Determining the Sustainability of Land-Applying Biosolids to Agricultural Lands Using Environmentally-Relevant Terrestrial Biota

10.32920/ryerson.14665386.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karen Joan Puddephatt

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Lumbricus Terrestris ◽

Land Application ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Folsomia Candida ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Terrestrial Biota ◽

Pass Through

Biosolids, the treated solid by-product of a WWPT, have been land-applied for decades as a means of disposal of an inexpensive form of fertilizer. However, research has shown that many chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, pesticides, plasticizers, detergents, or heavy metals pass through the WWTP, often unaltered, and potentially end up in the biosolids. Therefore, a need to determine if the land-application of biosolids has an impact on terrestrial biota exists. In this work, six different organisms were used including Folsomia candida, Lumbricus terrestris, Zea mays, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Brassca rap. It was determined that government protocols were inadequate since they either prescribed organisms not environmentally-relevant or only looked at initial growth stages such as germination and emergence and not at effect, if any, on subsequent generations. Thus, new protocols were developed. Additionally, it was concluded that very little impact was seen on any of the terrestrial biota examined.

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Effects of No-Tillage and Ploughing on Roots of Maize and Leguminous Crops

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700010899 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 185-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

P. R. Maurya ◽

R. Lal

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Surface Layer ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Root Development ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Growth Stages ◽

No Tillage ◽

Maize Roots ◽

Leguminous Crops ◽

Different Growth Stages

SUMMARYRoot development of maize (Zea mays), soyabean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was investigated with and without tillage. Observations were made at different growth stages by digging trenches normal to the rows, by core sampling, and by observing growth of roots against glass windows. There were more maize roots in the surface layer (0–10 cm) with no-tillage than in conventionally ploughed plots, but at 10–40 cm maize roots were more abundant and soyabean and pigeonpea roots less so in the no-tillage plots.

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Yield performance of soybean and corn subjected to magnesium foliar spray

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2017001200007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 1185-1191 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lucas Miguel Altarugio ◽

Marcos Harm Loman ◽

Matheus Gomes Nirschl ◽

Rafael Gil Silvano ◽

Eduardo Zavaschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Magnesium Content ◽

Field Trials ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Yield Performance ◽

Sulfate Heptahydrate ◽

Mg Content

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of magnesium foliar spray on yield performance of soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) cultivated in soil with adequate levels of base saturation and magnesium content in Brazil. The field trials were conducted on a Typic Hapludox cultivated with soybean and corn in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons, respectively. Treatments consisted of Mg rates (50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g ha-1 and a control without Mg) applied during the V4, R1, and R5.1 (soybean) or V4 and R2 (corn) phenological growth stages as magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4∙7H2O). The SPAD index, leaf Mg content, grain yield, and 100-grain weight were evaluated. The Mg foliar spray increased the SPAD index in soybean and the leaf Mg content in corn. The Mg rates of 540 and 890 g ha-1 increased in 325 and 737 kg ha-1 the yield performance of soybean and corn, respectively, regardless of the phenological growth stages. The Mg application during the reproductive stages increased in 2% the 100-grain weight for both crops. Foliar spraying of Mg improves the yield performance in soybean and corn crops.

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COPPER AND ZINC INDUCED CHANGES IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Innovations in Agriculture ◽

10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1035 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 09

Author(s):

K. SANKAR GANESH ◽

P. SUNDARAMOORTHY

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Aquatic Environment ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Industrial Activities ◽

Copper And Zinc ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Zinc Concentrations ◽

Induced Changes

Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants released to the aquatic environment by the various industrial activities. The use of these wastewater for irrigation results accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants. So, the present investigation deals with the various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l) of copper and zinc on germination studies of soybean. The different concentrations of copper and zinc were used for germination studies. The seedlings were allowed to grow upto seven days. The studied morphological traits increased at 5 mg/l concentration and these parameters are gradually decreased with the increase of copper and zinc concentrations.

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PGPR assisted bioremediation of heavy metals and nutrient accumulation in Zea mays under saline sodic soil

Pakistan Journal of Botany ◽

10.30848/pjb2021-1(39) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Asad Ullah ◽

Asghari Bano ◽

Hassaan Javed

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Nutrient Accumulation ◽

Sodic Soil

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Bacterial inducible expression of plant cell wall-binding protein YesO through conflict between Glycine max and saprophytic Bacillus subtilis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-75359-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Haruka Sugiura ◽

Ayumi Nagase ◽

Sayoko Oiki ◽

Bunzo Mikami ◽

Daisuke Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Fermented Food ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Initial Growth

Abstract Saprophytic bacteria and plants compete for limited nutrient sources. Bacillus subtilis grows well on steamed soybeans Glycine max to produce the fermented food, natto. Here we focus on bacterial responses in conflict between B. subtilis and G. max. B. subtilis cells maintained high growth rates specifically on non-germinating, dead soybean seeds. On the other hand, viable soybean seeds with germinating capability attenuated the initial growth of B. subtilis. Thus, B. subtilis cells may trigger saprophytic growth in response to the physiological status of G. max. Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that B. subtilis cells on steamed soybeans undergo morphological changes to form apertures, demonstrating cell remodeling during saprophytic growth. Further, transcriptomic analysis of B. subtilis revealed upregulation of the gene cluster, yesOPQR, in colonies growing on steamed soybeans. Recombinant YesO protein, a putative, solute-binding protein for the ATP-binding cassette transporter system, exhibited an affinity for pectin-derived oligosaccharide from plant cell wall. The crystal structure of YesO, in complex with the pectin oligosaccharide, was determined at 1.58 Å resolution. This study expands our knowledge of defensive and offensive strategies in interspecies competition, which may be promising targets for crop protection and fermented food production.

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Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Leguminous Plants—A Review

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1616

Author(s):

Božena Šerá ◽

Vladimír Scholtz ◽

Jana Jirešová ◽

Josef Khun ◽

Jaroslav Julák ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Plant Species ◽

Thermal Plasma ◽

Microbial Inactivation ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Agricultural Crop ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Total Production ◽

Legume Seeds ◽

Non Thermal Plasma

The legumes (Fabaceae family) are the second most important agricultural crop, both in terms of harvested area and total production. They are an important source of vegetable proteins and oils for human consumption. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment is a new and effective method in surface microbial inactivation and seed stimulation useable in the agricultural and food industries. This review summarizes current information about characteristics of legume seeds and adult plants after NTP treatment in relation to the seed germination and seedling initial growth, surface microbial decontamination, seed wettability and metabolic activity in different plant growth stages. The information about 19 plant species in relation to the NTP treatment is summarized. Some important plant species as soybean (Glycine max), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Vigna radiata), black gram (V. mungo), pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and chickpea (Cicer aruetinum) are discussed. Likevise, some less common plant species i.g. blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and mimosa (Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpiniafolia) are mentioned too. Possible promising trends in the use of plasma as a seed pre-packaging technique, a reduction in phytotoxic diseases transmitted by seeds and the effect on reducing dormancy of hard seeds are also pointed out.

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Echinoderm skeletal crystallography and paleobiological applications

The Paleontological Society Papers ◽

10.1017/s1089332600000255 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 191-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. E. Bodenbender

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Structure ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Full Potential ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Developmental Sequence ◽

Coarse Scale ◽

Common Pattern ◽

Plate Morphology ◽

Oriented Parallel ◽

High Level

The crystallographic orientations of echinoderm skeletal elements can supplement standard morphological comparisons in the exploration of echinoderm evolution. At a coarse scale, many echinoderms share a crystallographic pattern in whichcaxes radiate away from the axis of pentaradial symmetry. Within this common pattern, however,caxes of different taxa can differ dramatically in their degree of variability, angles of inclination, and relationships to the external morphology of skeletal elements. Crystallographic data reflect a variety of taxon-specific influences and therefore reveal different information in different taxa. In echinoids, orientations ofcaxes in coronal plates correlate well with high-level taxonomic groupings, whilecaxes of apical plates record modes of larval development. In blastoids,caxes of radial plates have a structural interpretation, with thecaxis oriented parallel to the orientation of the surface of the radial plate during its initial growth stages. In crinoids,caxes do not correlate with taxonomic group, plate morphology, or developmental sequence, but instead correlate with relative positions of skeletal elements on the calyx. Although their full potential has yet to be explored, the varied crystallographic patterns in echinoderms have been used to clarify skeletal structure, characterize developmental anomalies, and infer homologies of skeletal plates both within specimens and between groups. A axes are less constrained in their orientations thancaxes and offer less promise of revealing novel paleobiological information.

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