scholarly journals The efficacy of cognitive restructuring and mindfulness strategies in reducing postevent processing among socially anxious individuals.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Gee
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Postevent Processing ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
Reduced State

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as a marked and persistent fear of social situations in which an individual is exposed to potential scrutiny from others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prominent models of SAD (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) postulate that postevent processing (PEP), which involves reviewing a past social event in detail (typically in a negative way), serves as a key maintenance factor of SAD. The current study examined the efficacy of a single session cognitive restructuring or mindfulness strategy on decreasing PEP and its associated effects, and also investigated the cognitive processes involved. Seventy-four socially anxious participants completed a speech task to elicit PEP, were taught a cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, or control strategy to manage their negative thoughts related to the speech, and completed several questionnaires. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition reported decreased PEP (degree and associated distress) and improved affect (but not reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. Participants in the mindfulness condition also reported decreased PEP (degree but not associated distress) and improved affect (including reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. No significant differences were found between the cognitive restructuring and mindfulness conditions. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition also reported decreased beliefs about the perceived costs of negative social situations. Regardless of study condition, decreases in cost biases and maladaptive beliefs significantly predicted reductions in PEP. Thus, cognitive restructuring and mindfulness appear to be promising strategies to decrease PEP and its associated negative effects.

scholarly journals The efficacy of cognitive restructuring and mindfulness strategies in reducing post-event processing among socially anxious individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Gee
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Postevent Processing ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
Reduced State

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as a marked and persistent fear of social situations in which an individual is exposed to potential scrutiny from others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prominent models of SAD (Clark & Wells, 1995 ; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) postulate that postevent processing (PEP), which involves reviewing a past social event in detail (typically in a negative way), serves as a key maintenance factor of SAD. The current study examined the efficacy of a single session cognitive restructuring or mindfulness strategy on decreasing PEP and its associated effects, and also investigated the cognitive processes involved. Seventy-four socially anxious participants completed a speech task to elicit PEP, were taught a cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, or control strategy to manage their negative thoughts related to the speech, and completed several questionnaires. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition reported decreased PEP (degree and associated distress) and improved affect (but not reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. Participants in the mindfulness condition also reported decrease PEP (degree but no associate distress) and improved affect (including reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. No significant differences were found between the cognitive restructuring and mindfulness conditions. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition also reported decreased beliefs about the perceived costs of negative social situations. Regardless of study condition, decreases in cost biases and maladaptive beliefs sign significantly predicted reductions in PEP. Thus, cognitive restructuring and mindfulness appear to be promising strategies to decrease PEP and its associated negative effects.

scholarly journals The efficacy of cognitive restructuring and mindfulness strategies in reducing postevent processing among socially anxious individuals.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Gee
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Postevent Processing ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
Reduced State

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as a marked and persistent fear of social situations in which an individual is exposed to potential scrutiny from others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prominent models of SAD (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) postulate that postevent processing (PEP), which involves reviewing a past social event in detail (typically in a negative way), serves as a key maintenance factor of SAD. The current study examined the efficacy of a single session cognitive restructuring or mindfulness strategy on decreasing PEP and its associated effects, and also investigated the cognitive processes involved. Seventy-four socially anxious participants completed a speech task to elicit PEP, were taught a cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, or control strategy to manage their negative thoughts related to the speech, and completed several questionnaires. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition reported decreased PEP (degree and associated distress) and improved affect (but not reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. Participants in the mindfulness condition also reported decreased PEP (degree but not associated distress) and improved affect (including reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. No significant differences were found between the cognitive restructuring and mindfulness conditions. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition also reported decreased beliefs about the perceived costs of negative social situations. Regardless of study condition, decreases in cost biases and maladaptive beliefs significantly predicted reductions in PEP. Thus, cognitive restructuring and mindfulness appear to be promising strategies to decrease PEP and its associated negative effects.

scholarly journals The efficacy of cognitive restructuring and mindfulness strategies in reducing post-event processing among socially anxious individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Gee
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Postevent Processing ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
Reduced State

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as a marked and persistent fear of social situations in which an individual is exposed to potential scrutiny from others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prominent models of SAD (Clark & Wells, 1995 ; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) postulate that postevent processing (PEP), which involves reviewing a past social event in detail (typically in a negative way), serves as a key maintenance factor of SAD. The current study examined the efficacy of a single session cognitive restructuring or mindfulness strategy on decreasing PEP and its associated effects, and also investigated the cognitive processes involved. Seventy-four socially anxious participants completed a speech task to elicit PEP, were taught a cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, or control strategy to manage their negative thoughts related to the speech, and completed several questionnaires. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition reported decreased PEP (degree and associated distress) and improved affect (but not reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. Participants in the mindfulness condition also reported decrease PEP (degree but no associate distress) and improved affect (including reduced state anxiety), as compared to the control condition. No significant differences were found between the cognitive restructuring and mindfulness conditions. Participants in the cognitive restructuring condition also reported decreased beliefs about the perceived costs of negative social situations. Regardless of study condition, decreases in cost biases and maladaptive beliefs sign significantly predicted reductions in PEP. Thus, cognitive restructuring and mindfulness appear to be promising strategies to decrease PEP and its associated negative effects.

The Potential of Video Game Streaming as Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (CHI PLAY) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Julian Frommel ◽  
Martin J. Dechant ◽  
Regan L. Mandryk
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Controlled Exposure ◽  
Anxiety Treatment ◽  
Social Anxieties ◽  
And Performance

Social anxiety is a prevalent problem that affects many people with varying severity; digital exposure therapy-which involves controlled exposure to simulations of feared social situations alongside cognitive restructuring-can help treat patients with anxieties. However, the need to personalize exposure scenarios and simulate audiences are barriers to treating social anxieties through digital exposure. In this paper, we propose game streaming as an exposure therapy paradigm for social anxiety, supporting it with data from two studies. We first propose a framework describing requirements for exposure therapy and how game streaming can fulfill them. We select demand and performance visibility from these characteristics to showcase how to manipulate them for experiences of gradual exposure. With Study 1, we provide evidence for these characteristics and support for the framework by showing that a game's demand affected expected fear of streaming games. In Study 2, we show that the prospect of streaming led to elevated fear, a necessary property for effective exposure therapy. Further, we show that the effect of streaming on expected fear was similar for participants who can be considered socially anxious. These findings provide evidence for the essential effect of exposure therapy, which serves as a first step towards the validation of streaming as a social anxiety treatment. Our paper provides an initial, important step towards a novel, broadly applicable, and widely accessible digital approach for the treatment of social anxiety.

scholarly journals A preliminary study on the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) questionnaire in Croatia

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Ena Klarin ◽  
Ana Leko Krhen ◽  
Suzana Jelčić Jakšić
Keyword(s):  
Therapy Outcome ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
The Relationship

Along with disrupted speech fluency, people who stutter often develop a fear of speaking or fear of social situations that may lead to the emergence of social anxiety disorder. This has been the subject of numerous studies during recent decades, and specific questionnaires have been developed to assess relationships between stuttering and anxiety. The Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering (UTBAS) Questionnaire (St Clare et al. 2009) was developed recently and has been applied to evaluate the frequency and belief in thoughts about stuttering and the degree of anxiety induced by such thoughts. The aim of our preliminary study was to test the Croatian translation of the UTBAS (UTBAS-C) on people who stutter and those who do not stutter and to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between these two groups, i.e. whether people who stutter are more socially anxious than people who do not stutter. Participants were 16 adults who stutter and 16 controls with normal fluence, aged 18-40 years. Because the results were not distributed normally, all data were analyzed with a non-parametric statistical method. The results showed a statistically significant difference between adults who stutter and those who do not. People who stutter had higher total scores on the Questionnaire, i.e. they are more socially anxious or have more negative thoughts and beliefs regarding speech-related situations than fluent adults. The results of our preliminary study are not unexpected and are consistent with most previous studies on the relationship between stuttering and anxiety. However, as there is a lack of specific instruments in the Croatian language that can be used in diagnosing adults who stutter, especially their attitudes and emotions, our translation of and further research on the UTBAS should help to fill that absence. This study should also alert clinicians working with adults who stutter of the importance and influence of attitudes and beliefs on therapy outcome.

The impact of metacognitive beliefs and anticipatory processing on state anxiety in high socially anxious individuals in a speech task

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Styliani Gkika ◽  
Adrian Wells
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Anticipatory Processing ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Perseverative Thinking ◽  
The Impact

The metacognitive model (Wells & Matthews, 1994) proposes that metacognitions (e.g., positive or negative beliefs about worry and thoughts) are involved in emotional disorders alongside perseverative thinking, such as worry. In social anxiety, worry about forthcoming social situations, termed anticipatory processing (AP), is considered an important maintaining factor (Clark & Wells, 1995), but a role of metacognition is less clear. This study investigated AP and metacognition in 80 high socially anxious individuals asked to engage in either AP or a filler task before delivering a speech. AP and higher uncontrollability/danger metacognitive beliefs were associated with greater state anxiety overall. Individuals with higher positive beliefs about worry experienced less of an increase in anxiety before the speech, but their anxiety persisted until after the speech, compared to individuals with lower beliefs. The results support an effect of metacognitions and are discussed in terms of the social anxiety model and its implications.

scholarly journals Self-Focused Cognition in Social Anxiety: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice R. Norton ◽  
Maree J. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Growing Body

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterised by a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations. Cognitive models suggest that self-focused cognitive processes play a crucial role in generating and maintaining social anxiety, and that self-focused cognition occurs prior to, during, and following social situations (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997). There is a substantial body of empirical evidence demonstrating that socially anxious individuals engage in self-focused cognition during and following a social or performance situation. A smaller but growing body literature suggests that a similar process occurs prior to such situations, and that these three processes are interdependent. Furthermore, the vast majority of research to date indicates that self-focused cognitive processes are detrimental, and that they generate and maintain social anxiety in a variety of ways. However, there remains considerable scope for research to further explicate the role of these processes in the maintenance of SAD, and to enhance interventions designed to ameliorate their negative effects.

Interpretations for Safety Behaviours in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emotional Condition

Background: It has been suggested that socially anxious individuals often engage in a wide range of safety behaviours in social situations that are intended to reduce the risk of social failure and humiliation. Method: This study explored the interpretations that people make for behaviours considered to be safety seeking. High and low socially anxious individuals completed one version of a questionnaire that assessed how the safety behaviours that they may exhibit are interpreted by others, and then completed a second version of the same questionnaire that assessed how they typically interpret safety behaviours in other people. Participants rated the extent to which each of eight interpretations was viewed as a likely interpretation of the behaviour. Results: Individuals high in social anxiety were more likely than low socially anxious participants to think that being arrogant, suffering from a psychological problem, or experiencing a normal level of anxiety, nervousness or fear are likely explanations for safety behaviours, regardless of who exhibits them. Additionally, high socially anxious participants were more likely than those low in social anxiety to think that others interpreted these behaviours as being indicative of intense anxiety or other negative emotional condition. Conclusions: The results suggested that socially anxious people are, at least, aware of the negative effects of certain behaviours characterized as safety seeking.

KONSELING KELOMPOK MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (CBT) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMATANGAN KARIR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Afan Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Deni Purwanto ◽  
Nina Fitriyani ◽  
Happy Karlina Marjo ◽  
Wirda Hanim
Keyword(s):  
Group Counseling ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Career Maturity ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
Good Career

ABSTRAK Remaja merupakan fase penting dalam masa perkembangan terutama mengenai kemampuan dalam mengambil keputusan-keputusan pilihan karir masa depannya. Keputusan karir akan mudah dicapai apabila peserta didik memiliki kematangan karir yang baik. Konseling kelompok merupakan layanan yang dapat membantu peserta didik mengatasi hambatan dalam kematangan karir. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka yang didukung oleh data-data dari beberapa artikel, buku-buku sumber, dan dokumen pendukung lainnya. Guru bimbingan dan konseling dapat menerapkan layanan konseling kelompok untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah karir. Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan dalam rangka membantu kematangan karir peserta didik dalam konseling kelompok adalah pendekatan yang berfokus untuk mengubah pikiran negative dan keyakinan maladaptive (CBT) yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa layanan konseling kelompok dengan pendekatan Cognitive Behavior Theraphy (CBT) secara efektif dapat membantu dalam mengatasi permasalahan karir peserta didik. Kata Kunci: kematangan karir, konseling kelompok, terapi perilaku kognitif ABSTRACT Teenage is an important phase in the developmental period, especially regarding the ability to make decisions about his future career choices. Career decisions will be easily achieved if students have good career maturity. Group counseling is a service that can help students overcome obstacles in career maturity. The research method used is a literature review that is supported by data from several articles, source books, and other supporting documents. Guidance and counseling teachers can apply group counseling services to overcome career problems. One approach that can be used in order to help the career maturity of students in group counseling is an approach that focuses on changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs (CBT) that are owned by students. The results of the study showed that group counseling services with the Cognitive Behavior Theraphy (CBT) approach can be effectively help in solving the career problems of students. Keyword: career maturity, group counseling, cognitive behavior theraphy

Anxiety and the Ironman: Investigating the Antecedents and Consequences of Endurance Athletes’ State Anxiety

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Hammermeister ◽  
Damon Burton
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Measure Of Performance

This investigation had three primary purposes: (a) investigating whether anxiety has a major debilitating effect on the performance of endurance athletes, (b) assessing whether age or sport-type differences were evident in the precompetitive state anxiety patterns of triathletes and two of their singlesport counterparts, and (c) testing the anxiety–performance hypothesis for endurance athletes using an intraindividual measure of performance. Subjects were 293 endurance athletes recruited from races in the Pacific Northwest. Results revealed that precompetitive anxiety did not impair the performance of endurance athletes. Triathletes were significantly more cognitively and somatically anxious than either runners or cyclists, and older endurance athletes were found to experience significantly less cognitive anxiety than did their younger counterparts. Results did not support the anxiety–performance hypothesis, although a significant negative correlation was found between negative thoughts during the race and performance.

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