Origin Revenue Sources for Infrastructure Funding

2017 ◽  
Vol 2606 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Terry ◽  
Jeffrey M. Casello ◽  
Chris Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Intergovernmental Transfers ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

Cities require well-funded public infrastructure to function efficiently, but knowledge of public finance mechanisms among residents and decision makers may be deficient. This paper presents a thorough investigation of infrastructure funding flows to increase understanding, to catalyze further investigation in other jurisdictions, and to identify best practices. By using data from Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, funding was mapped for the four tiers of government—federal, provincial, regional, and municipal—contributing to infrastructure. The results demonstrate that significant opacity exists around municipal reserve funds and intergovernmental transfers because insufficient recording is associated with the origin revenues of these funds: where moneys first enter the government cycle. To compare across infrastructure systems, funding from each tier was used to find an average revenue share and estimated per capita funding per source for the water system and three transportation systems: auto, transit, and active transportation. Water infrastructure was funded through six origin revenue sources, with user fees and development charges funding 95% of expenditures. For transportation infrastructure, the auto system was funded through 16 origin revenue sources, transit through 13, and active transportation through seven. The auto and active transportation systems were 75% funded through mixtures of property tax, user fees, and development charges. The transit system received significant contributions from nonregional revenue sources because of capital projects developed in the study period. Active transportation, water, and parking expenditures are shown to use effective revenue sources, while transit and other auto expenditures used less effective sources because of the wide range of origin revenue sources.

scholarly journals Examining the Equitability of Public Transit Policies in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Robert William Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
The Government ◽  
Equity Measures ◽  
Do So

This major research paper (MRP) will provide a comparative analysis of the equity policies within the transportation networks of three major Canadian cities: Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. During the course of researching this MRP, it became evident that Vancouver’s TransLink transit system would be a useful model to utilize as the basis of this comparative study, due to its extensive equity policies, and funding of its transit network, in relation to the transportation systems of Toronto and Montréal. In addition, TransLink has implemented these equitable measures without being mandated to do so by the Government of British Columbia. Vancouver’s transit policies employ a number of comprehensive equity measures, which were examined using two theoretical lenses of horizontal and vertical equity, and these were then compared to Montréal’s Société de Transport and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). These lenses aid in providing a deeper understanding of the policies employed by these transportation networks; as well as affording a basis for the comparative analysis.

scholarly journals Examining the Equitability of Public Transit Policies in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Robert William Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
The Government ◽  
Equity Measures ◽  
Do So

This major research paper (MRP) will provide a comparative analysis of the equity policies within the transportation networks of three major Canadian cities: Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. During the course of researching this MRP, it became evident that Vancouver’s TransLink transit system would be a useful model to utilize as the basis of this comparative study, due to its extensive equity policies, and funding of its transit network, in relation to the transportation systems of Toronto and Montréal. In addition, TransLink has implemented these equitable measures without being mandated to do so by the Government of British Columbia. Vancouver’s transit policies employ a number of comprehensive equity measures, which were examined using two theoretical lenses of horizontal and vertical equity, and these were then compared to Montréal’s Société de Transport and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). These lenses aid in providing a deeper understanding of the policies employed by these transportation networks; as well as affording a basis for the comparative analysis.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

CANADA'S FAILURE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-569
Author(s):  
J. F. L.
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New England ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
The Government

The direct costs of Canada's national health insurance are not as troublesome as the distortive effect they have on health care delivery. Health care facilities have been forced to cut back severely on their capital expenditures, thus depleting the availability of advanced medical equipment. As a result, many patients must seek advanced treatment elsewhere. According to a recent study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, nearly one-third of Canada's doctors have sent patients outside the country for treatment during the past five years. About 10% of all British Columbia residents requiring cancer therapy have been sent to the U.S. In Toronto, because the government doesn't provide enough money for personnel, 3,000 beds have been removed from service, while thousands of patients are on waiting lists for admission. Even where advanced equipment is available, bureaucratic absurdities prevent proper use. According to the April issue of "Fraser Forum," dogs at York Central Hospital in metropolitan Toronto were able to get CAT scans immediately while humans were put on a waiting list. The reason? Canadian patients are not allowed to pay for CAT scans, and the procedure costs too much to operate more than a few hours a day for nonpaying customers. Dog owners, on the other hand, were permitted to pay to use it. The user fees paid by the dog owners allowed the machine to operate longer, thus more human patients could be scanned. When this information was released, instead of considering user fees for humans, the Canadian government banned the tests for dogs!

Biodiesel Renewable Energy and Transportation Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
Suppanunta Romprasert ◽  
Korakot Kataboonyaruk ◽  
Natthacha Tangnititham ◽  
Tanyaluk Suwanthaijaroen ◽  
Maytavee Soonthornwattanachai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Quality Practices ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Paper focuses on the renewable energy in Thailand. Objective is to compare risk on renewable energy and transportation consumption on biodiesel. It is using SWOT analysis and sustainable development theory as the tools. Besides, collecting data via questionnaire to investigate behaviors of people in having the ideas relating to biodiesel. The 52 responses from survey launching have returned. According to the results, the current consumption of biodiesel is still low because insufficient is on awareness of the consumers' trusts about biodiesel. Moreover, government's policy is not in good quality control. Biodiesel price has not been confirmed or set up in a clear standard that shows confidence in biodiesel to consumers. Remains adherence to diesel as it has been used for a longer period of time. Therefore, the risk of renewable energy in biodiesel is a relatively high risk. At the same time, in terms of environmental sustainability development, research results show that the use of biodiesel can help reducing air pollution at either PM 2.5 or global warming. Also, it would distribute an income to palm farmers. The results can be implemented for making improvements and suggesting recommendations to the government. A strengthening policy on renewable energy security and implement strategies is for solving various energy problems. With the concept of supporting research and development, it can create a wide range of knowledges, and the production of biodiesel as renewable energy. There should control the price structure, and the well quality practices to be fairly suitable in the nearly future. Keywords: Biodiesel, Consumption, Renewable Energy, Risk, Transportation

A design methodology for the supply of subterranean water through the use of wind energy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brett Richard Marais
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
White Paper ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.

scholarly journals MARKETING POLITIK DPP PARTAI GERINDRA PADA PEMILU LEGISLATIF 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahmi Nurdiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Political Marketing ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legislative Elections ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this research is to know the implementation in the political marketing of Gerindra Party and some factors encouraging the party to gain a wide range of constituent voters in the legislative elections 2014. The aforementioned evidence reveals that Gerindra Party approached middle class down society and youth, on determining intended voters and this party also focusing on small society (farmer, fisherman, labour, teacher and small trader). In terms of positioning, Gerindra Party put themselves in outside of the government and acknowledge them as the party for small society. In Indonesian political constellation, it can be seen that political party has a high correlation with the power of public figure to increase popularity and electability. Gerindra Party is still introduced Prabowo Subianto as a public figure who can be used to gain a number of voters for the party.

The Political Economy of Infant Mortality in São Paulo, Brazil

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Mortality Trend ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

After the military took power in Brazil in 1964, the government adopted a wide range of policies designed to stimulate economic growth. A central aspect of the Brazilian model of development was the control of wages. From 1964 to 1975 this strategy caused the purchasing power of the minimum wage in the city of São Paulo to fall. The decline in the real wage index was associated with a rise in infant mortality during the period. When real wages rose after 1974, the death rate dropped off. The infant mortality trend cannot be explained by other factors that affect the actual or the reported death rate, such as changes in cityward migration, shifts in the distribution of income, and improvements in the quality of vital statistics. The findings of this study indicate a causal relationship between the infant mortality trend and changes in the purchasing power of the urban poor. Additional data on nutrition, changes in household behavior, and shifts in the cause structure of mortality support this conclusion.

scholarly journals Discussing the Efficacy and Safety of Covid-19 Vaccine Available in India- A Mini Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Yogendra Shrestha ◽  
◽  
Jeet Bahadur Moktan ◽  
Renukaradhya Chitti ◽  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Restricted Use

Background: Many variants detected after Wuhan-Hu-1 reference which were able to develop the resistance against the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccine and may cause false negative results in diagnostic test. Novel variant B1.617 was detected in India and the Covid-19 cases hiked to its maximum; forcing the government towards approving a new vaccine for restricted use in emergency situation to cover a maximum population. Aims: This review looks at the efficacy, safety, and economical aspects of vaccines that have been authorized in India. Materials and methods: Wide-ranging assessment and analysis of accessible resources on online database. Results: The rAd26-s & rAd5-s demonstrate high efficacy as well as safety, followed by BBV152 and AZD1222. Various combinations of the vaccines with different platforms or vectors may induce wide range of immunity than a specific one. As per economical aspect, AZD1222 is more economical than the other two currently approved in India. Conclusion: There is a lack of clear end point to measure efficacy of the vaccine so the epidemiological studies with huge number of populations is required which may predict the perfect endpoint for efficacy measurement. Until then, inoculation with locally accessible vaccines and self-awareness about disease transmission prevention are the main options for reducing fatalities, protecting the health-care system, and eventually disease control.

scholarly journals The Interned Soldiers of UРR Army at the Camp Stshalkovo in Poland (the Second Half of 1921 – the Beginning of 1922): the Moral and Life Conditions

2017 ◽  
pp. 182-195
Author(s):  
I. Sribnyak
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Group A ◽  
Moral Condition ◽  
The Government ◽  
Destructive Processes

The article analyzes the moral condition and conditions of staying of interned Ukrainian soldiers in the camp of Stshalkovo (Poland) in the second half of 1921 – early 1922. Based on the use of a wide range of archival sources, the author concludes that the camp everyday life of the wartime period was marked by significant difficulties due to its extraordinary crowding and presence in the camp of interned and captured soldiers of other formations (Balahovtsy and Red Army soldiers). The lack of any material resources, the lack of adequate and high-quality food, the lack of fuel for heating booths, anti-Ukrainian agitation, led to the fact that a part of Ukrainian soldiers lost national moral values. In order to prevent the demoralization of Ukrainian warfare, the command of the group tried to intensify cultural and educational work in the camp, but due to lack of premises and lack of resources, it slowly collapsed. Some of the interned ones did not withstand the burden of hopeless and burdensome camping munitions, and left the camp in search of better living conditions. Obviously, this was a dangerous trend, and the command of the interned troops in various ways tried to prevent it from further spreading. The leader of the group A. Pиzitsky was particularly opposed to the destructive processes in the camp. His measures were fully understood and supported by the higher military leadership of the Armed Forces and the Government of the UPR.

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