scholarly journals Electrochemical Removal of Zinc and Nickel Ions from Wastewater Using Flat Plate Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
Liquid Flux ◽  
Increasing Trend

Simulated wastewater containing 20ppm of Zn++, 20ppm of Ni++ was treated using an electrochemical technique. This synthetic wastewater was used to simulate the wastewater from metal finishing industries. A rectangular bath integrated with an electrochemical cell consisting of flat plate electrodes (the stainless steel anode and aluminum cathode) was used in the treatment. Potassium sulfate was used as a supporting electrolyte to enhance the removal of Zn++ and Ni++. The effects of volumetric liquid flux, pH and electrode surface area on Zn++ and Ni++ removal were investigated. All experiments were performed at 25ºC and at an applied voltage of 4V. When volumetric flux was raised from 0.0092 to 0.0277m³.m-².s-¹, an increasing trend of the Zn++ and Ni++ removal was observed. The maximum metal removal was observed at a volumeteric liquid flux of 0.0231m³.m-².s-¹. Zn++ and Ni++ were removed by 80% and 34%, respectively, after 48 hours of electrochemical treatment. Moreover, an increase in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ was observed when the pH was varied from 3.5 to 6.5. The maximum removal of Zn++ and Ni++, 97% and 62%, respectively, occurred at a volumetric liquid flux of 0.0231m³.m-².s-¹ and a pH of 6.5. The experimental values showed a similar increasing trend in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++, when the electrode surface area was increased from 0.024m² to 0.048m²; the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ improved by 14% and 12%, respectively. However, there was no major change in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ between flat plate and corrugated plate electrodes.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Removal of Zinc and Nickel Ions from Wastewater Using Flat Plate Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
Liquid Flux ◽  
Increasing Trend

Simulated wastewater containing 20ppm of Zn++, 20ppm of Ni++ was treated using an electrochemical technique. This synthetic wastewater was used to simulate the wastewater from metal finishing industries. A rectangular bath integrated with an electrochemical cell consisting of flat plate electrodes (the stainless steel anode and aluminum cathode) was used in the treatment. Potassium sulfate was used as a supporting electrolyte to enhance the removal of Zn++ and Ni++. The effects of volumetric liquid flux, pH and electrode surface area on Zn++ and Ni++ removal were investigated. All experiments were performed at 25ºC and at an applied voltage of 4V. When volumetric flux was raised from 0.0092 to 0.0277m³.m-².s-¹, an increasing trend of the Zn++ and Ni++ removal was observed. The maximum metal removal was observed at a volumeteric liquid flux of 0.0231m³.m-².s-¹. Zn++ and Ni++ were removed by 80% and 34%, respectively, after 48 hours of electrochemical treatment. Moreover, an increase in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ was observed when the pH was varied from 3.5 to 6.5. The maximum removal of Zn++ and Ni++, 97% and 62%, respectively, occurred at a volumetric liquid flux of 0.0231m³.m-².s-¹ and a pH of 6.5. The experimental values showed a similar increasing trend in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++, when the electrode surface area was increased from 0.024m² to 0.048m²; the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ improved by 14% and 12%, respectively. However, there was no major change in the removal of Zn++ and Ni++ between flat plate and corrugated plate electrodes.

Effect of carbonization on the surface and influence on heavy metal removal by water hyacinth stem-based carbon

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Nyamoko Tinega ◽  
Charles Mwaura Warui
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Metal Adsorption ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of carbonization on the surface and its influence on heavy metal removal by water hyacinth based carbon.Design/methodology/approachDried water hyacinth stem was used as precursor to prepare carbon based adsorbent by pyrolysis method. The adsorbent proximate (ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and elemental (carbon hydrogen nitrogen sulfur) composition, surface area, pore size distribution, surface chemistry was examined and compared.FindingsThe results demonstrated that through carbonization in comparison to dried water hyacinth stem, it increased the surface area (from 58.46 to 328.9 m2/g), pore volume (from 0.01 to 0.07 cc/g), pore size (from 1.44 to 7.557 Å) thus enhancing heavy metal adsorption. The metal adsorption capacity of Cd, Pb and Zn was measured and analyzed through induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. At metal concentration of 0.1 mg/l adsorption rate for Cd, Pb and Zn was 99% due to increased large surface area, coupled with large pore size and volume. Furthermore, the adsorbent surface hydroxyl group (OH−) enhanced adsorption of positively charged metal ions through electrostatic forces.Practical implicationsIt is presumed that not only adsorption with synthetic wastewater but real wastewater samples should be examined to ascertain the viability of adsorbent for commercial application.Originality/valueThere are little or scanty data on the effects of carbonization on water hyacinth stem based carbon and subsequent effects on heavy metal removal in effluents.

Technical and Practical Aspects of Invasive Recordings and Brain Stimulation

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Gholam K. Motamedi ◽  
Jean Gotman ◽  
Ronald P. Lesser
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Cortical Stimulation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Cortical Stimulation Mapping ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes

This chapter discusses the technical and practical issues involved in invasive recording and cortical stimulation mapping in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. It reviews the way in which EEG signals are generated, circumstances when intracranial electrodes are needed, and how such electrodes operate. It also discusses the basic principles of cortical stimulation mapping and different methods of using intracranial electrodes for stimulation purposes, and relevant concepts involved in the process such as charge density and electrode surface area. It reviews different electrodes used for mapping including subdural surface electrodes and depth electrodes.

scholarly journals Treatment of low strength wastewater using compact submerged aerobic fixed film (SAFF) reactor filled with high specific surface area synthetic media

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-746
Author(s):  
Rishi Gurjar ◽  
Akshay D. Shende ◽  
Girish R. Pophali
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Kinetic Coefficients ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Synthetic Media

Abstract Studies on laboratory-scale submerged aerobic fixed film reactor (SAFF) packed with synthetic media having specific surface area of 165 m2/m3 with a void volume of 89% were carried out to assess its performance under various organic loading rates (OLR) and hydraulic retention times (HRT). Synthetic wastewater having chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 400 ± 10% and 210 ± 10% mg/L respectively was fed and the reactor was subjected to OLRs ranging from 0.37 to 1.26 kg COD/m3.d. It was observed that steady sloughing of biofilm occurs within the SAFF reactor all the times and average concentration of sloughed biomass in the effluent was 26 mg/L. The COD and BOD removal efficiencies varied between 85 and 89% and 86 to 94%, respectively. The kinetic studies demonstrated that SAFF reactor followed Stover–Kincannon and Grau models, with high correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9977 and 0.9916, respectively. Thus, the values of kinetic coefficients such as maximum substrate utilization rate, Umax = 64.1 g/(L.d); saturation value constant, KB = 72.31 g/(L.d) and Grau second-order substrate removal rate constant, Ks = 2.44 day−1 can be useful to develop and design large scale SAFF reactors. Finally, the study reveals that the optimum range for OLR can vary within 0.68–0.94 kg COD/m3.d.

scholarly journals Alginate Production from Alternative Carbon Sources and Use of Polymer Based Adsorbent in Heavy Metal Removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çiğdem Kıvılcımdan Moral ◽  
Merve Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Alginate Production ◽  
Mannuronic Acid ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Cost

Alginate is a biopolymer composed of mannuronic and guluronic acids. It is harvested from marine brown algae; however, alginate can also be synthesized by some bacterial species, namely,AzotobacterandPseudomonas. Use of pure carbohydrate sources for bacterial alginate production increases its cost and limits the chance of the polymer in the industrial market. In order to reduce the cost of bacterial alginate production, molasses, maltose, and starch were utilized as alternative low cost carbon sources in this study. Results were promising in the case of molasses with the maximum 4.67 g/L of alginate production. Alginates were rich in mannuronic acid during early fermentation independent of the carbon sources while the highest guluronic acid content was obtained as 68% in the case of maltose. The polymer was then combined with clinoptilolite, which is a natural zeolite, to remove copper from a synthetic wastewater. Alginate-clinoptilolite beads were efficiently adsorbed copper up to 131.6 mg Cu2+/g adsorbent at pH 4.5 according to the Langmuir isotherm model.

scholarly journals Plant-Based Tacca leontopetaloides Biopolymer Flocculant (TBPF) Produced High Removal of Heavy Metal Ions at Low Dosage

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Nurul Shuhada Mohd Makhtar ◽  
Juferi Idris ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
Yoshito Andou ◽  
Ku Halim Ku Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals

High removal of heavy metals using plant-based bioflocculant under low concentration is required due to its low cost, abundant source, and nontoxicity for improved wastewater management and utilization in the water industry. This paper presents a treatment of synthetic wastewater using plant-based Tacca leontopetaloides biopolymer flocculant (TBPF) without modification on its structural polymer chains. It produced a high removal of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd) at a low concentration of TBPF dosage. In our previous report, TBPF was characterized and successfully reduced the turbidity, total suspended solids, and color for leachate treatment; however, its effectiveness for heavy metal removal has not been reported. The removal of these heavy metals was performed using a standard jar test procedure at different pH values of synthetic wastewater and TBPF dosages. The effects of hydroxide ion, pH, initial TBPF concentration, initial metal ion concentration, and TBPF dosage were examined using one factorial at the time (OFAT). The results show that the highest removal for Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd metal ions were 98.4–98.5%, 79–80%, 97–98%, and 92–93%, respectively, using 120 mg/L dosage from the initial concentration of 10% TBPF at pH 10. The final concentrations for Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd metal ions were 0.043–0.044, 0.41–0.43, 0.037–0.054, and 0.11–0.13 mg/L, respectively, which are below the Standard B discharge limit set by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. The results show that TBPF has a high potential for the removal of heavy metals, particularly Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd, in real wastewater treatment.

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