General approach to finding the kinematic characteristics of the drives of plane mechanisms with the application of frene-serret frame and frenet formulas

The crank pivotally linked to the mechanism link for most planar mechanisms is a driven link. The junction point of the crank and the slave link describes the circle as it is rotated. In the article, we propose to place the apex of the triangles at the point of connection. In this case, we will direct the principal normal normal to the center of the circle, and arrange the tangent tangent tangent to the circle (combine with the velocity vector of the crank). Based on this location, the crank will also rotate when rotating the crank, with the main normal being the same as the crank. The trajectories and speed of the crank in a circle will depend on the angular speed of rotation of the crank. The basic idea of the article is to find the kinematic characteristics of the motion of the junction point of the crank and the driven link, when it makes relative motion in the coordinate system, and the moving system moves relatively stationary under a certain law. Thus the rotation of the driven link around the apex of the triangles and the movement together with it determines the motion of the driven link with respect to the fixed coordinate system. The position of the guided link is in the projections on the triangular orths and is converted to the axis of the fixed system. In the same way, we find the absolute trajectory of movement of the point of the link, which in turn allows us to determine the speed and acceleration of the same point. The dependencies obtained are common to the driven links of the mechanism pivotally connected to the crank. For each mechanism it is only necessary to find the law of rotation of the driven link in the system of rolling triangles. We give some examples of finding the law of the rotation of the driven link for some mechanisms, as well as graphs of change of speed and acceleration of individual points of the driven link.

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Reference Coordinate System Requirements for Geophysics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100050946 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 87-92

Author(s):

P. L. Bender

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Polar Motion ◽

Main Part ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Reference Points ◽

Angular Motion ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Axis Of Rotation ◽

The Earth ◽

Fixed System

AbstractFive important geodynamical quantities which are closely linked are: 1) motions of points on the Earth’s surface; 2)polar motion; 3) changes in UT1-UTC; 4) nutation; and 5) motion of the geocenter. For each of these we expect to achieve measurements in the near future which have an accuracy of 1 to 3 cm or 0.3 to 1 milliarcsec.From a metrological point of view, one can say simply: “Measure each quantity against whichever coordinate system you can make the most accurate measurements with respect to”. I believe that this statement should serve as a guiding principle for the recommendations of the colloquium. However, it also is important that the coordinate systems help to provide a clear separation between the different phenomena of interest, and correspond closely to the conceptual definitions in terms of which geophysicists think about the phenomena.In any discussion of angular motion in space, both a “body-fixed” system and a “space-fixed” system are used. Some relevant types of coordinate systems, reference directions, or reference points which have been considered are: 1) celestial systems based on optical star catalogs, distant galaxies, radio source catalogs, or the Moon and inner planets; 2) the Earth’s axis of rotation, which defines a line through the Earth as well as a celestial reference direction; 3) the geocenter; and 4) “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate systems.When a geophysicists discusses UT1 and polar motion, he usually is thinking of the angular motion of the main part of the mantle with respect to an inertial frame and to the direction of the spin axis. Since the velocities of relative motion in most of the mantle are expectd to be extremely small, even if “substantial” deep convection is occurring, the conceptual “quasi-Earth-fixed” reference frame seems well defined. Methods for realizing a close approximation to this frame fortunately exist. Hopefully, this colloquium will recommend procedures for establishing and maintaining such a system for use in geodynamics. Motion of points on the Earth’s surface and of the geocenter can be measured against such a system with the full accuracy of the new techniques.The situation with respect to celestial reference frames is different. The various measurement techniques give changes in the orientation of the Earth, relative to different systems, so that we would like to know the relative motions of the systems in order to compare the results. However, there does not appear to be a need for defining any new system. Subjective figures of merit for the various system dependon both the accuracy with which measurements can be made against them and the degree to which they can be related to inertial systems.The main coordinate system requirement related to the 5 geodynamic quantities discussed in this talk is thus for the establishment and maintenance of a “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate system which closely approximates the motion of the main part of the mantle. Changes in the orientation of this system with respect to the various celestial systems can be determined by both the new and the conventional techniques, provided that some knowledge of changes in the local vertical is available. Changes in the axis of rotation and in the geocenter with respect to this system also can be obtained, as well as measurements of nutation.

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Zur exakten Behandlung von kollektiven Rotationen Teil A: Theorie / On the Exact Treatment of Collective Rotations Part A: Theory

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1973-0209 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 206-215

Author(s):

Hanns Ruder

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Perturbation Expansion ◽

Rotational Energy ◽

The Body ◽

System A ◽

N Body Problem ◽

Definition Of ◽

Fixed System ◽

Body Fixed Coordinate System ◽

Groundstate Energy

Basic in the treatment of collective rotations is the definition of a body-fixed coordinate system. A kinematical method is derived to obtain the Hamiltonian of a n-body problem for a given definition of the body-fixed system. From this exact Hamiltonian, a consequent perturbation expansion in terms of the total angular momentum leads to two exact expressions: one for the collective rotational energy which has to be added to the groundstate energy in this order of perturbation and a second one for the effective inertia tensor in the groundstate. The discussion of these results leads to two criteria how to define the best body-fixed coordinate system, namely a differential equation and a variational principle. The equivalence of both is shown.

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Creation of Technical Conditions for Use or Infringement – The Meanders of the Warehouse Keeper’s Liability in Light of CJEU Judgment C-567/18 Coty Germany

IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law ◽

10.1007/s40319-021-01040-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 265-282

Author(s):

Krystyna Szczepanowska-Kozłowska

Keyword(s):

Property Rights ◽

Point Of View ◽

Literal Meaning ◽

Property Right ◽

Third Party ◽

Property Law ◽

Industrial Property ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Law ◽

Trademark Use

AbstractOne form of industrial property right infringement is stocking for the purpose of offering or marketing. This form of infringement appears both in EU legal acts on trademarks or designs, as well as in national regulations, including those concerning patents. What is specific to stocking when compared to other activities comprising the stipulated exclusivity of the holder of industrial property rights is the fact that the literal meaning of “stocking” does not explain whether the infringing party or the warehouse keeper is the entity that places the goods in storage. The structure of industrial property rights as absolute rights would theoretically permit the view that the law is violated by both the entity that accepts the goods for storage and the entity that places such goods in storage. To determine if there is an infringement, it must be established what the goods being stocked are further intended for. It is not without significance that the finding of an infringement of industrial property rights does not depend on fault or awareness. From the point of view of the industrial property law regime, it is difficult to find arguments against this understanding of infringement by stocking. Since the offeror of goods infringing industrial property rights may be held liable even if the goods have not yet been manufactured, it is conceivable that the entity accepting such goods for stocking is also liable. This interpretation of the concept of stocking would certainly correspond to the absolute nature of liability for infringement.In a recent judgment the CJEU confirmed that the warehouse keeper who, on behalf of a third party, stores goods which infringe trademark rights only creates the technical conditions for trademark use by this third party provided that the warehouse keeper is not aware of that infringement. The CJEU also confirmed that only the person who decides about the purpose of storing the goods can be treated as an infringer. However, the CJEU did not respond to the question regarding whether the warehouse keeper could be treated as an infringer if it pursues the aims of storing the goods at the request of the entity that put the goods into storage.

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Under and beyond the Law: Monarchy, Violence, and History in Thailand

Politics & Society ◽

10.1177/00323292211033073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 311-336

Author(s):

Tyrell Haberkorn

Keyword(s):

The Absolute ◽

The Law

Since the end of the absolute monarchy in Thailand on June 24, 1932, the rulers and the ruled have been locked into struggle, often violent, over what form the polity and the people’s participation in it should take. This essay examines this struggle, the imagination of justice, and the inability to consolidate democracy, or even a stable government, through the lens of the monarchy, which has remained beyond accountability. Violence committed to preserve the monarchy forecloses democracy and fosters a form of what can be called modern absolutist monarchy, when some lives are visibly placed beyond the law’s protection from violence and others are made dispensable by being made subject to repressive enforcement of the law. The emergence in 2020 of a daring challenge to the position of the monarchy beyond the law refracts both the dangers it poses to democracy and the urgency of imagining a new Thai polity.

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Misconception on the Authority Abuse of Power in the Law Enforcement against Corruption

Asian Social Science ◽

10.5539/ass.v13n9p51 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Sadjijono Sadjijono ◽

Bagus Teguh Santoso

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Good Governance ◽

Government Officials ◽

Legal Concept ◽

Abuse Of Power ◽

Government Administration ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Law ◽

The Government ◽

Administrative Jurisdiction

Law No. 30/ 2014 on Government Administration brings the strength and the averment on the performance of the governmental functions which include executive, legislative, and juridical in order to provide the public services (bestuurzorg). Such regulation also aims to prevent and to eliminate any kinds of the maladministration done by the government officials/organs in implementing their functions so that good governance can be realized. In implementing their function, the government should rely on the useful performance (doelmatigheid) and the effectiveness (doeltreffenhgeid) according to the norms of each authority. It is a sophism when the ‘authority’ and/or the ‘competence’ mentioned under the Law No. 30/ 2014 on Government Administration are defined differently in the letterlijk gramatikal wet without associating those terms with an understanding of bevoegheid in an administrative legal concept. An idea that distinctively defines the term ‘competence’ as a right and ‘authority’ as a power is considered as an inconsistent idea, which may cause dualism and distortion in the common law enforcement reffering to the administrative law, particularly related to the concept of the authority abuse of power mentioned under the Law No. 31/ 1999 amended by the Law No. 20/ 2001 on deeds against corruption. As the result, when the notion of ‘authority abuse of power’ is defined as a right (as mentioned in article 1, subsection 5 jo. article 17, Law No. 30/ 2014 on Government Administration), it will be characterized into the absolute competence of the administrative jurisdiction, and when the notion of ‘authority abuse of power’ is defined as a power (as mentioned in article 3, Law No. 31/ 1999 on deeds against corruption), it will be characterized into the absolute competence of the corruption-act jurisdiction. Meanwhile, implementing the government’s ‘competence’ and/or ‘authority’ is characterized into one concept based on the norms of the authority power.

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RUDOLF VON JHERING E A GENELOGIA DA ÉTICA: O DEVIR HISTÓRICO COMO DETERMINANTE DA PROCEDÊNCIA DO SENTIMENTO JURÍDICO * RUDOLF VON JHERING AND THE GENELOGIA ETHICS: THE BECOMING HISTORY AS DETERMINING THE ORIGIN OF THE LEGAL SENSE

História e Cultura ◽

10.18223/hiscult.v4i3.1694 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Henrique Garbellini Carnio

Keyword(s):

Natural Law ◽

Historical Development ◽

Philosophy Of Law ◽

Natural Laws ◽

Em 12 ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Law ◽

Legal Sense ◽

The Way

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como base a conferência dada por Rudolf von Jhering em 12 de março de 1884 para a Sociedade Jurídica de Viena, intitulada "Sobre o nascimento do sentimento jurídico". O objetivo é demonstrar algumas reflexões surpreendentes e pouco conhecidas deste importante jurista, enfatizando, em especial, a importância que ele atribui ao devir histórico na formação do sentimento jurídico, apostando que o sentido do direito é modelado pela história e não proveniente das leis naturais eternas. Jhering, propondo uma tarefa genealógica, defende de forma contundente um historicismo ético e jurídico que o distancia de um relativismo absoluto como o das clássicas posições jusnaturalistas, completamente ahistóricas, que se revela extremamente interessante para as reflexões atuais sobre a filosofia do direito.Palavras-chave: Rudolf von Jhering; sentimento jurídico; historicismo ético-político.Abstract: This article is based on a lecture given by Rudolf von Jhering on March 12, 1884 for the Law Society of Vienna, entitled "About the birth of the legal feeling." The objective is to demonstrate some surprising and little-known reflections of this important jurist, emphasizing, in particular, the importance he attaches to the historical development in the formation of the legal feeling, betting that the sense of law is shaped by history and not from the eternal natural laws. Jhering proposing a genealogical task, forcefully defends an ethical and legal historicism that distances him of the absolute relativism as the way of classic natural law positions, completely ahistorical, that reveals itself highly interesting for the current reflections on the philosophy of law.Keywords: Rudolf von Jhering; legal feeling; ethical and political historicism.

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ARBITRASE SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARIAH MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 30 TAHUN 1999

Asy-Syari ah ◽

10.15575/as.v16i2.630 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhibuthabary Muhibuthabary

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽

Civil Religion ◽

Arbitration Process ◽

Islamic Jurisprudence ◽

New Knowledge ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Law ◽

Islamic Economic ◽

Religious Courts

This paper describes the arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution in Shariah economy. Dispute resolution in general civil religion has resolved through litigation in the religious courts that refer to Article 49 of Law Number 7 of 1989 Jo. Law Number 3 of 2006 Jo. Law Number 50 of 2009 on the Religious Courts. However, there are some interesting cases, one of which is the Islamic economic disputes could be resolved through non-litigation or arbitration process, which refers to the Law No. 30 Year 1999. Now, the Shari'ah economic dispute resolution becomes the object of this study which interesting to study both theoretically and practically, not only because the case is to be part of the absolute authority of religious courts, but also becomes a new knowledge in the field of Islamic Jurisprudence

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A "Primeira Versão" da Teoria da Crise de Marx: a queda da massa de mais-valia social e o limite interno absoluto do capital

Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/0101-41614916ncm ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 163-203

Author(s):

Nuno Miguel Cardoso Machado

Keyword(s):

Surplus Value ◽

Capitalist Economy ◽

Organic Composition ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Law ◽

Rate Of Profit ◽

Composition Of Capital

Abstract Marx's theory of crisis is usually associated with the law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit presented in volume three of Capital. According to Marx, the rising organic composition of capital - the fact that variable capital grows in absolute terms, but falls relatively because of the faster growth of constant capital - results in the fall of the general rate of profit, which undermines the reproduction of capital. In this article I will argue that: i) there is a "first version" of Marx's theory of crisis, outlined especially in the Grundrisse, which ascribes the secular crisis of the capitalist economy to the absolute decline of living labour and, therefore, to the falling mass of socially produced surplus-value; ii) only this "first version" of the theory of crisis allows the absolute internal limit of capital to be deduced consistently.

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Approximate Inertial Coordinate System Selections for Rotation Problems - The Gravitational Field of the Celestial Body Higher than the Object Being Rotated

Applied Physics Research ◽

10.5539/apr.v8n1p102 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Zifeng Li

Keyword(s):

Gravitational Field ◽

Coordinate System ◽

Celestial Body ◽

Angular Speed ◽

Calculation Error ◽

Cartesian Coordinate System ◽

Inertial Coordinate System ◽

The Earth ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Cartesian Coordinate

Selection of the coordinate system is essential for rotation problems. Otherwise, mistakes may occur due to inaccurate measurement of angular speed. Approximate inertial coordinate system selections for rotation problems should be the gravitational field of the celestial body higher than the object being rotated: (1) the Earth fixed Cartesian coordinate system for normal rotation problem; (2) heliocentric - geocentric Cartesian coordinate system for satellites orbiting the Earth; (3) the Galaxy Heart - heliocentric Cartesian coordinates for Earth's rotation around the Sun. In astrophysics, mass calculation error and angular velocity measurement error lead to a black hole conjecture.

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