scholarly journals Examining the Equitability of Public Transit Policies in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Robert William Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
The Government ◽  
Equity Measures ◽  
Do So

This major research paper (MRP) will provide a comparative analysis of the equity policies within the transportation networks of three major Canadian cities: Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. During the course of researching this MRP, it became evident that Vancouver’s TransLink transit system would be a useful model to utilize as the basis of this comparative study, due to its extensive equity policies, and funding of its transit network, in relation to the transportation systems of Toronto and Montréal. In addition, TransLink has implemented these equitable measures without being mandated to do so by the Government of British Columbia. Vancouver’s transit policies employ a number of comprehensive equity measures, which were examined using two theoretical lenses of horizontal and vertical equity, and these were then compared to Montréal’s Société de Transport and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). These lenses aid in providing a deeper understanding of the policies employed by these transportation networks; as well as affording a basis for the comparative analysis.

scholarly journals Examining the Equitability of Public Transit Policies in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Robert William Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
The Government ◽  
Equity Measures ◽  
Do So

This major research paper (MRP) will provide a comparative analysis of the equity policies within the transportation networks of three major Canadian cities: Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. During the course of researching this MRP, it became evident that Vancouver’s TransLink transit system would be a useful model to utilize as the basis of this comparative study, due to its extensive equity policies, and funding of its transit network, in relation to the transportation systems of Toronto and Montréal. In addition, TransLink has implemented these equitable measures without being mandated to do so by the Government of British Columbia. Vancouver’s transit policies employ a number of comprehensive equity measures, which were examined using two theoretical lenses of horizontal and vertical equity, and these were then compared to Montréal’s Société de Transport and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). These lenses aid in providing a deeper understanding of the policies employed by these transportation networks; as well as affording a basis for the comparative analysis.

Origin Revenue Sources for Infrastructure Funding

2017 ◽  
Vol 2606 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Terry ◽  
Jeffrey M. Casello ◽  
Chris Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Intergovernmental Transfers ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

Cities require well-funded public infrastructure to function efficiently, but knowledge of public finance mechanisms among residents and decision makers may be deficient. This paper presents a thorough investigation of infrastructure funding flows to increase understanding, to catalyze further investigation in other jurisdictions, and to identify best practices. By using data from Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, funding was mapped for the four tiers of government—federal, provincial, regional, and municipal—contributing to infrastructure. The results demonstrate that significant opacity exists around municipal reserve funds and intergovernmental transfers because insufficient recording is associated with the origin revenues of these funds: where moneys first enter the government cycle. To compare across infrastructure systems, funding from each tier was used to find an average revenue share and estimated per capita funding per source for the water system and three transportation systems: auto, transit, and active transportation. Water infrastructure was funded through six origin revenue sources, with user fees and development charges funding 95% of expenditures. For transportation infrastructure, the auto system was funded through 16 origin revenue sources, transit through 13, and active transportation through seven. The auto and active transportation systems were 75% funded through mixtures of property tax, user fees, and development charges. The transit system received significant contributions from nonregional revenue sources because of capital projects developed in the study period. Active transportation, water, and parking expenditures are shown to use effective revenue sources, while transit and other auto expenditures used less effective sources because of the wide range of origin revenue sources.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

scholarly journals A Middleware-Based Approach for Multi-Scale Mobility Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Xavier Boulet ◽  
Mahdi Zargayouna ◽  
Gérard Scemama ◽  
Fabien Leurent
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
External Control ◽  
Independent Mobility ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Networks Analysis ◽  
Maximal Benefit ◽  
Do So

Modeling and simulation play an important role in transportation networks analysis. In the literature, authors have proposed many traffic and mobility simulations, with different features and corresponding to different contexts and objectives. They notably consider different scales of simulations. The scales refer to the represented entities, as well as to the space and the time representation of the transportation environment. However, we often need to represent different scales in the same simulation, for instance to represent a neighborhood interacting with a wider region. In this paper, we advocate for the reuse of existing simulations to build a new multi-scale simulation. To do so, we propose a middleware model to couple independent mobility simulations, working at different scales. We consider all the necessary processing and workflow to allow for a coherent orchestration of these simulations. We also propose a prototype implementation of the middleware. The results show that such a middleware is capable of creating a new multi-scale mobility simulation from existing ones, while minimizing the incoherence between them. They also suggest that, to have a maximal benefit from the middleware, existing mobility simulation platforms should allow for an external control of the simulations, allowing for executing a time step several times if necessary.

scholarly journals Populism, Twitter, and COVID-19: Narrative, Fantasies, and Desires

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Laura Cervi ◽  
Fernando García ◽  
Carles Marín Lladó
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Do So

During a global pandemic, the great impact of populist discourse on the construction of social reality is undeniable. This study analyzes the fantasmatic dimension of political discourse from Donald Trump’s and Jair Bolsonaro’s Twitter accounts between 1 March and 31 May. To do so, it applies a Clause-Based Semantic Text Analysis (CBSTA) methodology that categorizes speech in Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) triplets. The study findings show that in spite of the Coronavirus pandemic, the main beatific and horrific subjects remain the core populist signifiers: the people and the elite. While Bolsonaro’s narrative was predominantly beatific, centered on the government, Trump’s was mostly horrific, centered on the elite. Trump signified the pandemic as a subject and an enemy to be defeated, whereas Bolsonaro portrayed it as a circumstance. Finally, both leaders defined the people as working people, therefore their concerns about the pandemic were focused on the people’s ability to work.

scholarly journals Monopoly behavior of China’s manufacturing enterprises

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Guidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
State Capital ◽  
The Government ◽  
Do So ◽  
Initial Jump

Purpose With the increase of state capital, corporate total factor productivity (TFP) has a tendency to jump up at first and then slowly decrease. Generally, no significant “productivity paradox” can be observed in China’s manufacturing industry. With the increase of export density, corporate TFP also shows a trend of initial jump growth and subsequent slow decline. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Using the 1996–2013 China Industrial Enterprise Database, this paper studies the monopolistic behavior of Chinese manufacturing enterprises through the measurement of TFP and corporate monopoly power. Findings Results show that China’s manufacturing monopoly enterprises are generally innovation-oriented rather than rent-seeking. However, there are certain differences between diversified types of monopoly enterprises: the ones with state capital are more inclined to innovate than those without, whereas the ones with export delivery value are more inclined to seek rent than those without. Originality/value Therefore, the government should implement differentiated policies for diversified types of monopoly enterprises, and do so in a targeted manner fully reflecting the containment of rent-seeking and the encouragement of innovation.

Legislative Impact on Land Markets in Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Abhay Pethe ◽  
Ramakrishna Nallathiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Do So

Land has recently been looked upon as having substantial value in the Indian cities, especially in Mumbai. However, the allocation of land is a contested area with conflicting views and experiences. Governments intervene in land allocation through legislations for achieving equity but they do so without understanding the institutional structure and changing political, social and economic order. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act (ULCRA) is a piece of legislation through which Indian government made an attempt to redistribute urban land by limiting private ownership of it and confiscating the surplus. A critical review of its performance in India points to the difficulty of achieving such lofty goals in the complex real world, wherein different players actively use a variety of tactics to protect their interest, and also negotiate the outcome in the event of its repeal. The weak institutional capacity of the government and the changing governance framework render the outcomes detrimental. The experience of Mumbai city presented further points to the fact that the multiple actors thus have evolved their strategies to protect their interests through lobbying, corruption and legal wrangling. The experience of ULCRA, therefore, points to ground-level impediments to implementation of law and varied responses of the actors so as to preserve (or, even enhance) their particular interests. ULCRA also went against the decentralization of urban governance that began after the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.

scholarly journals Lost in transportation: Information measures and cognitive limits in multilayer navigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e1500445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Gallotti ◽  
Mason A. Porter ◽  
Marc Barthelemy
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Multimodal Transportation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Metropolitan Networks

Cities and their transportation systems become increasingly complex and multimodal as they grow, and it is natural to wonder whether it is possible to quantitatively characterize our difficulty navigating in them and whether such navigation exceeds our cognitive limits. A transition between different search strategies for navigating in metropolitan maps has been observed for large, complex metropolitan networks. This evidence suggests the existence of a limit associated with cognitive overload and caused by a large amount of information that needs to be processed. In this light, we analyzed the world’s 15 largest metropolitan networks and estimated the information limit for determining a trip in a transportation system to be on the order of 8 bits. Similar to the “Dunbar number,” which represents a limit to the size of an individual’s friendship circle, our cognitive limit suggests that maps should not consist of more than 250 connection points to be easily readable. We also show that including connections with other transportation modes dramatically increases the information needed to navigate in multilayer transportation networks. In large cities such as New York, Paris, and Tokyo, more than 80% of the trips are above the 8-bit limit. Multimodal transportation systems in large cities have thus already exceeded human cognitive limits and, consequently, the traditional view of navigation in cities has to be revised substantially.

Medical education — a new cycle under new rules: a note to the accountant

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
V.A. Lebedev ◽  
E.I. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

The changes in the procedure for providing paid educational services by budget educational institutions, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1441 of September 15, 2020 for the period up to December 31, 2026, which entered into force on January 1, 2021, are considered. A comparative analysis of the previously valid and newly approved rules for the provision of paid educational services, which should be guided by medical educational institutions in the next five years, is carried out. The article analyzes the procedure for obtaining targeted education, its implementation in medical educational institutions, and the features of further employment of graduates.

Presidential Statesmanship and the Constitution: The Limits of Presidential Studies

1982 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Engeman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Task ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Presidential Studies ◽  
Do So

According to Publius (the nom de plume of The Federalist's authors), a primary task of the Convention was to create an executive of sufficient energy and independence. As he says in Federalist, No. 70: “There is an idea, which is not without its advocates, that a vigorous executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican government. The enlightened well-wishers to this species of government must at least hope that the supposition is destitute of foundation.” The president must be able to administer the government and defend the nation but he must do so without destroying or being destroyed by constitutional limitations or the political independence of Congress.

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