase decision. For this contact companies try to use experiential marketing full of humour elements as the way to increase own turnover. Adequate communication campaigns could create acceptable background for effective marketing. The article is focused on dependency between genders and used marketing communication tools. The objective of this research is to verify intensity dependence of marketing communication in connection with respondents’ gender and to identify impacts of the marketing communication and to describe communication trend. The research was aimed in random chosen group of young people in the Czech Republic. It was made data processing by statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to obtain relevant answers.

scholarly journals АГРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГІЧНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СТРОКІВ СІВБИ РІПАКУ ОЗИМОГО В СТЕПОВІЙ ЗОНІ УКРАЇНИ

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
В. О. Курцев
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Sowing Period ◽  
Term Monitoring

Дослідженнями встановлено, що значне випаданнярослин ріпаку озимого в зимовий період спричинює низкафакторів: надмірний розвиток сходів у осінній період,відсутність добре розвиненої кореневої системи тощо.У зв’язку з цим значну увагу варто надавати строкамсівби культури. З цієї точки зору, найкращим вважа-ють той строк сівби, який забезпечить оптимальнийрозвиток рослин протягом осінньої вегетації. Вибірстроку сівби повинен бути індивідуальним як для зонивирощування, так і для умов кожного конкретного гос-подарства. Основою у прийнятті рішення повинністати багаторічні спостереження за температурни-ми показниками, частотою, кількістю та характеромвипадання опадів як у передпосівний період, так і в пе-ріод появи сходів і розвитку рослин, дат припиненнявегетації рослин. Найбільш оптимальними строкамисівби ріпаку озимого в Степовій зоні України є строки з25 серпня по 5 вересня, допустимо оптимальними – з 20серпня по 10 вересня. Датою верхнього допустимогопорогу оптимального строку сівби ріпаку озимого є 5–10 вересня. Лімітуючий фактор у такому діапазоні –наявність вологи в ґрунті та випадання ефективнихопадів у даний період. The researches have established that a significant loss of plants of winter rape in winter caused a number of factors: the excessive development of the shoots in the autumn, the lack of well-developed root system and so on. In this regard, much attention should be paid to the terms of sowing of a crop. From this point of view, the best period of sowing is considered to be that, which will ensure the optimal growth of plants during the autumn vegetation. A choice of a term of sowing should be individualized for both a zone of growing and for growing conditions of each specific farm. A basis of the acceptance of a decision should be a long-term monitoring of a temperature, a frequency, an amount and a nature of precipitations, both in a pre-sowing period and during the emergence of the shoots and development of the plants, dates of a stopping of a vegetation of plants. The most optimal term for sowing of winter rape in the Steppe zone of Ukraine is the time from August 25 to September 5, the optimal permissible from August 20 to September 10. The date of maximum permissible threshold of optimal term of sowing of winter rape is September 5-10. The limitative factor in this range is the presence of moisture in the soil and loss of effective rainfall in this period.

Selective statistical estimates of multi-year monthly concentrations of biogenous pollution of small rivers of the Northwest zone of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Sergey Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Scientific Task ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Agricultural Areas

The management of surface watercourses is an urgent scientific task. The article presents the results of statistical processing of long-term monthly data of field observations of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters along the Upper Yerga small river in the Vologda region. Sampling estimates of statistical parameters are obtained, autocorrelation and correlation analyzes are performed. The limiting periods from the point of view of pollution for water receivers receiving wastewater from drained agricultural areas are identified.

Masonry: the brittle or plastic material?

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformations ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Creep Deformations ◽  
Structural Point

The results of experimental studies of masonry on the action of dynamic and static (short-term and long-term) loads are presented. The possibility of plastic deformations in the masonry is analyzed for different types of force effects. The falsity of the proposed approach to the estimation of the coefficient of plasticity of masonry, taking into account the ratio of elastic and total deformations of the masonry is noted. The study of the works of Soviet scientists revealed that the masonry under the action of seismic loads refers to brittle materials in the complete absence of plastic properties in it in the process of instantaneous application of forces. For the cases of uniaxial and plane stress states of the masonry, data on the coefficient of plasticity obtained from the experiment are presented. On the basis of experimental studies the influence of the strength of the so-called base materials (brick, mortar) on the bearing capacity of the masonry, regardless of the nature of the application of forces and the type of its stress state, is noted. The analysis of works of prof. S. V. Polyakov makes it possible to draw a conclusion that at the long application of the load, characteristic for the masonry are not plastic deformations, but creep deformations. It is shown that the proposals of some authors on the need to reduce the level of adhesion of the mortar to the brick for the masonry erected in earthquake-prone regions in order to improve its plastic properties are erroneous both from the structural point of view and from the point of view of ensuring the seismic resistance of structures. It is noted that the proposal to assess the plasticity of the masonry of ceramic brick walls and large-format ceramic stone with a voidness of more than 20% is incorrect, and does not meet the work of the masonry of hollow material. On the basis of the analysis of a large number of research works it is concluded about the fragile work of masonry.

Integrating Focusing and Differentiation: A Therapeutic Path for Couples in Intimate Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Zohar
Keyword(s):  
Couples Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Emotional Healing ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Inner World

Continuing the workshop I've given in the WPC Paris (2017), this article elaborates my discussion of the way I interlace Focusing with Differentiation Based Couples Therapy (Megged, 2017) under the systemic view, in order to facilitate processes of change and healing in working with intimate couples. This article presents the theory and rationale of integrating Differentiation (Bowen, 1978; Schnarch, 2009; Megged, 2017) and Focusing (Gendlin, 1981) approaches, and its therapeutic potential in couple's therapy. It is written from the point of view of a practicing professional in order to illustrate the experiential nature and dynamics of the suggested therapeutic path. Differentiation is a key to mutuality. It offers a solution to the central struggle of any long term intimate relationship: balancing two basic life forces - the drive for individuality and the drive for togetherness (Schnarch, 2009). Focusing is a body-oriented process of self-awareness and emotional healing, in which one learns to pay attention to the body and the ‘Felt Sense’, in order to unfold the implicit, keep it in motion at the precise pace it needs for carrying the next step forward (Gendlin, 1996). Combining Focusing and Differentiation perspectives can cultivate the kind of relationship where a conflict can be constructively and successfully held in the inner world of each partner, while taking into consideration the others' well-being. This creates the possibility for two people to build a mutual emotional field, open to changes, permeable and resilient.

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